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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in wheat under drought and high temperature conditions(CCSHAU, 2017) Kirpa Ram; Munjal, RenuThe present investigation was conducted to assess the effects of drought and heat stress conditions on carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning and identify physiological and biochemical traits related to accumulation and partitioning of carbohydrate under drought and heat stress conditions. The eight wheat genotypes (AKAW-3717, DHTW-60, C-306, HD-2967, HTW-11, WH-730 and WH- 1105) in RBD with 4 rows of 2m length with a 20×5 cm spacing within rows and plants respectively, were grown during rabi season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Field Research Area, Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Effect of individual drought and high temperature and their combination on physiological, biochemical and yield parameters under timely, late and very late sown condition was studied. Reduction in response of drought and high temperature was observed in physiological parameters (relative water content, osmotic potential, water potential, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll florescence taken in flag leaf) and biochemical parameters (peduncle and penultimate internode) at anthesis and 15 days after anthesis. Reduction in physiological and biochemical parameters was more pronounced under D40+D65 and complete drought at 15 days after anthesis as compare to anthesis. Metabolite (glucose, fructose, sucrose, water soluble carbohydrate and cellulose) and enzyme (SuSy, INV, SBE, SDBE and AGPase) activity get reduced under drought and with combination of delayed sowing. Fast rate of decline both in peduncle and penultimate inter node was observed. Yield was found highly associated with physiological and biochemical behavior of stressed plant. Yield penalty was more in combination of delayed sowing and drought situation at different growth stage. Genotype DHTW-60, HD-2967 and WH-1105 found promising in overall performance under timely, late and very late with different drought & high temperature situation. Carbohydrate metabolic & enzymatic traits with water relation & chlorophyll related traits are best traits for selection of drought and high temperature tolerant genotype.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of recombinant inbred wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines for heat tolerance using physiological traits and molecular markers(CCSHAU, 2017) Sunita; Munjal, RenuA mapping population of eighty lines derived from the cross between WH1021 (heat tolerant) × WH711 (heat susceptible) were genotyped and phenotyped under timely and late sown during 2015-16 and 2016-17 crop seasons. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the various morpho-physiological traits, their association with each other and to explore of the SSR markers related with heat tolerance during terminal heat stress. Data were recorded for various morphological traits including plant height and stem solidness at 70 and 100 days after sowing, number of days to heading, number of days to maturity, number of tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, grain yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), number of grains per spike, 100-grain weight (g) and physiological traits observations were recorded at anthesis and 10 days after anthesis including canopy temperature, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, chlorophyll content and NDVI. HSI for grain yield was determined for heat stress effect assessment. Analysis of variance showed significant variation among genotypes and reveal the genetic diversity among RILs. CTAB method was used for DNA isolation. Total ninety four markers were used to detect polymorphism in parents out of which parental polymorphism was found 23.5%. Genetic diversity analysis of RILs and parents was done using NT SYS-pc software based on twenty two SSRs and Linkage map constructed using these 22 polymorphic markers consist of seven linkage groups. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTL) with significant phenotypic variation. Out of fourteen QTLs two QTLs were detected for plant height at 70 days after sowing , two for days to heading, two for days to maturity, two for photosynthetic rate, one for transpiration rate, four for intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and one for NDVI. Out of these QTL and photosynthetic rate were consistent and stable over the condition and year respectively. Photosynthetic rate reported maximum phenotypic variation (78.13%) flanked by the two markers barc24 & Xgwm102 with an interval of 27.9 cM. Two QTLs for iWUE were also consistent and stable flanked by the markers Xgwm512 & Xgwm448 with 35.5 cM interval another Xgwm512 also flanked the another QTL for iWUE with 5.2 cM interval. These markers can be useful for the improvement through marker assisted selection for developing the better genotypes for heat tolerance.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological indices of drought tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes(CCSHAU, 2017) Rajkumar; Sharma, K.D.To study the effect of irrigation levels on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), twenty barley genotypes were evaluated under normal (Two irrigations at tillering and anthesis each) and restricted irrigation conditions (one irrigation at tillering) in concrete drought plots during the 2014-15 and 2015- 16 at the Crop physiology field area, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. The experiments were laid out using RBD with three replications. The results from combined analysis of variance in both normal and restricted irrigation conditions indicated that there were significant differences among genotypes with regard to all the traits because of high variation among the genotypes. Drought stress decreased the phenological traits like days to flag leaf, days to heading, days to anthesis and days to physiological maturity. The significant reduction was observed in plant height, dry biomass, leaf area, LAI, LAD, SLA and CGR under restricted irrigation. Under restricted irrigation leaf water potential, osmotic potential, relative water content, CTD, chlorophyll stability, membrane stability, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm also decreased in barley genotypes. On the other hand, there was an increase in free proline content, MDA content and enhancement of antioxidant defense system to scavenge excess ROS molecules to prevent cell from damage. The main antioxidant enzymes which showed altered activity were superoxide dismutase catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidise. Yield and its attributes were also reduced under restricted irrigation condition. The quality parameters i.e. protein content, husk content and malt yield were increased while β-Glucan content decreased under restricted irrigation. Finally, based on physiobiochemical traits, it was revealed that among the tested genotypes, BH 14-05 and BH 10-30 performed better in terms of physiological, biochemical and yield related traits under restricted irrigation condition. These results indicated that selecting more tolerant genotypes based on physiological traits was the way to overcome terminal water stress and can be used for further crop improvement programmes.ThesisItem Open Access Lysimetric Studies On Some Tree Species To Evaluate Their Biodrainage Potential(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2011) Maddan, Sukham; Angrish, RajivThesisItem Open Access Studies on physiological and molecular diversity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for phosphorus efficiency(CCSHAU, 2013) Gera, Gunjan; Sheokand, SunitaTwelve wheat genotypes WH147, WH711, WH1021, WH1025, WH1080, WH1081, WH1094, WH1107, WH1111, C306, Lok-1 and PBW343 were evaluated at three P level; 100 %, 50% and 15 % P levels. All growth parameters such as plant height, dry weight, P content, grain growth rate, spike length, number of productive tillers and grain yield decreased at reduced P levels (50 % and 15 %). Total plant biomass was maximum in WH1080 and WH1111 at low P levels. P content in all plant parts decreased with decreasing P levels at all sampling stages. At later growth stages more of P accumulated in reproductive parts. Maximum spike and grain P content was observed in WH1080 and WH147. Minimum decrease in grain yield at 15 % P level was observed in WH147 (16.1 %), WH1080 (20.7 %) and WH1081 (26%). A significant positive correlation of grain yield was observed with total plant biomass (0.88), number of productive tillers (0.75), grain growth rate (0.74) and P content in grain (0.84). Also a delay in heading, anthesis and maturity was observed under P deficiency. C306, WH1081, Lok-1 and WH1080 had minimum delay in heading, anthesis and maturity. Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with decreasing P levels. The genotypes which performed well at low P level were WH1080, WH1094, WH1081 and WH147 and least efficient genotypes were C306 and PBW343. Phosphatase activity (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phytase) increased in response to P deficiency. WH1080, WH147 and WH1094 showed greater increase in enzyme activity under long term P deficiency. Genotypes WH1080, WH147, WH1081and WH1094 performed well under short term P deficiency (15 days) in terms of root traits (root length, number of secondary roots and root/shoot ratio). Lok-1 performed better in terms of APase activity and WH1080, WH1025 and WH1094 performed well in terms of alkaline phosphatase and phytase activity. Increased phosphatase activity and proton extrusion in root exudates was also observed under P deficient conditions. Maximum enzyme activity in root exudates was found in WH1107 and WH1080 and maximum exudation of protons was observed in WH1080. On the basis of RAPD - cluster analysis two major groups were formed and these are further divided in four sub groups. The genotypes which exhibited low diversity at phenotypic level also exhibited less genetic diversity at molecular level. On the basis of present investigations WH147 and WH1080 were identified as more P efficient genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological responses to saline irrigation in two summer mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes(CCSHAU, 2013) Duong Hoang Son; Neeraj KumarThe effects of saline irrigation on morpho-physiological traits, antioxidant defense mechanism and protein rofile (SDS-PAGE) in two summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes viz. MH 421 and SML 668 differing in their sensitivity to salinity was investigated under natural conditions of screen house. At the flowering stage (30-35 DAS), plants were exposed to single saline irrigation (Cl-dominated) of levels 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 dS m-1. Sampling was done after 7 and 14 days of treatment (DAT). The control plants were irrigated with distilled water. The water potential (Ψw) of leaf and osmotic potential (Ψs) of leaf and root decreases in both the genotypes. MH 421 showed more negative values Ψw of leaf i.e. from -0.20 to -0.46 MPa as compared to -0.18 to -0.40 MPa in SML 668, respectively. The Ψs of leaf decreased from -1.36 to -1.89 MPa in MH 421 and -1.36 MPa to -1.80 MPa in ML 668 with increase in salinity level from control to 7.5 dS m-1 at 7 DAT. A similar trend of change in the osmotic potential (Ψs) of root was observed. The proline content of leaf increased significantly from 11.4 to 144.5 % and 15.7 to 219.4 % and the total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content from 16.6 to 79.8 % and 22.5 to 81.9 % in SML 668 and MH 421, respectively, with increasing level of saline irrigation from control to 7.5 dS m-1. A marked increase in hydrogen peroxide H2O2, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and relative stress injury (RSI %) was noticed in leaf and root which was much higher in SML 668 than MH 421. A similar trend was observed at 14 DAT. Saline irrigation increased the Cl- and SO4 2- concentration in leaf by 2.8 and 3.1 fold in MH 421 and 3.0 and 3.6 fold in SML 668, respectively, at 7.5 dS m- 1. Moreover, MH 421 had overall lower Na+/K+ ratio than SML 668. More negative values of Ψw of leaf, Ψs of leaf and root and better accumulation of osmotically active solutes, i.e. proline, TSC and low Na+/K+ ratio in leaf and root of MH 421, helped in maintaining the higher RWC % of these organs than noticed in SML 668. ROS scavenging enzyme of leaves i.e. SOD, CAT, POD, APX, GR, GPX and GST increased by 296.7, 58.5, 146.3, 159.1, 125.8, , 95.9, 81.0 % in SML 668 and by 806.8, 180.3, 231.4, 174.9, 190.2, 112.6, 172.6 % in MH 421, respectively, upon increasing levels of saline irrigation from control to 7.5 dS m-1 after 7 days of treatment (DAT). Despite the increase in the activity of these enzymes AsA content decreased by 52.5 and 41.3%. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, lower accumulation H2O2, MDA and AsA content in MH 421 than in SML 668 indicated those enzymes play a key role in removal of ROS in MH 421 better than in SML 668, thus minimizing the cellular damage caused by ROS under saline irrigation. Pollen viability (%), in vitro pollen germination and tube growth were also adversely affected with increasing salinity; the effect being most pronounced in SML 668. SDS-PAGE revealed more deletion than addition of polypeptide bands in SML 668 than MH 421 with increasing levels of saline irrigation in leaf and root at both the stages. The yield parameters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 seed weight and seed weight plant-1 decreased more in SML 668 with increasing salinity. Hence, the mechanism of salt tolerance was better in MH 421 than in SML 668 as found from physiological traits studied.ThesisItem Open Access Variability And Management Of Colletotrichum Capsici (Syd.) Butler And Bisby, The Incitant Of Fruit Rot Of Chilli (Capsicum Annuum)(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University; Hisar, 2010) Deyol, Alka; Khirbat, S.K.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological and reproductive behaviour of summer Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under terminal heat stress(CCSHAU, 2015) Chand, Gurdev; Nandwal, A.S.The present investigation was carried out on three mungbean genotypes viz. MH 421, MH 318 and Basanti in the screen house during 2012-13 and 2013-14. High temperature induced changes for plant water status i.e. water potential (yw), osmotic potential (ys) and relative water content (RWC %), relative stress injury (RSI %), physiological parameters viz. total chlorophyll, chlorophyll stability index (CSI), chlorophyll fluorescence and canopy temperature depression (CTD), biochemical like malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble carbohydrate (TSCs), proline accumulation, nitrogen content, antioxidant enzymes and protein profile were studied 3 and 7days after exposure (DAE) to high temperature (>35oC) and reproductive changes, yield attributing character, seed quality studies were taken at harvesting stage. The yw and ys of leaves became more negative from -0.66 to -1.97 and -1.01 to -1.87 MPa respectively, with increasing the days after exposure (DAE) to high temperature (>35°C). In the genotype MH 421, the value of yw (-1.59) and ys (-1.69) of leaf were more negative than MH 318 and Basanti. With the increased DAE, RWC of leaf declined from 73.65% to 63.41%. Total chlorophyll content (17.27 to 11.31 mg g-1 DW), SPAD (48.64 to 46.02) readings, CTD (-5.78 to -4.37: °-C) and CSI (81.01% to 67.36%) decreased with increased DAE to high temperature and decrease was more in Basanti and MH 318 than MH 421. RSI increased with increased DAE to high temperature; the increase more in Basanti (41.34%) followed by MH 318 (40.72%) than MH 421 (34.88%). MDA (21.75 to 34.44), TSCs (23.58 to 33.65 g g-1 DW) and proline content (3.11 to 17.77 mg g-1 DW) increased in all genotypes with increased DAE; the increase MDA, being more in leaves of Basanti (30.66 μ mol g-1DW) followed by MH 318 (28.97) than MH 421 (28.26). The TSCs and proline content were maximum in MH 421 (33.83 mg g-1 DW and 25.21 mg g-1 DW) followed by MH 318 (30.08 and 23.75) than Basanti (28.26 and 22.19) respectively. Moreover the RWC (%) and Osmotic adjustment (OA) were also better in MH 421under high temperature stress. High temperature induced the specific activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) (3.37 to 5.67), catalase (CAT) (7.40 to 11.48), peroxidase (POX) (10.09 to 21.95), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (0.35 to 1.56), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (0.39 to 0.61), Glutathione transferase (GST) (0.22 to 0.80). The antioxidant i.e. total glutathione (409.49 to 513.09) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (1.53 to 1.82) were enhanced while ascorbic acid (AAC) (25.20 to 16.88) and caroteonoid content (4.61 to 2.30) were decreased with increased DAE to high temperature. The specific activity of above said enzymes was maximum in MH 421 followed by MH 318 and minimum in Basanti at all the DAE to high temperature. The total glutathione, ascorbate and caroteonoid content were higher in MH 421 as compared to other genotypes while reverse trend was seen for H2O2 content.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of wheat species for heat tolerance related morpho-physiological traits(CCSHAU, 2015) Kavita; Munjal, RenuTwenty non-cultivated and cultivated genotypes belonging Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Triticum dicoccum and Synthetic were evaluated for Cell membrane stability (CMS), Canopy temperature (CT), SPAD chlorophyll content, Chlorophyll fluorescence, heat susceptibility index (HSI), and grain yield under normal and heat stress conditions for two years (2012-13 & 2013-14). The current study was aimed at the characterization of physiological traits in wheat species for their heat tolerance and its analysis in relation to yield components which confer yield stability at the three ploidy levels - diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat species. Mean sum of squares due to years, environments, genotypes and majority of the interaction effects were significant for almost all of the traits. This suggested the variable responses of genotypes, over the environments and years for the traits under consideration with in each ploidy group for heat tolerance. Correlation coefficients revealed that CMS was the most important trait followed by CT because the genotype having high CMS also had low CT and high grain yield under heat stress. Triticum dicoccum conferred the productive and adaptive advantages as it combined high yield and stability compared to Triticum durum, Synthetic Wheat and Triticum aestivum respectively. Since wide variation for heat tolerance of physiological traits are available among the wheat species, these species can be used for improving specific yield components of cultivated wheat.