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20233
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Subject: Forestry × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2023 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Modeling and mapping of above-ground biomass, carbon, and productivity in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary using multisource data and geospatial technology
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-03) Nanda, Krishma; Arya, Sandeep
    The present investigation entitled “Modeling and mapping of above ground biomass, carbon and productivity in Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary using multisource data and geospatial technology” was carried out at Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) situated in Kurukshetra and Kaithal districts of Haryana occupying an area of 4,452.85 hectares during 2019-2022. The experiment was carried for forest area, density and tree species mapping, time series analysis and biophysical parameters. A total of 46 tree species, 44 shrubs and herbs, 14 species of creepers, climbers, parasites and hedges and 29 grass species were recorded in SWS. Ecological characterization was done through the assessment of floristic composition, basal area, density and IVI. Tree density was found ranging from 210/ha to 860/ha with a mean of 475/ha. IVI ranged from 2.97 to 142.5 for the tree species found in the study area. The IVI of the tree species in the study area suggested that Prosopis Juliflora, (142.50), Eucalyptus sp. (129.14), and Ficus Racemosa (22.47) were the dominant species out of all species studied. Various biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Weiner index (1.39), Simpson’s diversity index (0.68), Margalef index (1.48), and Evenness index (0.56) were calculated to compare the diversity and abundance of species in SWS. Forest density maps revealed that majority of the area was occupied by moderately dense forest (MDF) accounting for 37.74 % of the total forest area. While, the least was covered by scrub (5.81 %). Time series analysis of SWS showed considerable increase in forest area since past four decades and significant improvement in forest density over the years. Out of total 36 locations studied, ID 11 contributed maximum AGB accounting for (1701.6 tons/ha) followed by ID 16 (1251.1 tons/ha) both dominated by Eucalyptus sp. while the minimum was contributed by ID 20 (4.3 tons/ha) dominated by Syzygium cumini. The total biomass throughout the sanctuary ranged from 4.3 to 1701.6 tons/ha. Total carbon stock ranged from 2.0 tons/ha to 799.8 tons/ha with an average 161.8 tons/ha in SWS.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Evaluation and identification of potential tree willow (Salix Spp.) clones for waterlogging and salinity tolerance
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Saini, Neha; Banyal, Rakesh
    Waterlogging and associated salinity problemsare throwing a serious challenge to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in irrigation commands. Globally, it is increasing due to anthropogenic activities,local hydro-geologic phenomena and climate change.Thereis need to drain excess water and salts to make such areas suitable for productive functions through hydraulic engineering, mechanical and bio-drainage approaches.Under biodrainage approaches limited tree species are known that to in inland landscapes. Willow is one with remarkable water consumption,diverse with more than 500 species and out of which a few thrive well in tropical and sub-tropical regions. With this backdrop, the present study titled “Evaluation and Identification of Potential Tree Willow (Salix Spp.) Clones for Waterlogging and Salinity Tolerance” was conducted at ICAR-CSSRI, Karnal (Haryana) to have the tolerant potential tree Willow clones with their adaptability to submergence and evapo-transpirative capability. Three independent experiments were conducted to identify the tolerant tree willow clonesviz. (i) in induced saline stress for variable periods of 21 days each upto 105 days; (ii) in submergence of saline and non-saline waterfor varying periods of 7 days upto 28 days (iii) in waterlogged saline and non-saline scenarios in closed lysimeters. In screening and evaluation trial, WC1 (J799), WC2 (SI-64-017), WC3 (131/25) and WC9 (UHFS242) clones emerged as better performer in respect of survival, growth, physiological, biochemical attributes, anti-oxidative enzymatic activities and soil reclamation aspects. However, the least performer clone was WC4(PN731). Ascending order of clones based on relative cumulative Salinity Tolerance Index (STI) was WC3 (6.90)> WC1 (5.71)> WC2 (5.11)> WC9 (4.92)> WC5 (4.35)> WC8 (4.07)> WC6 (3.64)> WC7 (3.41)> WC10 (3.12)> WC4 (2.57).All the clones were also grouped intohighly tolerant (WC1,3&9), tolerant (WC2&5), moderately tolerant (WC6&8) and susceptible (WC4,7&10) category based on their respective performance against the imposed salinity stress. Saline irrigation upto ECiw 8 dS/m (moderate salinity) in tree Willow clones can be put to use without any significant loss but it can go upto 25 to 30 per cent in ECiw 12 dS/m (saline). However, the irrigation of high saline water (ECiw 16 dS/m) is not suitable for irrigation of tree Willow clones.Strong positive inter-dependence relation was observed through PCA in which first and second quarter of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) contributed 70.1 and 11.6 per cent variations in controlling the overall performance of clones. Biomass emerged as an effective indicator of salt tolerance in different morpho-physiological characters in ascertaining the salinity tolerance through correlation matrix. Salt exclusion mechanism was sensed in tree Willow clones regulating their individual performance in salinity stressed environment. Clones WC1 (J799), WC3 (131/25), WC2 (SI-64-017) and WC5 (UHFS62) were best performer in submergence with saline and non-saline water based on survival, growth, physiological and soil aspects.The ascending order of relative cumulative Salinity Tolerance Index (STI) values was WC1 (4.55), WC3 (3.90), WC2&5 (3.62), WC9 (3.16), WC6 (3.04), WC8 (3.03), WC10 (2.68), WC7 (2.27) and WC4 (1.51).Clones can withstand submergence with low (4 dS/m) and moderately (8 dS/m) saline water without any significant reduction in tolerant clones even upto 28 days but in saline (12 dS/m) and highly (16 dS/m) saline water the survival was at stake and many clones could not withstand high salinity in 7 days of submergence. Clones were grouped into highly tolerant (WC1), tolerant (WC3), moderately tolerant (WC2,5,9&8) and susceptible (WC4,6,7&10) category based on their respective performance against the imposed submergence and salinity stress. Water bio-drainedpotential of four tree willow clones were measured in simulated three scenarios (SC) of waterlogging with salinity of low (ECiw 4dS/m) and high (ECiw 10dS/m) level and non-saline (ECiw<1.0 dS/m) water. Clone WC1 (J799) out-performedthan the other three clones by registering the highest per cent increments in plant height (3.87, 14.5and 17.6%), collar diameter (6.37, 14.6 and 17.1%), longest branch (10.5, 17.2 and 22.0%) andcrown spread (14.7, 31.8 and 38.6%) in three seasons and also better in physiological aspects. However, the clone WC4 (PN731) registered lowest gain in growth and physiological attributes. WC1 clone displayed highest bio-drainage potential in terms of wateruse on season basis (287, 487 and 651mm) as well as annual basis (1425mm), followed by clone WC3 (131/25), WC2 (SI-64-017) and WC4 (PN731). Clones transpired highest water in SC1(1888mm) and lowest in SC3(561mm) on annual basis. Overall, clone WC1 (J799) showed higher bio-drainage potential and can be visualized as an option for managingwaterlogging and saline landscapes in future.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of wheat varieties under different planting geometries of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)
    (CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Rawale Gauri Bhalchandra; Sirohi, Chhavi
    The present investigation entitled “Morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of wheat varieties under different planting geometries of poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh)” was carried out at an experimental field of Forestry Department, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in an already established poplar plantation (Feb., 2017) at six different spacing viz., 3×3 m,4×3 m,5×3 m,6×3 m,7×3 m and 8×3 m. In the interspaces of different spacings and control (devoid of tree), four wheat varieties viz. DBW 221, DBW 222, DBW 187 and WH 1184 were grown in three replications during Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The effect of different spacings of poplar on growth, physiological and biochemical aspect, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake of various wheat varieties were studied. The maximum DBH (26.94 cm), crown spread (8.16 m) in poplar was recorded in 8×3 m but maximum plant height (20.52 m) was observed in 3×3 m spacing. The various growth, physiological and yield attributing parameters of different wheat varieties were observed significantly higher in sole wheat varieties than under different spacings of poplar except chlorophyll content, relative water content, relative stress injury, canopy temperature depression which were observed maximum under 3×3 m spacing of poplar. Under different spacings of poplar based AFS, antioxidant enzyme activities were induced more in closer spacings than wider spacing i.e., glutathione reductase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase except glutathione peroxidase and total soluble sugar activities at both the stages of observation. Maximum average reduction in grain yield (44.8 and 50.1 %) was recorded under 3×3 m spacing of poplar followed by 4×3 m (36.1 and 40.4 %), 5×3 m (31.4 and 35.3 %), 6×3 m (26.9 and 30.8 %), 7×3 m (21.7 and 24.5 %) and minimum in 8×3 m (17.9 and 18.8 %) over control during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. However, among different wheat varieties, maximum reduction of 47.55 and 52.14 % in grain yield was recorded in wheat variety DBW 221 under 3×3 m spacing of poplar and minimum 15.56 and 17.80 % in DBW 187 under 8×3 m spacing over control during 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. Soil pH and EC decreased significantly higher under poplar plantation than in sole wheat crop. A significant increase in soil organic carbon, available N, P, K and DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) was observed in different soil profile (0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm) under poplar plantation than sole crop. The total N, P K and micronutrients uptake by grain and straw was observed maximum in variety DBW 187 and minimum in DBW 221. The moisture content was observed higher under poplar plantation than sole crop in different soil depths under study. Further, the soil moisture content increased with the increase in distance from the tree line. The average per cent light available to understory crops was maximum at 01:00 p.m. in the month of January, 2022 (98.64 %) under 8×3 m and minimum at 07:00 a.m. in the month of November, 2021 (17.07 %) under 3×3 m spacing. The air temperature was observed slightly lesser under poplar plantation than open environment (devoid of trees), however a reverse pattern was observed in relative humidity. Therefore, on the basis of morphological, physiological and biochemical study concluded that the intercropping in wider spacing is more suitable for yield attributing traits and variety DBW 187 was found more tolerant to different abiotic stress.