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Open Access
Mitigating the effect of salt stress by foliar application of salicylic acid in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes
(CCSHAU, 2018) Jangra, Manish; Sarita Devi
The present study entitled “Mitigating the effect of salt stress by foliar application of salicylic acid in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes” was investigated in the screen house during the kharif season of 2017. Before sowing, the desired levels of salt stress (control, 5, 7.5 and 10 dS m-1) were maintained by saturating each pot. Salicylic acid (25 and 50 mg l-1) was applied exogenously after 30 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) under stressed as well as non-stressed plants in both genotypes (HJ 513 and HJ 541). Sampling was done at 40 and 80 DAS. Seeds of Sorghum bicolor L. were grown in pots under screen house conditions on 19th July 2017. Growth parameters decreased with increasing levels of salt stress, whereas foliar application of salicylic acid enhanced the growth of plants at both stages. Similarly, plant water relation, gaseous exchange studies, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield also showed declining trend from control to 10 dS m-1 of salt level in both genotypes, but per cent decrease was observed at 10 dS m-1 of salt stress like in ψw (43.0%), ψs (75.0%), photosynthetic rate (58.7%), transpiration rate (49.2%) and stomatal conductance (75.0%) in HJ 513 at 40 DAS, over their respective control. The values ranged from 3.18 to 2.10, 44.59 to 25.93 and 0.752 to 0.681 in total chlorophyll, chlorophyll content (SPAD units) and photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm) respectively, decreased at 10 dS m-1 of salt stress in HJ 513 at 40 DAS. Application of SA help in the amelioration of plant water status, exchange of gases and chlorophyll pigment irrespective of salt stress in both genotypes at 40 and 80 DAS. Reversibily, electrolyte leakage, MDA content and H2O2 content enhanced with every increment of salt stress but application of SA ameliorate the adverse effect of salt stress to some extent at both stages. Specific activity of antioxidative enzymes and osmolytes enhanced abruptly under salt stress in both genotypes and application of salicylic acid further enhanced these values at both 40 and 80 DAS. Per cent increase was on higher side at 10 dS m-1 of salt level in HJ 513 at 40 DAS viz. SOD (12.8%), CAT (11.3%), POX (9.9%), proline (15.1%), TSC (27.7%) and glycine betaine (22.3%) over their respective control. Higher Na+/K+ ratio was observed under salt stress but Na+/K+ ratio was maintained lower upon application of SA. Seed yield reduced significantly by decreasing yield attributing characters i.e. panicle length, panicle weight, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index under salt stress. Reduction in seed yield was ranged from 13.2 to 9.7 in HJ 513 and 11.9 to 8.7 in HJ 541 at 10 dS m-1. Conclusively, based on the above studies it can be concluded that after foliar spray of SA, HJ 513 performed better under salt stress by maintaining higher plant water status, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant defence system, seed yield and lower values of MDA content, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content. SA treatments not only mitigate the inhibitore effect of salt stress on plants, but also showed, a stimulating effect and 50 mg l-1 of SA was found more effective than 25 mg l-1 at both sampling stages i.e. 40 and 80 DAS.
Open Access
Effect of bioextract on shelf life of kinnow
(CCSHAU, 2018) Yashika; Sandooja, J.K.
Kinnow mandarin is an important fruit of India but is highly perishable and liable to be spoiled under ambient conditions. Present investigation was conducted to study the effect of post-harvest treatments of Aloe vera extract alone and in combination with ginger extract on shelf life of Kinnow. Physiological loss in weight and decay loss increased with increase in the period of storage in all the treatments whereas quality parameters such as total soluble solids, total sugars and reducing sugars also increased during storage. However this decrease was less in all the treated fruits. Firmness, acidity, ascorbic acid, juice content decreased with storage in all treatments. Activities of cell wall degrading enzymes i.e. polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME) and cellulase enzymes increased linearly with the advancement of storage period in all treatments. However all the treatments were effective to decrease the activities of all these enzymes. Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) decreased with increase in storage period in all treatments. However all the treatments were effective to maintain higher content of FRSA than control fruits. All the coatings were helpful to maintain the quality and enhance the shelf life of the Kinnow fruits.
Open Access
Physiological changes during storage of Kinnow as affected by chemical treatments
(CCSHAU, 2017) Ahlawat, Pooja; Sandooja, J.K.
Kinnow mandarin is an important fruit of India but is highly perishable and liable to be spoiled under ambient conditions. Present investigation was conducted to study the effect of post harvest treatments of Gum Arabic, Calcium Lactate and Glycerin on quality parameters and shelf life of Kinnow at room temperature. Physiological loss in weight and decay loss increased with increase in the period of storage, whereas opposite trend was observed in firmness, specific gravity and juice content in all the treatments. Quality parameters such as total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars also increased up to 49 days of storage period. Acidity and ascorbic acid content decreased during storage in all treatments. Activities of cell wall degrading enzymes i.e. polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME) and cellulase enzymes increased linearly with the advancement of storage period in all treatments. Free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) decreased with increase in storage period in all treatments. All coatings were effective to maintain the quality of the kinnow fruits. However Gum Arabic 10% coating was the most effective to minimize the PLW, decay loss and maintained the quality parameters at all period of storage.
Open Access
Adaptive responses to water stress by nitric oxide (NO) in cotton (Gossypium spp.)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Biswabiplab Singh; Sandooja, J.K.
The present study was conducted in earthen pots containing 5kg dune sand, to evaluate physiological, biochemical and yield related attributes under PEG induced water stress and the adaptive responses of SNP in three cotton hybrids namely BG 6488 II, HHH-223 and AAH-1 under controlled screen house conditions. Plants were supplied with nutrient solution at regular intervals. PEG 20%, 40% and 60% water stress was induced after 60 days of sowing at reproductive stage. NO was applied in the form of SNP (250μM) in all the stressed and control plants. Observations were recorded on 3rd, 6th and 9th days after all the treatments were given. A significant decreasing trend in physiological parameters like total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content, photosynthetic and transpiration rate was clearly observed with 20%, 40% and 60% PEG induced water stress. Exogenous application of SNP through foliar spray was very much effective and increased the values of these parameters significantly in 20% PEG+SNP and 40% PEG+SNP but ineffective in 60% PEG treated plants. The cotton hybrid BG 6488 II performed relatively better with respect these parameters as compared to others. Due to the water stress, the H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation level and membrane injury % increased significantly from the control plants and maximum values were recorded in 60% PEG treated plants. SNP application was effective and decreased the values of these parameters significantly in 20% and 40% PEG treated plants but SNP was ineffective with 60% PEG. There were significant accumulation of osmolytes such as total soluble sugars, proline and total soluble proteins under PEG induced water stress and further increased in combination with 20% PEG+SNP and 40% PEG+SNP but ineffective with 60% PEG+SNP treatment. Yield and yield related attributes also significantly decreased by PEG water stress and SNP was found to mitigate the yield losses. The cotton hybrid BG 6488 II was found to perform relatively better as compared to others with respect to these physiological, biochemical and yield attributes studied.
Open Access
Effect of sequential application of herbicides on weed control and yield of Kinnow
(CCSHAU, 2017) Komal; Godara, R.K.
The experiment entitled “Effect of sequential application of herbicides on weed control and yield of Kinnow” was conducted at Research Farm of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2016 to find out the suitable herbicides and repeated application of herbicide mixture on weed control and nutrient content in plants as well as improvement in yield and quality of kinnow. The treatments comprising 13 levels of herbicides and their combination and nine levels of repeated application of herbicide mixtures were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications keeping a net plot size of 6.0 x 6.0 m separately. The data were recorded on various parameters,, which were influenced significantly by different levels of treatments. In repeated application of herbicide mixture, soil physico -chemical properties and nutrient status was not much changed during the time frame while, glyphosate +pendimethalin (1% + 1kg/ha) spray in April, June, August and October found best for all other parameters viz.,. yield, quality and weed parameters but it was costly and glyphosate +pendimethalin (1% + 1kg/ha) spray in April, June and August proves to be equally effective in yield and quality characters. Thus sprayof glyphosate +pendimethalin (1% + 1kg/ha) in April, June and August is best and economical for higher yield with quality fruit production at commercial scale. In efficacy of different herbicides, soil physico -chemical properties and nutrient status was not much changed during the time frame. However, mechanical weeding after 30, 60 and 90 DAT treatment found best for all other parameters viz.,. yield, quality and weed parameters while, in herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin + glyphosate (1 kg/ha + 1%) recorded best for the same. Mechanical weeding after 30, 60 and 90 DAT treatments gave the best results but it was very costly and herbicidal combination of pendimethalin + glyphosate (1 kg/ha + 1%) resulted almost similar to mechanical weeding treatment. Pendimethalin + glyphosate (1 kg/ha + 1%) found best and economical combination for commercial production of Kinnow with quality fruits under semi arid condition of Hisar (Haryana).
Open Access
Morpho-physiological screening for salinity tolerant genotypes in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)]
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sharma, Sonu Kumari; Sandooja, J.K.
The present study was conducted with 14 wheat genotypes {P-9109, P-9110, P-9111, P-9112, P-9113, P-9114, P-9115, P-9116, P-9117, P-9118, P-9119, P-9120, Kh-65, KRL-210 (Check)}to evaluate physiological and biochemical for lab condition and physiological, biochemical and yield related attributes for salinity tolerance in field conditions. For lab condition Seedlings of uniform size were selected and planted on germination paper were supplied with half strength of Hoagland nutrient solution alongwith 5 dSm-1 and 7.5 dSm-1 saline water in the beaker and seedling were grown for 14 and 21 days. Root length and shoot length decreased with increasing level of salinity among all genotypes under lab condition (14 & 21 days after germination). Root biomass and shoot biomass also decreased with increasing level of salinity among all genotypes under lab condition (14 & 21 days after germination). Salinity had deleterious effect in all the genotypes of wheat plants and due to the adverse effect of salinity on membrane injury and MDA content of the leaves which increased significantly from their respective control treatment in field (10 & 20 days after anthesis) as well as in lab conditions (14 & 21 days after germination). Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and chlorophyll stability index decreased significantly with gradual increase in salinity levels in all the genotypes under field and lab conditions. Plant height and plant biomass also decreased with increasing level of salinity among all genotypes under field conditions. Grain weight/m2 and 1000 grain weight also decreased with increasing levels of salinity in all genotypes under field conditions. Minimum salt susceptibility index was observed in Kh-65 & KRL-210 and maximum salt susceptibility index was observed in genotype P-9118 & P-9119. Therefore, it is concluded that KRL-210 and Kh- 65(check) are the most resistant towards salinity followed by P-9117 whereas genotypes P-9118 and P- 9119 are the most susceptible genotypes.
Open Access
Physiological responses for salinity tolerance in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sarita; Sandooja, J.K.
In this study, 15 genotypes of Brassica juncea namely RH0673, RH0725, RH1462, RH1470, RH1472, RH1501, RH1504, RH1507, RH1512, RH1514, RH1520, RH1535, RH8812, RH9304, and RH0305 which have unknown response to salinity were screened for the selection of salinity tolerant genotypes. Seeds of these genotypes were raised in plastic trays having 3kg soil saturated with 0, 8, 10, 12 and 14dSm-1 salinity salts with water. On the basis of this experiment, genotypes RH0725 and RH1512 were salinity tolerant whereas, genotypes RH1520 and RH8812 were susceptible to salinity. These four genotypes were sown in pots having 5kg dune sand saturating by 0, 8, 10 and 12dSm-1 salinity salts with water, for further investigation of physiological responses. Salinity stress affected all physiological parameters. Some physiological parameters like total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, protein content etc reduced due to salinity applications both at vegetative and flowering stage. However, some parameters like electrolyte leakage, MDA content, total soluble sugars antioxidant enzymes (CAT and POX) activity increased by all salinity levels both at vegetative and flowering stage. Yield and yield attributes such as no. of siliqua/plant, no. of seeds/siliqua and 1000 seeds weight were also reduced by all levels of salinity. Under salinity, minimum reduction in photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll content, transpiration rate, total soluble proteins etc and maximum increase in osmolytes such as total soluble sugars, proline content etc were observed in genotype RH1512. So, genotype RH1512 performed very well under all salinity levels. So, it is concluded that, genotype RH1512 was more salinity tolerant where RH8812 was comparatively more sensitive towards salinity.
Open Access
Evaluation of rhizobial isolates for physiological responses in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) under rainfed conditions
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sapna; Sharma, K.D.
The study entitled, “Evaluation of rhizobial isolates for physiological responses in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) under rainfed conditions” was conducted during kharif season of 2016 at drought plots of Crop Physiology field area, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of two irrigation levels, i.e., rainfed (no post sowing irrigation) and two irrigations one each at pre-flowering and pod formation stage and four rhizobial isolates i.e. Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), RDF + Rhizobium sp. (Vigna) 703 + PSB strain P-36, RDF + MR 63, RDF + MR 54, RDF + MB 17a and RDF + MH 8b2 with three replications. Drought stress decreased the growth of mungbean in terms of plant height, dry matter accumulation and nodule number. However, treatment with rhizobial isolates increased the growth parameters under drought stress. All the plant water status parameters such as leaf water potential, RWC and CTD decreased under drought stress. Application of rhizobial treatments improved the plant water status under both environments. Gaseous exchange studies mainly rate of photosynthesis; transpiration and stomatal conductance get reduced under drought stress. Rhizobial treatments were more effective to brought consecutive improvement in gaseous exchange under drought. Membrane injury and canopy temperature enhanced under drought stress but rhizobial inoculation increased the membrane stability and decreased the canopy temperature. Biochemical metabolite such as chlorophyll, MSI (%) and leghaemoglobin declined under drought stress. Rhizobial treatments improved all the above biochemical metabolites. The nutrient composition i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus decreased in seed and straw under drought stress. Seed and biological yield reduced significantly due to decreased number of pods, number of branches and test weight under drought stress. Rhizobial treatment improved the yield and its attributes by maintaining plants water status and various physiological and biochemical processes. Rhizobial isolates MR 63 and MB 17a proved to be relatively more effective over other rhizobial strains under drought in mungbean.
Open Access
Physiological studies in wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) under terminal high temperature conditions
(CCSHAU, 2017) Pooja; Munjal, Renu
The present investigation was conducted to evaluate various physiological traits & identify promising wheat genotypes under terminal high temperature condition. The twenty genotypes i.e. ten tolerant (WH 730, WH 1124, WH 1021, HD 3059, DBW 90, PBW 373, Raj 3765, HD 2851, HD 2285, PBW 550) & ten heat susceptible (HD 2967, DPW 621, WH 1105, DBW 88, HD 3086, HD 2733, WH 711, WH 1080, WH 1142 & K 0307) were grown during rabi season of 2016 - 17 at Field Crop Research Area, of Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar, The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD consisting of 4 rows of 3m length with a 20×5 cm spacing within rows & between plants, respectively. Terminal high temperature significantly influenced physiological, biochemical, yield & yield attributes in both heat susceptible & heat tolerant genotypes but the reduction was more pronounced in the susceptible genotypes in comparison to the tolerant ones. WH 1021 was adjudged to be most tolerant genotype due to minimum reduction in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content & minimum increase in canopy temperature, cell membrane stability. WH 1021 also showed maximum no. of productive tiller/ m row length, biomass, grain yield, thousand grain weight & maximum harvest index. K 0307 was adjudged to be most susceptible due to maximum reduction in all physiological & biochemical trait except chlorophyll fluorescence & canopy temperature. K 0307 showed poor performance in yield & yield attributes. The tolerant genotype WH 1021 was found to be the most suitable one under terminal high temperature conditions on the basis of the overall picture of physiological, morpho-physiological & yield traits studied.

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