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ThesisItem Open Access Genetical, Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease in Gossypium hirsutum L.(CCSHAU, 2016) Sonika; Sangwan, R.S.The inheritance of cotton leaf curl virus disease indicated the complementary type of gene interaction (9:7) which indicated that this trait was digenically controlled. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for some traits where the A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for some characters indicated thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. Additivedominance model was found fit for days to flower in crosses (I, II and III), boll number in crosses (II, III and IV), boll weight in crosses (I, II and IV), GOT in all the four crosses, seed index in cross (IV), lint index in all the four crosses and seed cotton yield in crosses (I, III and IV). Dominance component was significant for most of the characters. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for days to flower (cross IV) and plant height in crosses (I, II and IV). Among biochemical parameters, sugar content was significantly higher in susceptible parents than resistant parents. Phenol, tannin, gossypol content and enzymatic activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidases were significantly higher in resistant parents as compared to susceptible parents. Oil content did not show any particular trend. The correlation matrix among different biochemical parameters revealed that cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD) grading (0-6) at 60 DAS, showed positive significant correlation with sugar content while other biochemical parameters viz. phenol, gossypol, tannin, crude protein and enzymes peroxidase (PO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) showed significant negative correlation. CLCuD grading did not show any correlation with oil content. The same trend was observed in all of the four crosses at 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) except in sugar, phenol, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and protein (90 DAS). Twenty eight ISSR primers were used to study molecular variation among parental genotypes and their F1s. A total of 175 alleles were amplified unambiguously by 28 ISSR primers, of which 127 alleles were polymorphic (72.57 per cent). Polymorphic information content (PIC) value was found in the range of 0.495 to 0.907. The ISSR primer UBC 834 was found to have maximum PIC value (0.907) which indicated that this primer is more informative and can be further used to identify resistant genotypes from the germplasm or breeding material. The cluster analysis led to the distribution of parents and their F1s in to different groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.54-0.85. Cluster A, included parent HS 6, cluster B bifurcated further into different sub-clusters indicated that parents GCH 3 and H 1353 and their F1s were present on the upper side of the dendrogram and parents HS 6 and RST 9 on the lower side of the dendrogram. Genetic similarity by ISSR analysis showed that parental genotypes GCH 3 and HS 6 were quite distinct from each other.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Correlation Analysis in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)(CCSHAU, 2015) Praveen kumar; Hooda, J.S.An attempt was made to study the genetic diversity among the 65 genotypes of faba bean. Significant difference for various traits indicated substantial amount of variability existed among the genotypes for various traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for seed yield, 100 seed weight, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant and days to 50% flowering. In general phenotypic correlation coefficients were higher in magnitude than their genotypic correlation coefficient. Seed yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly correlated with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of branches per plant, number of cluster per plant, number of pods per plant, pods length, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight. Path analysis revealed that characters such as 100 seed weight and number of pods per plant were the major component traits of seed yield and hence these characters should be given priority in selection in view of their high heritability coupled with high genetic advance also. Following non hiericial eucleadean cluster analysis all 65 genotypes were grouped into 9 clusters with variable number of genotypes. On the the basis of data on genetic diversity and mean performance of matric traits nine diverse and superior genotypes namely EC-628955, EC-628942, EC- 628937, EC-628936, EC-591755, EC-3134, EC-2112, EC-628930 and EC-591776 were identified as promising for most of the traits. So these genotypes may be used in further crop improvement programme.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic divergence and inter-relationship among yield and its component traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.](CCSHAU, 2017) Nguyen Ngoc Vu; Arya, Rajesh KumarThis investigation entitled “Studies on genetic divergence and inter-relationship among yield and its component traits in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]” was carried out at Directorate of Farms, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana, India) during Kharif season 2017. The observations were recorded on yield and its component traits to assess the genetic diversity and inter-relationship in 30 cowpea genotypes. The genotype PL-3 was found highest seed yielding (47.78g). The GCV and PCV were observed high for biological yield per plant, plant height, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, pod weight and days to 50% flowering. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for traits viz., biological yield per plant, plant height, harvest index, number of clusters per plant, seed yield per plant, pod yield per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of branches per plant, pod weight, days to 50% flowering, 100 seeds weight, number of seeds per pod, days to maturity and pod length. Seed yield per plant exhibited highest and positive significant phenotypic correlation with number of pod per plant, pod yield per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of branches per plant, number of pods per cluster, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and harvest index. Path analysis revealed harvest index, biological yield per plant, pod yield per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant mainly directly contributed on seed yield per plant. This suggested that direct selection based on these traits would result in higher improving seed yield per plant. Based on Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis, the 30 cowpea genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The maximum intra-cluster average D2 value was shown by cluster V (19.85). The highest inter-cluster average D2 values was found between clusters III and VI (52.08), which showed that maximum genetic diversity is present between the genotypes of these two clusters. Therefore, the crossing between the genotypes of most divergence clusters i.e. III (KBC-8, GC 901, VCP 09-019, KBC-6, PTB- 1, UCP 12-007) and VI (TC 150) could be able to produce high seed yielding transgressive segregants.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability and correlation studies in fababean (Vicia faba L.)(CCSHAU, 2017) Dewangan, Narendra Kumar; Dahiya, G.S.The present investigation entitled “Genetic variability and correlation studies in fababean (Vicia faba L.)”, was carried out at the, Research area of MAP (Medicinal, Aromatic and Potential Crops) Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana, India) during Rabi 2015-16. The observations were recorded for different morphological characteristics and quantitative to assess the genetic diversity in 80 fababean genotypes. The observations were also recorded on 10 seed yield and its component traits for these genotypes to assess the genetic diversity. The GCV and PCV were observed highest for 100 seed weight, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, number of branches per plant and number of clusters per plant but lowest for days to maturity. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, pod length, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant, indicated additive gene effects. Seed yield per plant had a positive and highly significant correlation with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight. Path cofficient analysis indicated that 100 seed weight had the highest direct and positive effect on seed yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, days to 50% flowering, number of branches per plant, plant height. The direct negative effects were observed for pod length, clusters per plant and days to maturity. The hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis grouped 80 fababean genotypes into seven clusters. The highest intra-cluster distance which was observed in cluster VI followed by cluster VII, cluster II, cluster V, cluster I, cluster III and cluster IV. A maximum inter cluster distance showed between cluster VI and cluster I which means that maximum genetic diversity is present between the genotypes of these two clusters. On the basis of mean values and divergence 14 genotypes viz. EC-591828, EC-628922, EC-628929, EC-628940, EC-628955, EC-628957, ET-3104, ET-3128, ET-3131, ET-3160, ET-4105, ET-4107, HB-82 and HB-85 were identified as promising for various characters showed sufficient amount of genetic diversity for seed yield and its component traits which may be used in fababean breeding programmes for further improvement.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes for seed yield and other traits under rainfed conditions(CCSHAU, 2017) Manjeet; Verma, P.K.The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes for seed yield and other traits under rainfed conditions” was conducted during Kharif, 2016 to evaluate 24 genotypes of sesame to determine the magnitude of variability for various morphological and seed quality parameters as well as to study the character association between seed yield and its contributing traits. Analysis of variance revealed considerable amount of variability among genotypes for most of the characters under study. Among morphological traits, GCV & PCV were highest for seed yield per plant and harvest index. High to moderate heritability (broad sense) was recorded for most of the traits under study while high genetic advance as per cent of mean coupled with high heritability (broad sense) were observed for number of branches per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and seed yield per plant. Seed yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation with number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000- seed weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index while standard germination showed significant and positive correlation with all the seed quality traits. Harvest index, biological yield per plant, number of seeds per capsule and number of capsules per plant had positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. So, combined results of correlation coefficient and path analysis revealed that number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, harvest index and biological yield per plant are major components of seed yield and shoot length, seedling length and seedling vigour index I are major components of standard germination.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic analysis of spike morphology and grain yield component traits in Triticum aestivum L. em Thell(CCSHAU, 2011) Pawan Kumar; Yadav, Ramesh KumarThe present investigation comprising six generation (Parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) of five crosses wheat viz. HJP81 x Rm-Ts17, HS27 x PBW502, HJP81 x PBW502, HS67 x PBW502, HG2 x HD2009M was conducted for estimating the gene effects for the spike morphology and yield component traits under two successive growing seasons (2008-09 and 2009-10) for fifteen spike morphological and yield component traits at the experimental area of the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Generation mean analysis revealed significant differences for all traits where the A, B, C and D individual scales were also significant for most of the characters indicating thereby the presence of non-allelic interactions. In some of the cases, the non-significance of chi-square value indicated the fitness for additive-dominance model. Additive component was significant for most of the characters and even as preponderant in magnitude over the dominance component. Either all or any of the three types of epistatic interactions (i, j and 1) were significant for most of the cases and generally it is the “i" type of interaction which is more frequently prevailing for most of the traits studied over the crosses. However, the magnitude and direction of estimates changed for the cross and the seasons. Additive x additive type of interaction with overdominance was recorded for peduncle length in cross-II, where the chance of transgressive segregates was high. Duplicate type of interaction was apparent for plant height, peduncle length, spike length, spike compactness, spike biomass, 100 kernel weight, grain: spike biomass ratio and grain yield per plant. Complementary type of interaction was recorded for peduncle length, spike biomass, 100 kernel weights and days to heading. Significant heterosis was observed for plant height, peduncle length, spike length, grain: spike biomass ratio, grain yield per plant and days to heading. The magnitude and direction of heterosis was varying from cross to cross over both seasons, however, the inbreeding depression was also indicated as positive and significant in most cases. The potence ratio in F1 and F2 depicted the partial and over dominance was shown by all the traits under study. Genetic variability was estimated by GCV and PCV indicated maximum diversity for the cross-I followed by cross-IV, II, III and V. The genetic similarity coefficient analysis showed that extensive genetic diversity (from 26% to 93%) was present among parental genotypes. In cross-HJP81 x Rm-Ts17 the dendrogram constructed and clustered in six major groups. The hierarchical cluster analysis for cross-IV revealed that the F2 populations along with their parents were mainly divided into two major clusters and eight subgroups. Similar finding were revealed by PCA analysis. The F2 population SSR maker data for C-I and C-IV were subjected for the QTL analysis by WinQTL-Cartographer. Five QTL were detected for spike biomass at map positions, 88.1 (1A), 33.2(1B), 111.7(2D), 46.6(5A) and 97.8(5A) by SSR marker BARC263, BARC187, WMC601, XGWM443 and WMC475 respectively. Four QTL were detected for kernel weight per spike at map positions, 100.8 (1A), 45.9 (1B), 45.1 (5A), 103.0 (5A) by SSR marker WMC254, WMC416, XGWM443 and WMC110. These QTLs may be used for further improvement of the traits they represent.ThesisItem Open Access Genetics and molecular studies for Alternaria blight, seed yield, its component characters in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.](CCSHAU, 2017) Geeta Devi; Thakral, N.K.Alternaria blight is one of the major biotic stresses in Indian mustard and reduces yield by 32-38% worldwide. The present study was undertaken with the objectives (i) To study the nature and magnitude of gene effects responsible for seed yield, its component characters, and Alternaria blight. (ii) To determine general and specific combining ability effects for different traits. (iii) To study polymorphism in parents using molecular markers. To achieve these objectives, 13 Indian mustard genotypes were sown in oilseed research area during 2014-15 and develop 30 TTC families during 2015-16 in RBD with 3 replications in triple test cross mating design. Observations were recorded on 12 morphological parameters. For second experiment (line x tester) 13 Indian mustard genotypes were sown during 2014-15 and develop 30 crosses during 2015-16 in RBD with 3 replications. Observations were recorded on 11 morphological parameters. SSR analysis was also carried out using 105 primers. ANOVA revealed significant differences among 13 genotypes for all the traits studied. Based upon triple test cross analysis all characters are studied were observed to posses epistasis, in both the environments except number of seeds per siliqua and oil content in late sown condition. Days to maturity, main shoot length, number of siliquae on main shoot, siliqua length, no of seeds per siliqua, 1000 seed weight and oil content in both the environments, plant height, no. of primary branches and Alternaria blight intensities under late sown environment are governed by the additive gene effects. In contrast, no. of secondary branches and seed yield per plant in both the environments, no. of primary branches and Alternaria blight intensities in timely sown environment are controlled by the dominance gene effects. On the basic of line x tester analysis mean squares due to crosses were also significant for all the traits which depicted presence of heterosis for all the traits, except for number of seeds per siliquae and oil content. Main shoot length, siliquae on main shoot and seed yield per plant are controlled by additive genetic variance which revealed that these traits may be used for selection. Plant height, days to maturity, no of primary branches, no. of secondary branches, siliqua length, no of siliqua on main shoot, no of seed per siliquae and oil content are govrned by dominant genetic variance. GCA effects revealed that RH9304 and RH 1378 were good general combiner for majority of the characters. High GCA effects are related to additive gene effects or additive x additive interaction which represent the fixable genetic component of variation. Hence these parents could be efficiently used for exploiting seed yield. For seed yield the crosses RH1368 x RH1372, RH0923 x RH1371 and NPJ112 x RH1378 were identified as promising on the basis of their high per se performance, along with high significant SCA effects and these crosses are capable of producing progenies with high transgressive effects. These crosses could be extensively used in breeding programme to develop superior segregants could be derived in further breeding programmes. Molecular analysis was done using 105 SSR primers and 39 primers showed polymorphism. The NTSYS-PC UPGMA cluster tree analysis led to the grouping of sixteen genotypes into two major clusters with similarity index 0.55. Out of 105 primers, primer ENA2 have maximum PIC value and indicating that this primer show maximum contribution for diversity analysis.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of recombinant inbred lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) for agronomical traits and Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica) resistance(CCSHAU, 2017) Duong thi Lan Oanh; Dhanda, S.S.The present investigation was conducted to determine genetic diversity among the recombinant inbred lines for agronomical traits and Karnal bunt resistance in bread wheat. The experiment was conducted during crop season 2013-14 using 95 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from genotypes H567 (Karnal bunt resistant) and WH 542 (Karnal bunt susceptible).The RILs along with their parents were evaluated for Karnal bunt disease infection, agronomic traits, namely, plant height, number of tiller/plant, days to flowering, day of maturity, ear length, number of spikelets/ spike, number of grain/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plant, biomass/plant, harvest index and quality parameters, namely, hectoliter weight, protein content, gluten content and sedimentation value. The experimental material was evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications with a plot size of 1 rows of 3 m length. The results showed that coefficient of infection (CI) for Karnal bunt was the range from 0.00 to 17.8 %. Total of 71 RILs were highly resistant (0.00% infection), 9 were resistant (0-5%) infection and remaining were in the susceptible category. The mean squares due to genotypes indicated sufficient variation among the RILs for all the traits. High phenotypic coefficient of variation, high heritability and genetic advance was observed for grain yield and biomass/ plant, while, moderate phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance was observed for grains/ spike. The phenotypic correlation coefficients of grain yield per plant were significant positive for tillers per plant, 1000-grain weight, number of grain/ spike, spike length, spikelet‟s/ spike, biomass per plant, harvest index and negative with days to 50% heading. Principal component analysis showed that six factors were found significant to explain cumulatively 92.5% variation. The PC-1 was associated with number of grain per spike, spike length and spikelet per spike. PC-2 showed a strong and positive association with grain yield per plant, gluten content and harvest index. The diversity analysis revealed considerable divergence among the RILs. The RIL number 78, 69 and 76 were better for the grain yield and its components, while the RILs numbers 82, 81, 80, and 89 had high expression for other agronomic traits.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic diversity analysis for heat tolerance in wheat [Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell](CCSHAU, 2017) Neeru; Panwar, I.S.The present investigation entitled Genetic Diversity Analysis for Heat Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)” was conducted on 592 accessions of wheat during 2014-15 at IIWBR, Karnal and on sixty genotypes of wheat during 2016-17 to evaluate genetic variability, character association and genetic divergence for the identification of most diverse and promising genotypes. Observations were recorded on various morphological and physiological characters. A considerable amount of genetic variability was observed among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. From principal component analysis (PCA) the first six components account for more than 65% of the total variance among the germplasm were found. Grain yield per meter and effective tillers per meter showed moderate value of PCV and GCV under both timely and late sown condition. Above mentioned traits also showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. Grain yield showed positive and significant correlation with effective tillers per meter, canopy temperature under timely sown and with days to anthesis, plant height, effective tillers per meter, canopy temperature and grain weight under late sown condition. Path analysis revealed that effective tillers per meter had highest positive direct effect on grain yield followed by days to anthesis, grain weight, canopy temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence under both the conditions. D2 analysis grouped 60 genotypes into7 clusters for both timely and late sown conditions. Cluster IV and VII under timely cluster I and VI under late sown condition exhibited maximum inter cluster distance. Therefore, genotypes in these clusters may be used to produce the superior progenies and transgressive segregants. The NTSYS-PC UPGMA cluster tree as well as two and three dimensional PCA analysis led to the grouping of 30 genotypes into two groups at similarity index of 0.67. The group I was very large and include 29 genotypes while group II includes only one genotype (ATLAS 66) which indicates that this genotype was highly diverged with respect to other genotypes.