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ThesisItem Open Access Study on tillage-induced soil compaction using an embedded microprocessor based cone penetrometer(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02) Kumari Nisha; Upadhyay, GaneshSoil compaction is a major concern for agricultural field management which can either positively or negatively affects plant growth and crop yield. Measurement of compaction in terms of soil penetration resistance or cone index (CI) using a hand penetrometer requires more time and effort. Therefore, to reduce the human engagement, a tractor hydraulic assisted embedded microprocessor based penetrometer was developed to make the results easy to monitor and also decrease the human error. The developed penetrometer consisted of a driving system for pushing the penetrometer probe into the soil up to the desired depth at the desired speed, a sensor unit for measuring the force required to push the probe and depth of penetration, and a data logging system. The driving system consisted of a directional control valve and a double-acting hydraulic cylinder actuated by the tractor hydraulic system. A load cell was fitted between the cylinder and penetrometer rod to measure the penetration resistance. An ultrasonic sensor mounted beneath a circular plate fixed in the cylinder rod monitored the depth of penetration. A WiFi module helped to transmit the data to a developed Android mobile application through WiFi. The developed system was successfully able to measure a maximum soil penetration resistance of 5000 kPa up to a penetration depth of 500 mm. The embedded system of the penetrometer comprised various components such as Arduino Uno microcontroller, I2C, WiFi module, HX711 amplifier, 9 V battery etc. The acquired data also includes date/time parameters along with latitude and longitude locations picked up from the GPS system of the mobile. The performance of the developed embedded microprocessor based cone penetrometer was also assessed based on sensor performance characteristics such as accuracy, sensitivity, non-linearity, and non-repeatability. The average and maximum absolute variations in the cone index values measured with the developed system and a hand-held digital penetrometer were observed to be 22.50% and 25.13%, respectively. A study was also conducted to quantify the data regarding freshly induced soil compaction beneath the tillage working depth purely due to the tilling action of the active tillage machinery such as Rotavator, Power harrow, and PTO-operated disc tiller in terms of parameters such as cone index, bulk density, and porosity. The results of compaction study showed that the maximum soil compaction beneath the working depth (120-220 mm depth range) in terms of increment in soil CI and bulk density and decrement in soil porosity occur in treatment T1 (1 × rotavator) followed by treatments T4 (1 × cultivator + 2 × disc harrow), T3 (1 × PTO-operated disc tiller), and T2 (1 × power harrow).ThesisItem Open Access Development of an experimental plot corn harvester(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Mohit Kumar; Vijaya RaniMaize is one of the most important cereal crop in the world next to rice and wheat. In India, the cultivated area of corn in 2020-2021 was 9.8 million hectare with an average productivity of 3199 kg ha-1 and in Haryana, it was six thousand hectares with an average productivity of 2.83 t ha-1. The scientist community viz. agronomist, soil scientist, breeders, are working on maize crop. The scientist laydown experiments on small plots which are to be harvested. In the experimental design, the plots are small and scientists demand for small corn harvester. However, for the scientific research, there is requirement of the machines for collection of data multiple times. Harvesting is one of the most crucial task in maize farming. Manual harvesting operations typically require 8 to 10 persons to pick cobs from one acre area between 8 and 10 h which is very costly, tedious and time consuming. Thus, this study was undertaken to develop an experimental plot corn harvester. The corn harvester was developed and constitutes of feeding cum snapping unit, corn cob collection bucket, power transmission unit and main frame. The power was transmitted from PTO of the power tiller to the chain-sprocket mechanism and the gear assembly which rotated the feeding cum snapping unit as per required rpm. The power tiller was operated as per speed required in experimental design. The corn stalk entered the feeding cum snapping unit smoothly and the cob was later snapped by the snapping roller after which the cob was collected in the collection bucket. It was evaluated under the operating parameters: three forward travel speed (0.47 km h-1-0.70 km h-1, 1.12 km h-1-1.60 km h-1 and 1.83 km h-1-2.27 km h-1 ), three level of inclination angle (00, 100 and 200) and three rotational speed of feeding cum snapping rollers ( 400 rpm, 500 rpm and 600 rpm ). The optimum parameters were obtained as forward travel speed 1.34 km h-1, rotational speed of feeding cum snapping rollers 500 rpm and inclination angle of feeding cum snapping unit zero degree. The Corn cob picking efficiency, cut corn cob percentage and corn cob damage percentage of corn harvester were 97 %, 1.27 % and 0.97 % respectively. Actual field capacity of the harvester was found 0.046 ha h-1 with field efficiency of 76.67 %. The cost of operation was Rs 7586.11 ha-1. Thus, it saved 77.78 % of labour requirement for harvesting in one hectare area in comparison to manual method of harvesting. The break-even point was found 90.93 h yr-1. The payback period was found 0.39 years and benefit cost ratio was 1.32.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of tractor drawn straw reaper for paddy straw(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-08) Ujala; Saroha, AnilRice (Oryza sativa) is one of the leading and widely cultivated cereal crops in the world. India has the world‟s largest area under rice with 43 million ha and is the second largest producer next only to China with production of 104 million tonnes during 2015-16. The productivity of rice was around 24q ha-1 during the agricultural year 2015-16 (Anonymous, 2017). The tractor drawn paddy straw reaper was evaluated at farmers field in Ludas village of Hisar district for optimization of machine parameters viz., cylinder speed (550, 750 and 950 rpm), forward speed (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 km h-1) and crop parameter viz., straw moisture content (20.4 to 49.5 %) in relation to field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption, straw size, straw recovery and straw split percentage for paddy varieties Pusa-1121 and Pusa-44. For the paddy variety Pusa-1121 the field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and power consumption at optimum conditions were 0.23 ha h-1, 66.37%, 5.33 l ha-1 and 21.82 kW, respectively. The straw size, straw recovery and straw split at optimum condition were 3.30 cm, 65.11 % and 89.11 %, respectively. Similarly for paddy variety Pusa-44, the field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption and power consumption at optimum conditions were 0.20 ha h-1, 59.45%, 5.67 l ha-1 and 23.70 kW, respectively. The straw size, straw recovery and straw split at optimum condition were 3.46 cm, 62.89 % and 86.23 %, respectively. Moisture content of 20.4-20.8 per cent, forward speed of 1.5 km h-1 and cylinder speed of 950 rpm was found optimum for paddy varieties Pusa-1121 and Pusa-44. The cost of operation was Rs 5190 ha-1and Rs 6112 ha-1 in Pusa-1121 and Pusa-44 variety, respectively. The machine was found economically feasible for the farmer‟s.ThesisItem Open Access Ergonomic assessment and physiological cost analysis of power weeder(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-08) Sonam; Jain, MukeshThe experimental study on “Ergonomic assessment and physiological cost analysis of power weeder” was conducted in two crops i.e. cotton and sugarcane. The soil and environmental parameters were recorded at two different weeding intervals in cotton (40 days after sowing and 60 days after sowing) and sugarcane (30 days after sowing and 60 days after sowing) crop. The weeding efficiency and physiological parameters like heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature etc. was measured during the experiment. The machine parameters like actual field capacity and field efficiency were recorded. Physiological cost was estimated on the basis of Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) and Energy Expenditure Rate (EER). The maximum values of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were recorded to be 1.05 l/min and 1.09 l/min at forward speed of 2.09 km/h in cotton and sugarcane crop, respectively. The maximum energy expenditure rate (EER) was recorded at highest speed of operation i.e. 2.09 km/h and it was 22.8 kJ/min in cotton field and 21.9 kJ/min in sugarcane field. Vibration was highest at x-axis of left handle i.e. 13.3 m/s2 in cotton and 13.7 m/s2 in sugarcane at highest speed of operation i.e. 2.09 km/h. The highest weeding efficiency recorded was 82% (second weeding) in cotton and 87% (second weeding) in sugarcane. Total dust particle concentration was highest at maximum speed of operation. Particles ranging between 10 μm and 32 μm had highest concentration in the environment which was 14527.1 μg/m3 during weeding operation in cotton crop and 14894.7 μg/m3 in sugarcane crop which was more than the prescribed limit of 100 μg/m3 according to the standards given by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of India. Noise level ranged between 62 dB to 74 dB and it was highest at highest speed i.e. 2.09 km/h. The maximum heart rate recorded during weeding operation was 156 beats per min in cotton field whereas in sugarcane field it was found 151 beats per min after 30 minutes of operation. The cost of operation was calculated to be Rs. 287 per hour and Rs. 2662 per hectare. The maximum body temperature attained during the experiment was found to be approx. 98.8 ºF in both the crop i.e. cotton and sugarcane. The maximum systolic blood pressure recorded was 134 mm/Hg in cotton and 135 mm/Hg in sugarcane crop at a forward speed of 2.09 km/h after 30 minutes of operation.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of battery operated tractor(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Shinde, Vyankatesh Shankarrao; Jain, MukeshFarm mechanization is one of the most important elements of modernization of agriculture. Agricultural tractor is an integral part of agricultural mechanization and has a crucial role in increasing agricultural productivity. The diesel engine agriculture tractor requires fuel to produce energy, due to burning of fuel, it produce GHG which affect adversely on environment. Diesel engine tractor require periodical maintenance, emits high noise, produce more vibration. The increasing cost and limited resources of diesel fuel, increasing pollution, calls to use alternate energy source for agriculture tractor. Therefore, study, on performance evaluation of battery operated tractor was carried out. The present study was undertaken to assess the various performance tests like drawbar test, noise test, vibration test, field test, haulage test etc. and operating cost analysis of ET. The performance evaluation of the ET was conducted at NRFMTTI, Hisar. The maximum drawbar pull and drawbar power of ET with gross weight of 1005 kg were measured as 7.35 kN and 8.26 kW, respectively, with limiting wheel slip of 15 %. ET produces very low noise, and produces low level of vibrations during work, which will assure a nice working environment, without any negative effect on operator. The maximum noise produced at bystander’s position and at operator’s ear level was 73.3 dB (A) and 76.3 dB (A), respectively, which was 13.76 % and 20.52% lower against the maximum permissible limit of 85 dB (A) and 96 dB (A) as per IS 12207:2019. Noise was also measured during field operation with rotavator at bystander’s position and operator’s ear level which was measured as 73.9 dB (A) and 82.3 dB (A), respectively. The amplitude of mechanical vibration on ET was approximately 52 per cent less than the requirement of IS 12207:2019. The actual field capacity with rotavator and M B plough were 0.250 hah−1 and 0.125 hah−1, respectively with 82.38 and 92.05 per cent field efficiency. The battery power consumption during field operation with rotavator and M B plough was observed as 4.52 to 5.3 kWh−1 and 1.4 to 2.05 kWh−1, respectively. Specific battery energy consumption during haulage test was observed as 0.15 to 0.16 kWhkm−1t−1. During the haulage test, battery consumption per km was observed as 0.22 to 0.24 kWhkm−1. The cost of operation of electric tractor with rotavator was Rs 1324 per hectare and Rs 332 per hour.ThesisItem Open Access Mathematical modelling of power requirement for P.T.O driven agricultural machinery(CCSHAU, 2019) Kamat, Vivek R.; Jain, MukeshA mathematical model was developed to predict P.T.O power requirement of the tractor for operating rotavator, tractor operated gun sprayer, tractor operated VCR and paddy thresher. Mathematical models were developed by using 80 % of the secondary data collected from the test reports released by different authorized testing centres. Three different regression analyses such as multiple linear regressions, weighted least square and stepwise regression models were used to predict the P.T.O power requirement. Multicollinearity among the variables in relation to P.T.O power requirement was analysed using VIF. Effect of parameters affecting the P.T.O power requirement was analysed using correlation. During analysis of rotavator, soil moisture content, speed of operation, depth of cut, width of cut, peripheral velocity of blade, no of blades, weight of the implement, type of blade and type of soil have a significant effect. For tractor operated sprayer, working pressure and discharge rate of pump expressed significant effect. Speed of operation in tractor operated VCR was detected a significant effect in wheat crop. For paddy thresher, moisture content of grain and straw, concave clearance and drum length exhibited a significant effect on the P.T.O power requirement. Weighted least square model was used to predict P.T.O power requirement in rotavator and paddy thresher. However, multiple linear regression model of tractor operated sprayer and stepwise regression model of tractor operated VCR for wheat crop were selected based on the highest R2 values. The R2 values obtained of rotavator, tractor operated sprayer, tractor operated VCR and paddy thresher were 0.984, 0.965, 0.411 and 0.92 respectively. Validation of the developed model was performed on 20 % of secondary data and the MAPE obtained during validation was in the reasonable limit.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance evaluation of different types of sprayer in cotton crop(CCSHAU, 2019) Aman; Anil KumarSelf-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) were evaluated for its performance under local agro-climatic conditions. To select suitable operational parameters the sprayers were initially evaluated at three pressure levels and three heights and corresponding discharge, spray angle, swath width and spray distribution pattern were observed under laboratory conditions and the optimized value of pressure and target height were selected for the evaluation of the sprayers in field conditions. Self-propelled high clearance sprayer, tractor operated gun sprayer and lever operated knapsack sprayer provided best results at a pressure of 3 kg cm-2 and a height of 54.5 cm, 15 kg cm-2 and 54.5 cm and 3 kg cm-2 and 53 cm, respectively. Under field conditions, the NMD, VMD and UC of Self-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) were found to be 55.57 μm, 198.34 μm, 3.58 and 60.73 μm, 213.18 μm, 3.60 and 52.98 μm, 217.72 μm, 4.35, respectively. The area covered by droplets by self-propelled high clearance sprayer was 11.75 and 43.17 % higher than tractor operated gun sprayer (GS) and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS), respectively. The results were found significant (p= 0.0007). The volume of spray deposition by Selfpropelled high clearance sprayer (HS) was significantly (p= 0.0026) 6.58 and 19.51 % higher than that of GS and KS, respectively. The volume of spray deposition on top side of leaves was significantly higher than bottom side of leaves in all cases irrespective of types of sprayer. The bio-efficacy of selfpropelled high clearance sprayer (50.63 %) was higher than tractor operated gun sprayer (49.11 %) and lever operated knapsack sprayer (47.57 %). The field capacity of Self-propelled high clearance sprayer (HS), tractor operated gun sprayer (GS), and lever operated knapsack sprayer (KS) was found to be 1.44, 0.82 and 0.078 ha h-1 with efficiency of 67.74, 78.63 and 82.12 %, respectively. The cost of operation for HS, GS and KS was found to be 632.76 Rs. ha-1, 504.78 Rs. ha-1 and 656.73 Rs. ha-1, respectively. The B:C ratio was found to be 1.11, 1.98 and 1.83 for Self-propelled high clearance sprayer, tractor operated gun sprayer, and lever operated knapsack sprayer. Self-propelled high clearance sprayer is a recommended technology and showed best results in terms of uniformity, droplets size, area covered by droplets, volume of spray deposition, bio-efficacy and highest field capacity.ThesisItem Open Access Development of multi row self-propelled rotary weeder for narrow spaced crops(CCSHAU, 2017) Gatkal Narayan Raosaheb; Vijaya RaniFarm mechanization is one of the most important elements of modernization of agriculture. In India, weeding is mostly done manually, which is time consuming and labour-intensive. Due to labour shortage for weeding operation farmers most of times experiences heavy loss. In developed countries like USA, Australia, China weeding operations are done with machine. Thus, this study undertaken to development of multi row selfpropelled rotary weeder for narrow spaced crops. The developed rotary weeder consists of engine, main frame, rotary unit, J type blade, handle and tyre. Power was transmitted from engine shaft to 1st intermediate shaft through v belt and from 1st intermediate shaft to 2nd intermediate shaft through chain sprocket system and from 2nd intermediate shaft to rotor shaft through chain and sprockets. It was evaluated under the operating parameters viz two blade length 195 mm and 180 mm, three rotary speed 330 rpm, 360 rpm and 390 rpm, three forward speed 1.6 km h-1, 1.8 km h-1, 2 km h-1. The optimized machine variable obtained for developed rotary weeder were blade length 180 mm, rotary speed 360 rpm and forward speed 1.6 km h-1. The weeding efficiency, field efficiency and plant damage were 80.12 %, 67.96 % and 1.2 %, respectively at optimum machine variable. Effective field capacity of weeder was 0.95 ha h-1. The labour requirement in man-h ha-1 with weeder and manual harvesting was 11.11 and 160 respectively. The cost of operation was 1736.49 Rs ha-1. It can be operated with 5 horse power engine. It saved time and cost of operation 44.45 % and 75.41 % respectively in comparison to manual method of weeding. The break-even point was 91.84 hours. The payback period was 1.18 years.ThesisItem Open Access Alternate tillage and crop establishment methods for sustainable paddy cultivation(CCSHAU, 2017) Pannu, Rahul Singh; Vijaya RaniRice (oryaza sativa L.) is one of the important cereal crops for food security in India, it is cultivated on an area of about 45 mha, with a production of 90 mt. Conventional rice transplanting is highly labour intensive. The problem is further intensified with timely unavailability of labour and increasing labour wages. The potential solutions include a shift from intensive tillage to no tillage and/or from manual transplanting to mechanical transplanting or dry direct–seeding of rice. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate different tillage and crop establishment methods in paddy for their effects on crop productivity, water use efficiency, energy and economics in rice cultivation. The different treatments were direct seeded rice (DSR) both dry and vattar, transplanting by mechanical transplanter in unpuddled condition (UN-MTR) and manual transplanting in puddle condition in both laser and planker levelled field. Grain yield of UN-MTR was significantly (4 to11 per cent) higher than all other treatments in both laser leveled and planker leveled field of the study. The unpuddled mechanical transplanting condition consumes 2 per cent more water and DSR (dry and vattar) consumes 2 to 4 per cent less water as compare to manual transplanting. DSR (dry and vattar) field conditions required 3 per cent more labour and unpuddled mechanical transplanting field conditions save 34 per cent labour in comparison to manual transplanting. The output: input energy obtained for unpuddled mechanical transplanting (5.39) followed by manual transplanting (4.90), DSR dry (4.93), and DSR vattar (4.78). In case of planker levelled field the output: input energy for unpuddled mechanical transplanting was 5.30 followed by manual transplanting (4.98), DSR dry (4.88), and in DSR vattar (4.69). The B:C ratio in unpuddled mechanical transplanting was 1.23 followed by manual transplanting (1.09), DSR dry (1.05) and DSR vattar (1.03) in laser levelled field.
