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ThesisItem Open Access Cultural studies and genetic approaches for management of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn f. sp. sasakii (Exner) causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-07) Poonam Kumari; Prashant Kumar ChauhanThe necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the highly destructive soil-borne pathogen distributed worldwide, responsible for causing banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) in maize. In Haryana, BLSB is the major constraint of maize, in reducing the yield during kharif season. Keeping in view the enormous losses caused by the disease and its regular appearance in severe form the present investigation has been devised on cultural, morphological and molecular variability among different isolates of pathogen collected from major maize growing regions of Haryana. Eighteen isolates of R. solani associated with maize crop were collected from different locations of Haryana and nearby of New Delhi. The variations among isolates in colony diameter, growth rate, growth pattern, colony colours, texture, hyphal characters, number of nuclei, sclerotial characters including position, colour, texture, size, number, weight and honey dew were observed in all the isolates and are grouped on the basis of variations exhibited. The hierarchical cluster analysis differentiated all R. solani isolates into five major cluster (C1- C5) based on cultural, sclerotial and morphological characters. Molecular analysis confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani species and all isolates exhibited relation with anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA. The results of study confirmed that anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA belongs to maize crop causing BLSB disease is the most predominant and geographically distributed in Haryana and nearby location of New Delhi. Pathological study revealed that nine maize genotypes viz. HKI 161, HKI 163, HKI 164-7-6, HKI 193-2, HKI 194-7, HKI 288-2, HKI 488, HKI 1128 and IQPMH-18-2 were resistant for BLSB. The results clearly depicted that high genetic diversity exist among the genotypes of maize and polymorphism on the basis of SSR markers was observed. Molecular analysis differentiated thirty-eight maize genotypes into two main clusters viz. cluster-I and cluster-II with similarity coefficient 61%. The cluster-II consisted of only one genotype HKI 1653 SER-4 which was observed as the most diverse genotype among all the thirty-eight genotypes. Two SSR markers phi035 and bnlg1065 were identified as specific to resistance for BLSB. Present study revealed the existence of high variability in R. solani isolates at cultural, morphological and genetic level. The variability was present among the maize genotypes for resistance against R. solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight in maize and all R. solani isolates of BLSB belongs to anastomosis subgroup AG1-IA.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology and management of aromatic rice blast incited by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Bharath M M; Ashwani KumarRice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple food crop feeding more people directly than any other crop in the world. More than 70 diseases have been reported in rice. Out of these, rice blast is the most ravage disease incited by Pyricularia oryzae acting as a major impediment in rice production. In favourable conditions, this disease can devastate entire rice plant in vegetative stage giving a burnt appearance and cause yield losses up to 90%. The present investigations were conducted on various aspects of blast disease like screening of promising genotypes for rice blast resistance, role of weather parameters in disease progression and evaluation of different botanicals and suitable fungicides. Role of weather parameters in disease progression was recorded in 2 varieties CSR 30 and HBC 19 and the results revealed that temperature (maximum and minimum), rainfall and rainy days were negatively correlated and relative humidity (morning) was positively correlated with percent disease index of leaf blast. For neck blast incidence weather variables temperature (maximum and minimum), rainfall, rainy days and relative humidity (evening) were negatively correlated. In vitro evaluation of botanicals was conducted against P. oryzae, Achook @ 4ml/lt and Garlic @ 5% were found to be effective with 100 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogen. The concentrations with maximum mycelial inhibition were evaluated under field conditions, Achook @ 4ml/lt proved to best in controlling leaf and neck blast with increased yield as compared to control. Field trials were conducted on the variety CSR 30 for the evaluation of different fungicides at Rice Research Station, Kaul (Kaithal) during kharif 2021. Among six different fungicides evaluated under field conditions, picoxystrobin 6.78% + tricyclazole 20.33% SC was found to be best in controlling leaf and neck blast and also increased yield as compared to control. Forty-seven rice genotypes were screened for neck blast resistance, four genotypes were susceptible with disease rating scale of 7 and forty-three genotypes were highly susceptible with disease rating scale of 9.ThesisItem Open Access Screening and evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for management of damping-off of onion incited by Fusarium sp.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Pavitra P. Yaranal; Rakesh KumarThe present study entitled, ―Screening and evaluation of Arbuscular mycorrhiza on management of damping-off of onion incited by Fusarium sp.‖ was conducted under screen house conditions to study the role of mycorrhiza on growth and mycorrhizal parameters, biochemical constituents and influence on rhizosphere population of different microbes and to work out the integrated management of damping-off incited by Fusarium oxysporum. The pathogen is a soil inhabitant, facultative parasite and having wide host range. Fusarium oxysporum causes pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off. Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum was tested under screen house conditions. Maximum growth (plant height, root length, bulb weight), mycorrhizal parameters (per cent root colonization and sporocarp number per 100g of soil), SPAD-chlorophyll, biochemical constituents (total phenols, P content in roots) were observed in the onion plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae. All the AM fungi used viz., Glomus hoi, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae had positive influence on population of azotobacter, actinomycetes and bacteria, while significantly reduced the population of fungi compared to control. Maximum disease control (92.5%) was observed in seed treatment with Thiram @ 2g/kg of seeds. Among the biologicals, maximum disease control (81.25%) was observed in treatment with combined use of Glomus mosseae, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Mycorrhiza was comparatively effective in managing the disease with a disease control of 48.75-70 per cent when inoculated alone or in combination with other treatments. Suitable symbiont for a host can improve plant growth and provide protection against diseases. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in our study reflected a significant growth improvement of onion and comparable level of protection against the damping-off pathogen.ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly seasonal cultivation of Oyster Mushroom(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Simran Jeet; Satish KumarThe present study entitled, “Eco-friendly seasonal cultivation of Oyster Mushroom” was conducted to find the appropriate eco-friendly substrate pasteurization method for different substrates of oyster mushroom and to strandardize the best cultivation method of oyster mushroom. Effect of solarization on wheat and paddy substrates were determined, among different combinations of duration of solarization, polythene sheets and heights of substrate piles. The highest temperature for wheat (59.9oC) and paddy substrate (57.2oC) was measured when 2.0 ft high piles of both the substrates were solarized for 6 hours using black polythene sheets. Studies were carried out to find the effect of solarization on microbial load of substrate, the least bacterial colonies were recorded in wheat (6.7 x 109 cfu/g) and paddy substrate (7.1x 109 cfu/g) when these were solarized for 6 hours, with 2.0 ft high piles utilizing black polythene sheets. The minimum fungal colonies were observed in both wheat (4.7 x 104 cfu/g) and paddy substrates (4.9 x 104 cfu/g) when these were solarized with 2.0 ft high piles for 6 hours utilizing black polythene sheets. Hot water pasteurization of substrates was done at different temperatures for different time periods and its effect on microbial colonies of substrates was evaluated. Minimum bacterial and fungal colonies for both the substrates was observed when these were treated at 70oC for 20 minutes. Amidst different substrates treatments used for mushroom cultivation, wheat straw hot water treatment was found better than all the other treatments as shortest time taken on it for spawn run, pinhead formation, first flush, second flush and third flush of both the species of Pleurotus. However, paddy straw hot water treatment was found superior in terms of pileus size, stipe thickness and yield of both the oyster mushroom species. The effect of different cultivation methods on yield and yield parameters of P. sajor-caju and P. florida was investigated. For all the growth parameters of both the oyster mushrooms the hanging method of cultivation was found superior than the bag method. The highest yield was recorded for P. sajor-caju (736.6 g/kg dry substrate) and P. florida (880.8 g/kg dry substrate) when cultivated by hanging method. Among the different substrates and cultivation methods used for cultivation of P. sajor-caju and P. florida, the maximum yield was obtained as 866.7 g/kg dry substrate and 1083.7 g/kg dry substrate, respectively in paddy straw hot water treated and hangingThesisItem Open Access Studies on epidemiology and management of mungbean yellow mosaic virus disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Preety, Verma; Rakesh, SangwanThe present study entitled “Studies on epidemiology and management of mungbean yellow mosaic virus disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L). Wilczek)” was conducted during the kharif 2019 at research farm, Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Mungbean yellow mosaic viral disease is a devastating viral disease causing considerable yield losses. Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) a member of family Geminiviridae, transmitted by insect whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Environmental factors play important role in sustaining whitefly population and disease development. It was observed that whitefly population builds up started in month of July and reached to maximum in first week of September. The minimum whitefly population was observed at end of July, which approached its maximum at end of August to early September. The percent disease index (PDI) was observed maximum in first week October. The whitefly population build may be due to favorable weather conditions that include maximum temperature 36±2°C, minimum temperature 25±2°C, morning relative humidity more than 90 per cent, evening relative humidity was very low, low wind speed about 5 km/h, more sunshine hours and no rainfall prevailing during that period. The maximum whitefly population was on SML 1082 (8.42) followed by TMB 37 (7.197) and MH 421 (5.087). Whitefly population on all three cultivars had positive significant correlation with bright sunshine hours while evening relative humidity was recorded negatively significant. The highly significant positive correlation was found between cultivars and disease severity. The terminal PDI was observed highest in SML 1082 (73.32 %) cultivar. For the management of MYMV disease biorationals were used and amongst all salicylic acid @ 150 mg/litre as seed priming and then foliar spray @ 150 mg/L recorded significantly less terminal PDI (32.75%) with maximum percent disease control (50.27%). In screening, ten mungbean genotypes were screened where MH 1851 exhibited zero average disease severity approaching to disease free category followed by MH 215 (3.77%). The chlorophyll content and carotenoid content was higher at 25 DAS. And. 40 DAS but from 40 DAS to 55 DAS chlorophyll content was decreasing. Higher total phenol content estimated at initial stage, i.e. at 25 DAS and 40 DAS. It decreased.at 40 DAS and 55 DAS. However, flavanol content was observed decreasing gradually from 25 DAS to 55 DAS. Maximum phenol content and flavanol content was recorded in MH 1851 followed.by MH 215.ThesisItem Open Access Management of root-rot disease complex caused by concomitant occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-06) Sagwal, Aradhna; Satish KumarThe present study entitled, “Management of root-rot disease complex caused by concomitant occurrence of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was conducted under screen house conditions to study the role of concomitant occurrence of R. solani and M. javanica on root rot disease complex in tomato cv. Hisar Arun (Selection 7) and to work out the integrated management of root rot disease complex. R. solani causing root-rot disease is a soil inhabitant, facultative parasite and having wide host range. Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica are important pathogens of tomato involved together in root rot disease complex. Rhizoctonia solani causes pre-emergence and post-emergence plant mortality in seedlings and black lesions in root. Pathogenicity level of R. solani was studied at different inoculum levels under screenhouse conditions and found that total plant mortality was directly proportional to inoculum levels. The maximum pre-emergence plant mortality of 30 per cent and maximum post- emergence mortality of 40 per cent was observed when mycelial suspension of 2000 mg/kg soil was used. Studies were carried out to know the effect of concomitant occurrence of pathogens on root rot disease complex and found maximum total mortality of 83.3 per cent when M. javanica (1000 J2/kg soil) inoculated one week prior to R. solani (1000mg/kg soil) followed by total mortality of 63.3 per cent when both R. solani and M. javanica inoculated simultaneously. Organic amendments were tested for the management of disease complex and a minimum total plant mortality of 33.3 and 36.6 per cent was observed when the soils were incorporated with mustard cake and cotton cake respectively and maximum disease control of 47.4 per cent was provided by mustard cake. Effect of Glomus mosseae and Trichoderm harzianum were tested for managaement of root rot disease complex and it was found that dose of VAM was directly proportional to the disease control. Minimum total mortality of 40 per cent was observed when Glomus mosseae used at a dose of 200 sporocarps/kg and minimum total mortality of 36.7 per cent was achieved when T. harzianum used @ of 10g/kg soil. Seed dressing with five fungicides were tested in the screenhouse to find out their effect against root-rot disease complex on tomato. A minimum disease incidence of 33.3 and 36.6 per cent was achieved when seeds were dressed with Carbendazim 50WP and Carboxin 37.5WP +Thiram 37.5WP. The integration of the best seed dressing fungicide, soil application of biocontrol agents and organic amendments was done in different combinations to control the root-rot disease complex in tomato effectively and found that a minimum disease incidence of 10.5 per cent was observed when seeds were dressed with Carbendazim 50 WP and sown in soils incorporated with mustard cake (2g/kg soil), VAM (200 sporocarps/kg soil) and T. harzianum (10g/kg soil).ThesisItem Open Access Eco-friendly management of charcoal rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020) Preeti; Saharan, Hawa SinghThe charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, is the most destructive soil and seed borne disease of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) which appears every year in Haryana and causes heavy losses in yield. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the eco-friendly management of M. phaseolina through botanicals and bio-agents under in vitro and in vivo conditions in screen house of Department of Plant Pathology, CCSHAU, Hisar. Among the botanicals evaluated for their efficacy in vitro against M. phaseolina, the phytoextract of Lantana camara inhibited maximum mycelial growth by 89.43 per cent at 20 per cent concentration followed by Parthenium hysterophorus and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts which inhibited upto 87.21 and 57.21 per cent, respectively at 20 per cent concentration. However, ginger (Zingiber officinale) was found to be least effective in inhibiting of mycelial growth by 26.94% at 20% concentration. Evaluation of bio-agents for their efficacy against M. phaseolina in vitro revealed that Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum antifungal activity with 66.94, 59.99, 59.44 per cent of mycelial inhibition by dual culture technique, production of non-volatile and volatile compounds techniques respectively, which was followed by T. viride with 59.16, 55.27, 53.00 per cent mycelial inhibition, respectively. Pseuodomonas fluorescens was found to be least effective with 30.83, 51.38, 47.77 per cent mycelial inhibition by dual culture technique, production of non-volatile and volatile compounds techniques respectively. Among the combinations of phytoextracts and bioagents tested under screen house conditions, seed soaking in solution of 20 per cent concentration of L. camara extract for 5-10 minutes followed by seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10g/kg seed was found most effective in controlling the disease upto 36.43 per cent in HT-1 and 40.92 per cent in HT-2 varieties followed by combination of P. hysterophorus + T. harzianum which controlled the disease up to 34.28 and 38.53 per cent in HT-1 and HT-2 varieties, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on management of brown spot of rice caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Subramanium and Jain)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-09) Chouhan, Vinod; Ashwani KumarBrown spot disease is one of the most destructive diseases of rice which appear every year in Haryana and remain severe in areas where rice is grown as direct seeded crop and in upland conditions. The present studieswere undertaken on management of brown spot of rice caused by Bipolaris oryzae during Kharif season of 2019 at CCSHAU Hisar and CCSHAU, Rice Research Station Kaul, Kaithal. Fungal colony appeared whitish in colour initially which later turn olive green in culture on PDA medium. Out of nine phytoextracts, evaluated under in vitro conditions against Bipolaris oryzae, garlic cloves extract inhibited the mycelial growth of fungus by 95.04% followed by neem (84.85%) and calotropis (78.79%) leaf extracts at 30% concentration. Five better plant extracts were also evaluated as foliar spray under field conditions and the maximum per cent disease control was found in garlic cloves extract treated plots (15.04%). Among eight fungicides evaluated for their efficacy against Bipolaris oryzae under in vitro conditions, three fungicides viz., propiconazole,pyraclostrobin + epoxyconazole and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin inhibited mycelial growth upto 100% at 0.75 ppm concentration. However, under field conditions, foliar spray of propiconazole @ 0.1% was found most effective in controlling the disease upto 63.24% followed bypyraclostrobin + epoxyconazole (50.07%). Among three bio-agents evaluated, Trichoderma harzianumwas found superior and per cent disease control was recorded as 30.15% over control. Among five non conventional chemicals ferric chloride was found superior in which per cent disease control was observed as 31.28% followed by magnesium sulphate. Out of 238 genotypes evaluated against disease, none of the genotype was found completely free from disease, however, 27 and 38 genotypes were observed to be moderately resistant and moderately susceptible, respectively, while rest of the genotypes showed susceptible to highly susceptible reaction under artificial inoculation conditions in field.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on variability in Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) causing root rot on cotton(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Mehta, Akshit; Man MohanThe present investigations entitled “ Studies on variability in Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) causing root rot on Cotton.” was conducted for morphological, chemo-sensitivity and molecular variability was carried out with twelve isolates of R. solani collected from northern region of India. The isolates were identified on the basis of their morpho-cultural characteristics. All the isolates of R. solani exhibited variation in their colony colour, colony growth and pattern of sclerotia. In cultural and morphological variability maximum radial growth after 74 hours was observed in FTB Rs10 (84.3mm) and was fastest among all the isolates. Mycelial width varied significantly from 4.92 μm (BWN Rs5) to 7.33 μm (PWL Rs 2). Significant variation was observed in mean size of sclerotia, where the size varied between 1.16mm to 1.97mm and sclerotia colour varied significantly viz. olive brown, light and dark brown. A significant positive Karl Pearson‘s Correlation coefficient of 0.604 was found between sclerotia initiation and full growth of petri plate. No significant correlation was found between other cultural and morphological characters. In molecular variability, isolates FTB Rs10 and PWL Rs2 varied significantly. The Internal transcribed spacer ITS primers were used for the identification of R. solani and SSR primers exhibited the genetic variability among the isolates and generated a wide range of amplicons from 0.25 kb to 3 kb bp. Carbendazim 50% was found significantly effective even at lower concentrations (50 ppm), Thiophanate methyl 70% was not found much effective up to 100 ppm whereas, captan 50% was least effective at all the concentrations. The inhibition of mycelial growth noticed in T. harzianum (85.55%) that was significantly superior to T. viride (79.25%). In future, it is likely these two isolates of Rhizoctonia solani can be used in the breeding programme of cotton
