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Open Access
Studies on nature of fruit drop, yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Saini, Poonam; Rana, G.S
The experiment entitled “Studies on nature of fruit drop, yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin” was conducted at the experimental orchard, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to find out the best concentration of foliar application of growth regulators, nutrients and fungicides in improvement of growth, yield, quality and nutrient status of leaves. There were eighteen treatments, i.e., 2,4-D 10 ppm, 2,4-D 15 ppm, GA3 15 ppm, GA3 20 ppm, Urea 1%, Urea 1.5%, Zinc Sulphate 0.5%, Zinc Sulphate 0.75%, Bavistin 1000 ppm and their combinations with three replications by taking one replication per plant on 9-year-old Kinnow plants. The foliar application of growth regulators, nutrients and fungicides treatments and their combinations had significant effect on fruit drop, growth, yield and quality of Kinnow mandarin. Foliar application of 2,4-D 15 ppm + Urea 1.5% + Zinc Sulphate 0.75% + Bavistin 1000 ppm in Kinnow mandarin recorded lower June fruit drop in the order of 13.65% and 15.77% during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively and pre-harvest drop in the order of 25.65% and 34.21% during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively as compared to control. The growth parameters i.e., plant spread, trunk diameter, leaf area, fruit retention and leaf chlorophyll content were found maximum with foliar application of 2,4-D 15 ppm + Urea 1.5% + Zinc Sulphate 0.75% + Bavistin 1000 ppm. Plant height, fruit length, fruit breadth and fruit weight were effectively improved by foliar application of GA3 20 ppm + Urea 1.5% + Zinc Sulphate 0.75% + Bavistin 1000 ppm. Foliar application of 2,4-D 15 ppm + Urea 1.5% + Zinc Sulphate 0.75% + Bavistin 1000 ppm was significantly improved number of fruits per tree and yield. Kinnow mandarin fruits sprayed with 2,4-D 15 ppm + Urea 1.5% + Zinc Sulphate 0.75% + Bavistin 1000 ppm resulted in 27.42% and 30.64% higher yield during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively as compared to control. Kinnow fruit quality in terms of TSS, acidity, TSS/acid ratio, ascorbic acid, juice content, rag content, peel content and peel thickness were significantly affected by foliar application of 2,4-D 15 ppm + Urea 1.5% + Zinc Sulphate 0.75% + Bavistin 1000 ppm. Number of seeds per fruit and seed weight were not significantly affected by foliar application. Maximum leaf N, Zn, S and Fe were recorded with foliar spray of 2,4-D 15 ppm + Urea 1.5% + Zinc Sulphate 0.75% + Bavistin 1000 ppm, however leaf P and K were not significantly affected by foliar application of plant growth regulators, nutrients and fungicides.
Open Access
Effect of herbicides on weed control and quality of guava cultivar L-49
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-10) Pooja; Goyal, Ramesh Kumar
The experiment entitled “Effect of herbicides on weed control and quality of guava cultivar L-49” was carried out at Experimental orchard of Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2019-20 and 2020-21 in winter season. The experiment was carried out to find the effect of herbicides and sequential applications of herbicides on soil properties, weed control, growth characters, fruit and yield attributes on guava cultivar L-49. The treatments comprising 21 levels of herbicides in experiment 1 and 15 levels of sequential applications of herbicides in experiment 2. The treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications keeping a net plot size of 6.0 x 6.0 m separately. The data were recorded on various parameters, which were influenced by different levels of herbicides and sequential applications of herbicides. In experiment 1, weed free treatment was found best for soil properties viz. ECe and available N, P, K, Zn and Fe; weed parameters viz. weed density, visual mortality, fresh and dry weight; growth parameters viz. plant height, plant spread, leaf area, chlorophyll content; fruit parameters viz. fruit weight, fruit length, fruit breadth, number of fruits, yield, fruit firmness, fruit colour; and quality parameters viz. TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, TSS:acidity ratio and pectin content. Among herbicidal treatments, the combination of glyphosate (1.26 kg/ha) + carfentrazone (20 g/ha) and glyphosate (1.26 kg/ha) + oxyflourfen (100 g/ha) were found best. In experiment 2, from all the sequential application of herbicides, the treatment glyphosate 1.26 kg/ha (July) fb glyphosate 1.26 kg/ha (August) fb glyphosate 1.26 kg/ha (September) was found best for soil properties viz. ECe and available N, P, K, Zn and Fe; weed parameters viz. weed density, visual mortality, fresh and dry weight; growth parameters viz. plant height, plant spread, leaf area, chlorophyll content; fruit parameters viz. fruit weight, fruit length, fruit breadth, number of fruits, yield, fruit firmness, fruit colour; and quality parameters viz. TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid, TSS:acid ratio and pectin content.
Open Access
Standardization of nitrogen and potassium for strawberry cv. Winter Dawn under greenhouse
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-10) Sweety; Godara, A.K
A field experiment entitled “Standardization of nitrogen and potassium for strawberry cv. Winter Dawn under greenhouse" was conducted during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 at hi-tech greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The investigation composed of two experiments viz., (i) studies on the effect of different levels of nitrogen application in combination with phosphorous and potassium on growth, yield and quality of strawberry through fertigation and (ii) studies on the effect of different levels of potassium application in combination with nitrogen & phosphorous on growth, yield and quality of strawberry through fertigation. The data were recorded on plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant spread, crown diameter, emergence of first flower, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, NPK status of plants and soil, number of fruits per plant, fresh weight of fruit, length and breadth of fruits, yield per plant, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, TSS/ acid ratio, ascorbic acid content and anthocyanin content. The recorded data were subjected to statistical analysis using Randomized Block Design. The strawberry plants were fertigated with nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous. N, P and K fertigation had significant effect on growth, yield and quality of strawberry. The results indicate that strawberry plants fertigated with 250 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 400 g K2O from 10 Oct to 20 Nov, 600 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 600 g K2O from 21 Nov to 20 Dec, 250 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 600 g K2O from 21 Dec to 20 Jan, 700 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 900 g K2O from 21 Jan to 28 Feb and 600 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 900 g K2O from 1 to 31 March significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, crown diameter, plant spread, NPK status of plants, NPK status of soil. Early emergence of first flower was observed with 600 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 600 g K2O, whereas, maximum number of fruits, fruit weight, yield, total soluble solids, ascorbic acids and anthocyanin content of strawberry with 250 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 600 g K2O from 21 Dec to 20 Jan, 700 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 900 g K2O from 21 Jan to 28 Feb and 600 g N + 200 g P2O5 + 900 g K2O from 1 to 31 March than the control.
Open Access
Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen, phosphorous and organic manure on growth, yield and quality of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-08) Reddy, Gajjala Chandra; Goyal, R.K
A field experiment entitled “Effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen, phosphorous and organic manure on growth, yield and quality of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn" was conducted during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 at hi-tech greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The investigation composed of three experiments viz., (i) effect of biofertilizers in combination with nitrogen on growth, yield and quality of strawberry, (ii) effect of biofertilizers in combination with phosphorous on growth, yield and quality of strawberry and (iii) effect of organic manure in combination with biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of strawberry. The experiment-I comprised of four levels of nitrogen, i.e., 0, 80, 100 and 120% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and two biofertilizers viz., Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Nitrogen levels and biofertilizers in combination had significant influence on growth parameters such as plant height, spread, number of leaves, crown diameter and fresh and dry weight of plants. The maximum fruit yield parameters and quality traits were recorded with 100% RDN along with biofertilizers. The leaf NPK content was recorded higher in 120 and 100% RDN along with biofertilizers than control treatment. The experiment-II comprised of four levels of phosphorous, i.e., 0, 80, 100 and 120% recommended dose of phosphorous (RDP) along with two biofertilizers, i.e., vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). All the possible combinations of phosphorous and biofertilizers were found to have significant influence on vegetative growth, yield and quality parameters of strawberry. The minimum number of days taken to first flowering, maximum fruit weight, size and fruit yield per plant were recorded with 100% RDP along with VAM. TSS and ascorbic acid were noted maximum with combined application of 120% RDP and biofertilizers. The leaf NPK content was significantly higher in 120% RDP along with biofertilizers than the control treatment. The experiment-III comprised of nine treatments, viz., T1: Sand: FYM (3:1), T2: Sand: FYM (2:1), T3: Sand: Vermicompost (3:1), T4: Sand: Vermicompost (2:1), T5: Sand: FYM (3:1) + Azotobacter, T6: Sand: FYM (2:1) + Azotobacter, T7: Sand: Vermicompost (3:1) + Azotobacter, T8: Sand: Vermicompost (3:1) + Azotobacter and T9: Control (Sand). The results indicate that manure in combination with Azotobacter treated plants had better vegetative growth, yield and quality than the control.
Open Access
Response of citrus rootstocks to salinity for western agroclimatic zone of Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08-12) Reetika; Dalal, R.P.S.
The present investigation was carried out at screen house of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for the two consecutive years during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 to study the response of citrus rootstocks to salinity. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications comprising of nine citrus rootstocks (viz. Rough lemon, Cleopatra mandarin, Pectinifera, Rangpur lime, Alemow, Volkamer lemon, NRCC-3, NRCC-4 and CRH-12) and five salinity levels (viz. control (0.07), 2.5, 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0 dS m-1 NaCl salinity level). The data were recorded on germination parameters of 3-month-old seedlings and growth, chemical and physiological and biochemical parameters of one-year old seedlings. The results of the experiment indicate that the salinity had a significantly negative influence on most of the recorded parameters. The maximum potential of citrus rootstocks of 3-month-old seedlings in respect of the minimum number of days taken for seed germination (14) with Pectinifera and the higher number of seedlings emerged per seed (1.70) in Cleopatra mandarin, a greater number of leaves per plant (27) in Rangpur lime and seed germination (%) was observed maximum (82%) in Volkamer lemon in control (0.07 dS m-1). The minimum reduction in seedling height (39.7%), stem diameter (14.9%), fresh and dry shoot (37.7 and 28%) and fresh and dry root biomass (21 and 26.9%), respectively over control was observed in Rangpur lime, followed by Volkamer lemon and CRH-12. However, minimum reduction (42.8, 41.3 and 18.5%) in plant height, root length and stem diameter were observed in Volkamer lemon and minimum decline in leaf area and number of healthy leaves per plant (61.6 and 48.5%), in fresh (54.6, 52.1 and 49.1%) and dry (48.9, 48.7 and 54.7%) leaf, stem and root biomass, respectively over control was recorded in Rangpur lime, followed by Volkamer lemon and CRH-12. The reduction in growth parameter was less up to 4.0 dS m-1, afterwards there was sharp decline in the above recorded parameters. The maximum accumulation rate of Na+, Cl- and SO42- and the minimum accumulation of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ content at 7 dS m-1 when compared with control was recorded in leaves (65.0, 60.7, 36.1, 27.6, 20.3 and 36.4%) and roots (56.5, 56.5, 31.8, 29.0, 20.7 and 29.5%), respectively of Rangpur lime, followed by Volkamer lemon. At 7 dS m-1 salinity level, the highest leaf (12.43, 17.45 and 12.65) and root (12.15, 17.42 and 12.42) proline, glycine betaine and total soluble carbohydrates (μg g-1, μmol g-1 and mg g-1 DW), respectively was recorded in Rangpur lime. Similarly, synthesis of leaf (18.38, 58.27 and 3.46 Units mg-1 protein min-1) and root (18.38, 58.61 and 3.69 Units mg-1 protein min-1) SOD, CAT and APX, respectively enhanced abruptly at 7 dS m-1, however, minimum reduction in chlorophyll stability index (17.2%), leaf and root relative water content (18.7 and 18.9%) and relative stress injury (32.0 and 33.0%), respectively was noticed in Rangpur lime at 7 dS m-1, in addition, the minimum leaf and root MDA (8.46 and 8.12 μmoles g-1 DW) and H2O2 content (907.6 and 876.59 moles g-1 DW), respectively was also recorded in Rangpur lime at 7 dS m-1. It is further concluded that among all rootstocks, Rangpur lime, followed by Volkamer lemon and CRH-12 were found superior with relatively less reduction at 7 dS m-1 over control, however, Cleopatra mandarin, followed by Rough lemon and NRCC-3 exhibited a moderate response with comparatively less reduction, whereas, Pectinifera, followed by Alemow and NRCC-4 were found inferior which showed relatively high reduction at 7 dS m-1 over control in respect of germination, growth, chemical and physiological and biochemical parameters at seedling stage.
Open Access
Response of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)
(CCSHAU, 2019) Anuradha; Goyal, R.K.
The present experiment entitled Response of biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) was conducted at Hi-tech greenhouse and Post-harvest Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) during the year 2016-17 and 2017-18 to find out the best bacterial strain that enhanced the growth, yield and quality of strawberry and minimize the disease incidence in fruits. The data were recorded on plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant spread, crown diameter, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, number of runners per plant, number of fruits per plant, fresh weight of fruit, length and breadth of fruits, yield per plant, moisture content in fruits, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content and anthocyanin content. The recorded data were subjected to statistical analysis using Completely Randomized Design (factorial). The strawberry plants were inoculated with different strains of Bacillus and Pseudomonas and their combination and all the rhizobaterial inoculated plants fertilized with 75% RDF. Different strains of Bacillus and Pseudomonas had significant effect on growth, yield and quality of strawberry. The results indicate that strawberry plants fertilized with 100% RDF significantly increased growth, yield and quality of strawberry, however plants inoculated with Bacillus strain HCA61 and Pseudomonas strain CP109 were potent in increasing all growth and yield parameters whereas, among quality parameters maximum TSS was observed in Bacillus strain RCA3 and maximum ascorbic acid content and anthocyanin content was observed in Bacillus strain SYB101, and plants inoculated with Pseudomonas strain CP109 produces maximum TSS, minimum titrable acidity, maximum ascorbic acid content and anthocyanin content of fruits. The minimum disease incidence in fruits, i.e., gray mould and fruit rot was observed in plants supplied with Bacillus strain HCA61. The strains CP109 + HCA61 and MHA75 + HCA61 showed best results for growth, yield and minimum disease incidence.
Open Access
Studies on chemical thinning for quality improvement in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. Kala Amritsari
(CCSHAU, 2017) Rajput, Vinita; Bhatia, S.K.
The present investigations entitled “Studies on chemical thinning for quality improvement in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. Kala Amritsari”, was carried out on the eleven year old plum trees planted at a spacing of 6 m x 6 m at experimental farms of Department of Horticulture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2014-16. The three individual experiments, viz. foliar application of GA3 for flower inhibition, chemical blossom thinning and chemical fruitlet thinning were performed. GA3 at 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm was spayed before the leaf fall stage in year 2014. The blossom thinning chemicals, urea (4 & 6%), ATS (2 & 4%) and NAA (20 & 40 ppm) were spayed at full stage. The fruitlet thinning chemicals, thiourea (2.5 & 5%), NAA (50 & 100 ppm) and ethephon (50 & 100 ppm) were sprayed after fruit set when the fruits attained pea size. The observations regarding, flowering, fruiting and fruit quality parameters were recorded at different time during the year 2015 and 2016. The application of GA3 at 100 ppm was found most effective in reducing crop load (49.22% and 44.02% reduction in flowering) and increased fruit weight (15.68 g) followed by GA3 applications at 75 ppm as compared to control. Quality parameters (TSS, TSS/acid ratio, sugars etc.) were recorded highest in 75 ppm GA3 treatment. The blossom thinning with ATS at 4% resulted in minimum number of fruits per shoot (32.64, 28.11) and thereby increased fruit size (24.87 mm & 22.82 mm length) and quality parameters followed by ATS treatment at 2%. Among the chemicals used for fruitlet thinning, ethephon at 100 ppm (20.74, 18.27) followed by ethephon at 50 ppm (22.13, 21.00) resulted in minimum number of fruits per shoot and the fruit quality parameters (TSS- 14.65%, 13.70%) were found to be maximum with the application of ethephon at 100 ppm followed by application of NAA at 100 ppm and ethephon at 50 ppm. All the chemical thinning treatments significantly reduced the crop load on tree, increased leaf to fruit ratio, leaf area, fruit weight, fruit size and improved fruit quality, but reduced total yield as compared to control in both the years.

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