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2005 - 200714
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Subject: Microbiology × End date: 2008 × Start date: 2005 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Rhizosphere colonization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their effect on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth and nutrient uptake
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Anu; Kundu, B.S.
    Seventy six isolates of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizosphere of chickpea were evaluated for solubilization of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and Udaipur rock phosphate (URP). Solubilization efficiency (PSE) of various isolates varied from 6.0 to 118.3 per cent on solid medium. Sixty nine isolates showed < 50 per cent PSE and only 2 isolates showed PSE more than 100 per cent. P solubilization by all the isolates varied from 22.7 to 247.7 g/ml. Seven isolate showed >200 g/ml solubilization in liquid medium. Phosphate from rock phosphate was poorly solubilized which varied from 0.001 to 0.258 g/ml. No relationship between P solubilization and change in pH was observed. Only fifteen isolates have complementary antibiotic resistance with donor strain of E. coli. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of selected isolates based on P solubilization efficiency (18C, 42C, 43C and 76C) showed that they belong to genus Pseudomonas. The various transconjugants showed -galactosidase activity varying from 0.96 to 2.02 Miller’s Unit and showed blue colour on X-gal medium plates. The transconjugants (42CT and 76CT) were able to survive in chickpea rhizosphere under pot house conditions, which appeared as blue colonies on X-gal plates with a population of ~103/gram soil, upto 120 DAS. The PSB and their transconjugants showed an increase in dry shoot weight and nutrients uptake by chickpea. Dry matter yield of 61.81, 82.91 and 110.75 g/pot was recorded by the application of 30 kg SSP with PSB at 60, 90 and 120 DAS respectively. N and P uptake increased with the inoculation of PSB and their transconjugants. Significantly higher N uptake 31.54 and 66.31 per cent was recorded by the inoculation of SSP with 42C and SSP (60 kg/ha) at 90 and 120 DAS, respectively than control. At 90 and 120 DAS, maximum P uptake 92.56 and 114.0 per cent, respectively, was recorded by the inoculation of SSP with 42C than control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Preparation of spiced 'Sauerkraut' by using lactic acid bacteria
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Pandey, Sangeeta; Garg, F.C.
    Fresh cabbage was procured from the market and sliced into thin shreds. The shredded cabbage was fermented by four different treatments, i.e., Sodium chloride (2.25%), Sodium chloride (2.25%) + Lactobacillus plantarum, Sodium chloride (2.25%) + mustard powder (1%) + spices (0.5%) and Sodium chloride (2.25%) + mustard powder (1%) + spices (0.5%) + Lactobacillus plantarum. During fermentation samples of brine were drawn at different time intervals for microbiological and biochemical analysis. The viable number of microorganisms were counted by plating the brine on two different types of media viz., nutrient agar and MRS media. The number of viable cells on MRS medium first increased in all four treatments and remained constant thereafter, whereas, on nutrient agar medium total number of viable cells first decreased and increased thereafter. From the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics it was found that the microorganisms which were present at the start of fermentation were Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Micrococcus. As the fermentation proceeded number of these microorganisms decreased and Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc became dominant. In all the four treatments, total sugar and reducing sugar in the brine increased slowly to 3% and 2%, respectively upto 8th day and then decreased. Maximum total acidity (1.98-2.22%) was found on 15th day which remained constant upto 90 days. The pH of the shredded cabbage was 6.9 and decreased to around 4 after 15 days. In all four treatments, vitamin C content that was 27.5 mg/100 gm at the start of fermentation decreased during fermentation and storage. However, at the end of 90 days vitamin C content in 'Sauerkraut' was found to be in the range of 16-18 mg/100 gm. Coliforms were determined both by MPN and by plating the brine on EMB media. Coliforms were absent in all four treatments. Sensory evaluation of the final product was carried out by a panel of judges using Hedonic scale. Overall acceptability was higher in the Sauerkraut prepared by addition of spices whereas inoculation of Lactobacillus plantarum made no significant difference.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of poultry waste on biogas production and plant nutrient content of effluent under solid state fermentation of cattle dung
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Putatunda, Chayanika; Malik, R.K.
    Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is gaining importance due to biogas recovery, production of organic manure and environmental protection. Apart from cattle waste biogas production has been reported from many other wastes like pig wastes, goat and sheep wastes etc. Many reports of biogas production from poultry wastes alone and in combination with other wastes like hog wastes, cattle dung are there. However, much work has not been done on the solid state fermentation of cattle dung supplemented with poultry waste. Cattle dung & poultry waste were collected from the animal farm and poultry farm, CCSHAU and analyzed. They were mixed in different ratios viz.100% CW (control), 90% CW +10% PW, 80% CW + 20% PW & 70% CW + 30% PW at approximately 17 % Total Solid concentration. Batch digestion was carried out for a period of 8 weeks in 5L aspirator bottles. The maximum biogas production was observed in digester with 30% PW (0.247 L/L/day) & minimum in the control (0.065 L/L/day).The influent & effluent were analyzed & highest enrichment of N, P &K was found in digester no. 4. (70% CD + 30% PW) The digesters were then converted to semi continuous mode during which they were daily fed with a particular amount of fresh substrate & same amount was taken out. The semi continuous system was operated for retention time period of 10 days, 20 days & 30 days. The maximum amount of biogas production was observed in all the digesters during RT of 30 days & the least during the RT of 10 days. Also, the biogas production was maximum in the digester no. 4 (70% CD + 30% PW), followed by digesters with 80% CD + 20% PW, 90 % CD + 30% PW and minimum in the control during all the retention time periods. Similar trend was observed in case of enrichment of N, P & K also. Maximum enrichment during RT of 30 days, followed by RT of 20 days & minimum during RT of 10 days was observed. Thus, addition of poultry waste to cattle dung proved to be beneficial both in terms of biogas production as well as enrichment of the effluent.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Role of organic acids produced during decomposition of rice straw in the solubilization of rock phosphate
    (CCSHAU, 2005) Anju Kumari; Kapoor, K.K.
    Production of organic acids by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms is the most important mechanism of P solubilization. There is solubilization of P from insoluble P sources such as rock phosphate during decomposition of lignocellulosic wastes. The identification of organic acids produced during decomposition of rice straw was attempted in the present studies. Changes during decomposition of rice straw amended with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and Udaipur rock phosphate (URP) were studied in laboratory incubation experiment. Initially C: N ratio was adjusted to 40:1. The organic C content of rice straw was found to decrease and total N increased with time, with the effect C: N ratio of rice straw decreased as the decomposition progressed. At 15 days, the pH decreased to acidic range in all the treatments, which again increased to alkaline range at 30 and 60 days. Water-soluble P and Citric acid soluble P increased at 15 days incubation and decreased at 30 and 60 days decomposition period. The amount of citric acid soluble P was higher in treatments containing TCP or URP. Citric, oxalic, formic and maleic acid were detected during decomposition of rice straw. Citric acid and oxalic acids were produced almost in all the treatments and the maximum amount of organic acids were detected at 15 days. The concentration decreased to negligible amount at 30 and 60 days. Citric acid and oxalic acids were the major acids produced which are responsible for P solubilization from TCP and URP. Citric acid was found to be most effective in solubilization of TCP and URP. The P solubilization with sulphuric acid was lower as compared to organic acids.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Siderophore production by pseudomonas species and its role in disease control of green gram (Vigna radiata) caused by rhizoctonia solani
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Sahu, Govind Kumar; Sindhu, S.S.
    In the present study, sixty-five bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere soil of chickpea and green gram plants by plating serial dilutions on King’s B media. Fifty-eight isolates were identified as Pseudomonas based on colony morphology, pigment characteristics and oxidase test. These fifty-eight Pseudomonas isolates alongwith 22 reference strains were tested for siderophore production using universal chromo-azurol S assay method on MM9 medium and iron-deficient succinate medium. Thirty-seven Pseudomonas strains/isolates were found to produce siderophore on MM9 medium and the diameter of halo zone varied with different Pseudomonas isolates. Production of siderophores was found more on MM9 medium as compared to succinate medium. Bacterial colony growth (G) and halo zone (H) size were measured on MM9 medium and H/G ratios varied from 1.44 to 10.24 in different Pseudomonas isolates. Seventeen Pseudomonas isolates were used for optimization of cultural conditions for enhanced production of siderophores. Replacement of glucose with sucrose, sodium gluconate or sodium malate supported siderophore production whereas arabinose addition repressed siderophore production in most of the Pseudomonas isolates. Increased concentration of ammonium chloride (0.2%) also decreased siderophore production. Addition of Fe-EDTA salt at low 5 M concentration showed less suppressive effect whereas at 10 M concentration more inhibitory effect on siderophore production was observed. Production of siderophore was found more at pH 7.0 in comparison to cultures grown in media with pH 8.0 and pH 6.0. Siderophore producing Pseudomonas isolates inhibited the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum. Large inhibition zones of fungal growth were observed on PDA medium in comparison to NA medium plates. Coinoculation of Pseudomonas cultures caused reduction in root rot disease symptoms under pot house conditions and disease control varied from 33.4 to 100 per cent with different Pseudomonas cultures. Coinoculation of Pseudomonas isolates MP20, MPS54, CP56 and CPS67 with Bradyrhizobium strain SMR15 also enhanced the nodule number, nodule fresh weight and plant dry weight as compared to Bradyrhizobium-inoculated or uninoculated control plants at 30, 45 and 60 days of plant growth. Coinoculation of Pseudomonas strain CP56 with Bradyrhizobium strain and R. solani showed maximum increase (275.8%) in plant dry weight at 60 days in comparison to control plants and completely suppressed the root rot disease under pot house conditions. The better performance of siderophore-producing Pseudomonas strains in relation to symbiotic performance and disease control indicated that Pseudomonas strains could be exploited for disease suppression and plant growth promotion under field conditions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Potato starch as substrate for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Poonam; Garg, F.C.
    Ethanol is one of the most important feed stock for industrial chemicals and is also used as liquid fuel. In India, ethanol is produced by fermentation of molasses by S. cerevisiae. In recent years because of decontrol of molasses, there is limited availability of good quality molasses and ethanol production has not exceeded 2.7 billion liters. So under new regulations, a new look need to be taken with regard to easily available and renewable substitutes such as starch for ethanol production. Potato is considered as potential substrate because of high content of starch and its increase in cultivation year after year. The concentration of slurry in potato grates and mashed potato for liquefaction by enzyme Termamyl-100 was found to be 1:1 & the amount of enzyme required for liquefaction of slurries prepared from potato grates and mashed potato was found to be 750 and 500 μl for 100 g of material respectively. The homogenous slurry of potato flour was obtained using ratio of potato flour : water
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of clodinafop herbicide on soil microflora and their biochemical activities in wheat field soil
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Saini, Babita; Suneja, Sunita
    In the present investigation, effect of long term use of clodinafop herbicide (used as permanent and rotational herbicide) on soil microbial populations and their activities in wheat field soil was studied. Soil samples collected before the application of herbicide were analyzed for soil chemical properties. Soil was of clay loam type. Soil pH ranged from 8.4-8.6 and EC ranged from 0.23-0.44 dSm-1. Organic carbon and total N were more in green manuring (GM) treatments than without green manuring (WGM) treatments. Total bacterial population was more in GM treatments than WGM treatments. At 15 days after the treatment (DAT) of herbicide, bacterial population was significantly less in rotational herbicide treated plot than weedy control under both GM and WGM conditions. At 30 & 60 DAT, bacterial count was more in permanent herbicide treated plots than rotational herbicide treated plots and weedy and weed free controls. Free living diazotrophs count was also more in GM treatments than WGM treatments. At 30 DAT, count was more in herbicide treated plots than weedy and weed free controls of GM condition while in WGM condition, there was not much difference in the population of different treatments. Ammonium oxidizer population increased after the application of herbicide in all the treatments upto 30 DAT. In GM condition, population was less in permanent herbicide treated plot at 15 DAT and in both (permanent and rotational) herbicide treated plots at 30 DAT as compared to weedy and weed free controls while in WGM condition, population was less only in rotational herbicide treated plot than weedy control at 15 DAT. Nitrite oxidizer population decreased after the application of herbicide in all the treatments. At 15 DAT, population was less in herbicide treated plots than weedy control in GM condition while in WGM condition, population was less only in rotational herbicide treated plot than weedy control. At 30 DAT, population increased and was significantly higher in permanent herbicide treated plots than weedy and weed free controls. Basal respiration, as indicated by carbon dioxide evolved, was slightly more in herbicide treated plots than weedy and weed free controls at 15 DAT and only in rotational herbicide treated plot at 30 DAT under both GM and WGM conditions. Later on, with the progress of time after application of herbicide, not much differences were observed in the basal respiration of different treatments under both GM and WGM conditions. Dehydrogenase activity was slightly higher in herbicide treated plots than weedy control of GM condition at 30 & 60 DAT while in WGM condition, activity was significantly less in herbicide treated plots than weedy control. Although herbicide treatments of GM condition had higher alkaline phosphatase activity than herbicide treatments of WGM condition but activity was less in herbicide treatments than weedy control at 15 & 30 DAT under GM condition while in WGM condition, enzyme activity in herbicide treated plots was not less than weedy control.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of digested distillery effluent on soil microbial population and plant growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
    (CCSHAU, 2006) Deora, Anupama; Kukreja, Kamlesh
    The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of different concentrations of digested distillery effluent on soil microbial population, seed germination and plant growth of wheat. The microbial population increased with increase in concentration of effluent up to 20% and slightly decreased with further increase in concentration of effluent. The count increased up to 60 days of incubation and later on decreased at 90 days of incubation but trend remained the same. Lower concentrations of effluent (10 and 20%) were not inhibitory to seed germination. Germination rate was poor in 50% effluent concentration while higher concentrations (75 and 100%) of effluent lead to complete failure of seed germination. Under pot house conditions also, lower concentrations (10 and 20%) of effluent were not inhibitory to seed germination but higher concentration (50%) of effluent suppressed and delayed germination rate. Higher concentration (50%) of effluent was inhibitory to plant growth when plants were irrigated with effluent before germination followed by when always irrigated with effluent after germination. Plant growth was completely suppressed when 50% effluent was used for irrigation through out the experiment. Maximum plant growth was obtained in 50% effluent concentration (comparable to 100% RDF) followed by 20% effluent concentration (comparable to 75% RDF) when plants were irrigated with effluent after germination at every 20 days of interval. When pots were irrigated with effluent only before germination, 20% effluent concentration gave better results in comparison to 10% effluent concentration. However, significantly higher plant growth was obtained when plants were irrigated with 10% effluent always after germination which was comparable to 75% RDF.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Production of fermented beverage from pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br.]
    (CCSHAU, 2007) Pawar Pravin Dnyanu; Leela Wati
    Beer has attained the universal statehood among all alcoholic beverages. Beer is produced by fermentation of wort containing residual reducing sugars with additional flavours. In most of the part of world, barley is universal substrate for beer production. With the increase in demand for limited quantity of barley malt available, the pearl millet grains were evaluated for brewing purpose. Four pearl millet varieties were screened for amylolytic enzyme activation during malting. The desirable acrospires ½ - ¾ of the length of grain germination was attained at 60 h of germination period. A steeping period of 10 h with 60 h of germination period resulted into highest alpha-amylase (95.22 DUN units), beta-amylase activity (177.78 μmole of glucose/g of green malt) and diastatic power (48 PMDU/ h dry weight of malt) in contrary malting loss was slight more than average. The standardized malting conditions were used to produce green malt, which was kilned at 45 OC for 24 h and subsequently at 55 OC for 8 h. The dried malt was rubbed to remove rootlets and shoot lets. Coarse-ground malt was mashed at 15 % conc. for a final brew. Among the wort samples prepared with differential grit combinations, the pearl wort had lower extract and reducing sugar than control barley wort. Fermentation of hopped wort with S. cerevisiae HAU-1 and S. uvarum NCDC-48 at a pitching rate of 0.3 and 0.5% (w/v) generated almost similar results of reducing sugar (% maltose w/v) and alcohol (% v/v) content. However, S. cerevisiae HAU-1 showed high ethanol tolerance during high gravity wort fermentation. Pearl millet (100%) beer had 3.5 % (v/v) alcohol content compared with control barley beer (3.6 %v/v). As intend the idea of bioacidification of wort and beer, fermentation was carried out with Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15. For getting more alcohol content, the control pearl millet wort was adjusted for its brix content. From the sensory evaluation, it was observed that 8OBrix and L. acidophilus NCDC-15 cultured fermented beer showed satisfactory result as compared with commercial beer.