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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cold storage on some biological characteristics of parasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)(CCSHAU, 2014) Rathee, Mandeep; Pala RamThe present studies on cold storage and overwintering of Aenasius bamabawalei were carried out during 2012-13 both in the laboratory as well as in the screen house of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to generate information on effect of cold storage of the parasitoid, A. bambawalei in different stages for different durations at different temperatures on its biological parameters and to evaluate the survival of the parasitoid during winter season. Studies on cold storage of the parasitoid were carried out by storing one-day-old Phenacoccus solenopsis mummies (i.e. in pupal stage) and freshly emerged adults at four storage temperatures i.e. 5, 10, 15 and 20°C for 1 to 8 weeks. It was found that the parasitoid A. bambawalei can be stored in pupal stage (i.e. in the mummies of P. solenopsis) for 1 week at 5°C and for 2 weeks each at 10 and 15°C, respectively, without any significant effect on the key biological parameters like emergence, longevity, fecundity and sex-ratio (F1 progeny). Emergence of the adults occurred within first week during storage at 20°C, hence, this temperature was not suitable for storing the parasitoid in pupal stage. Females took more time to emerge from the mummies stored for different durations at 5, 10 and 15°C as compared to males. The parasitoid adults of A. bambawalei can be stored only for 1 week at 10°C without any significant affect on the key biological parameters like survival, longevity, fecundity and sex-ratio (F1 progeny). The parasitoid A. bambawalei can be stored at low temperatures both in pupal and adult stages. However, it can be stored safely for longer duration in pupal stage as compared to adult stage. Emergence of parasitoid adults from overwintering mummies started from 11th standard week (first week of February), being maximum in 14th standard week (first week of March) and continued until 16th standard week (third week of March) when all the parasitoid adults had emerged. Maximum temperature ranged between 20.3 to 29.6oC and minimum between 6.6 to 12.5°C during the period of adult emergence. Honey fed parasitoid adults i.e. males survived for 52-84 days (69.33 days) and females survived for 69-103 days (83.40 days) during winter season in absence of host, when exposed on 5th December. The results of the present studies may be helpful in mass rearing and conservation of the parasitoid.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on biology, population dynamics and screening of sugarcane genotypes against Early Shoot Borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snellen(CCSHAU, 2017) Kanwar Kumar; Maha SinghThe present investigations entitled “Studies on biology, population dynamics and screening of sugarcane genotypes against early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snellen” were conducted during 2016-17 in laboratory and research area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal. The biology of C. infuscatellus was studied in laboratory under room temperature (33.4-38.6o C) with a relative humidity of (33-62 %) on sugarcane genotype CoH 119 (mid). The incubation period varied from 3 to 5 days. The egg hatchability was 74.4 per cent. The total larval duration of C. infuscatellus ranged from 18 to 26 days. The larva moulted four times and passed through five instars to become pre-pupa. The mean duration of first to fifth instars larvae averaged 2.67, 3.29, 3.94, 5.49 and 6.92 days. The larval survival of C. infuscatellus was 49.6 per cent. The prepupal period varied from 1 to 2 days. Pre-pupal survival was 94.4 per cent. The duration of male and female pupae ranged from 4-5 and 4-6 days, respectively. The adult emergence of C. infuscatellus was 79.6 per cent. The sex ratio of C. infuscatellus was 1:1.53 (M: F). The copulation period of C. infuscatellus ranged from 112-186 minutes. The number of eggs laid ranged from 280 to 345 eggs/female when 10 per cent honey solution was provided as food for moths and 24 to 42 eggs/female under unfed conditions. The adult longevity of male and female ranged from 3 to 4 & 3 to 5 days (fed conditions) and 1 to 3 & 2 to 3 (unfed conditions), respectively. The total life span ranged from 29 to 42 days for male and 29 to 44 days for female. Studies on population dynamics revealed that highest incidence of C. infuscatellus was recorded 3.81 per cent in CoH 160, 4.60 per cent in CoH 119 and 3.12 per cent in CoS 767 during 24th SMW. Correlation of C. infuscatellus population with various environmental factors revealed that there was a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (Tmax.) and had a non-significant & positive correlation with minimum temperature (Tmin.) & sun shine hours (SSH) (r= 0.513, 0.287 & 0.452) on CoH 160, (r= 0.504, 0.321 & 0.431) on CoH 119 & (r= 0.537, 0.276 & 0.445) on CoS 767, respectively whereas it has non-significant and negative correlation with relative humidity (morning), relative humidity (evening) & rainfall (r= -0.172, -0.206 & -0.147) on CoH 160, (r= -0.147, -0.172 & -0.130) on CoH 119 & (r= -0.187, -0.223 & -0.160) on CoS 767. Among the 19 genotypes screened against C. infuscatellus, fifteen genotypes viz. Co 0238, CoH 167, Co 0237, CoH 160, Co 0118, CoH 56, CoH 92 ,CoJ 64, CoH 110, CoS 767, CoH 119, Co 1148, CoH 150, CoH 99 and Co 5011 were found least susceptible against this pest and 4 genotypes were found moderately susceptible. The information so generated on biology, population dynamics and relative susceptibility of different genotypes is of great practical importance so as to evolve a sustainable strategy to manage this menacing pest.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and varietal/germplasm screening against ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana (Costa) on ber(CCSHAU, 2017) Yadav, Jayant; Ram KaranThe present studies entitled “Population dynamics and varietal/germplasm screening against ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana (Costa) on ber.” were carried out during 2016-17 at ber orchard of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal. The first appearance of maggots was observed in 1st fortnight of November, 2016 and maximum maggots (7) per fruit were recorded during February, 2017 at mean temperature range of 11.5 to 31.3 ⁰C and relative humidity range of 17.8 to 77 per cent. The infestation reached to the peak level of 44.00 per cent between February 2 to 11, 2017 when temperature ranged from 7.9 to 22.5 ⁰C and relative humidity ranged from 63.9 to 95.7 per cent. The infestation of C. vesuviana exhibited positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r= 0.723), evening relative humidity (r= 0.797) and total rainfall (r= 0.361). The studies on varietal/germplasm screening revealed that the variety/germplasm Kaithali exhibited maximum fruit fly infestation (51.06 %) and BS- 1 showed minimum fruit fly infestation (1.51 %). Fruit fly infestation had positive correlation with fruit size (r= 0.317), average fruit weight (r = 0.369), pulp : stone ratio (r = 0.351), total soluble solids (r= 0.342) and Vitamin C (r = 0.345). However fruit fly infestation was negatively correlated with fruit firmness (r= -0.326), acidity content (r= -0.374) and total phenolic content (r= -0.774). Early flowering and maturing varieties/germplasm exhibited more fruit fly infestation as compared to late flowering and maturing varieties/germplasm. Besides fruit fly, other insect pests were also recorded, which caused considerable damage to ber trees viz. chafer beetles, Cow bug (Oxyrachis spp.), Fruit borer (Meridarchis scyrodes Meyr), Hairy caterpillar (Euproctis lunata), Metallic shield bug (Scutellera perplexa Westwood), Lac Insect (Kerria lacca) and Hard gall mite (Eriophyes cernus). An overall consideration of all the parameters indicated that no single factor governed the infestation of fruit fly independently and the extent of infestation was an outcome of the contribution of all the factors together.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the efficacy of label claimed insecticides for whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., under field and laboratory conditions(CCSHAU, 2017) Rao, Naveen; Dahiya, K.K.The present studies entitled “Studies on the efficacy of label claimed insecticides for whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., under field and laboratory conditions” were carried out during Kharif 2016 at Cotton Research Area, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Under field conditions out of 14 label claimed insecticides evaluated, flonicamid 50 WG, dinotefuran 20% SG and ethion 50% EC were most effective in reducing whitefly adult population up to after seven days after spray, followed by pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin 15% EC and thiacloprid 21.7% SC. Fipronil 4% + acetamiprid 4% w/w and fenpropathrin 30% EC were least effective among all label claimed insecticides tested. Under in vitro conditions, flonicamid 50% WG was the most promising chemical against adults causing significantly higher adult mortality than all other insecticides tested. Ethion 50% EC, dinotefuran 20% SG and pyriproxyfen 5% EC + fenpropathrin 15% EC were found to be second best insecticides succeded by flonicamid. When bioefficacy of buprofezin 25 % EC was evaluated against whitefly adults, it was found to be least effective as it is chitin biosynthesis inhibitor in nymphal stage. Only, flonicamid 50 WG and buprofezin 25% EC were observed to be safer toxic to natural enemies viz., chrysoperla, spider and coccinellids while all other tested insecticides were found to be moderate to highly toxic.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of different Brassica spp. and botanicals for the management of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)(CCSHAU, 2017) Amit Kumar; Yadav, SunitaThe present studies entitled “Evaluation of different Brassica spp. and botanicals for the management of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach).” were carried out during Rabi season of 2016-17 at the research area and laboratory of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Under field conditions, the mustard aphid was appeared after 25th January, 2017 on those Brassica genotypes which were in flowering. Based on pooled average aphid population index (PAAII) the pooled average AII was a minimum of 0.8 in Nigra and maximum of 4.3 in BSH-1. Three genotypes (Nigra, T-27 and TH-68) were categorized as highly resistant having AII less than one. Whereas among the selected Brassica genotypes at flowering stage none of the genotypes found highly susceptible. But two genotypes (Nigra and T-27) were consistently highly resistant from flower initiation, full flowering to pod formation stages. Two genotypes, BSH-1 and YSH-401 having pale green leaf colour also showed maximum AAII (4.3 and 3.6 respectively). The genotype T-27 having high-density trichomes showed non-preference to mustard aphid whereas the genotypes BSH-1 having light-density trichomes showed maximum susceptibility AAII i.e. 4.3. The genotypes BSH-1, YSH-401 and UDN-69 having a bright yellow colour flowers attracted more mustard aphid in comparison with other flower colours. The genotypes having compact inflorescence (BSH-1, RC-5, HC-212 and YSH-401) harboured more aphid infestation while the genotypes having loose inflorescence (T-27 and Sangam). Generally, the genotypes such as BSH-1, UDN-69, EC- 552585 with medium maturity periods contracted higher AAII as against the genotypes having short and long maturity durations. The genotypes viz., BSH-1, YSH-401 and HC-212 had very low phenol content on the basis of the pooled mean of plant parts i.e. 1.51, 1.60 and 1.85 per cent respectively. The AAII and phenols were negatively correlated (r = -0.921**) with each other and significant. The effect of waxes in leaves had the lethal effect on aphid infestation and the correlation between AAII and waxes was negative (r = -0.911**) and significant. A positive correlation was observed between AAII and TSS content (r = 0.978**). The per cent aphid reduction over control after seven days of application was found to be maximum (93.21 %) in dimethoate 30 EC @ 625 ml/ha followed by Azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1.0 ml per litre of water (81.61%), Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 1.0 ml per litre of water (78.49%), Neem oil 3% (76.42%), Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% (71.44%). It may be concluded that dimethoate 30 EC followed by Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 1.0 ml per litre of water, Azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 1.0 ml per litre of water and Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% may be recommended for most economic and effective management of mustard aphid on Indian mustard. Phenols and waxes exhibited negative correlation while proline and total sugars, had a positive correlation with mustard aphid infestation. An overall consideration of all the parameters indicated that no single factor governed the infestation of mustard aphid independently and the extent of infestation was an outcome of the contribution of all the factors togetherThesisItem Open Access Studies on cultural variability and management of bottlegourd anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ellis and halsted(CCSHAU, 2017) Ankit Kumar; Narender SinghStudies on variability and management of Colletotrichum lagenarium (bottle gourd anthracnose) through fungicides and plant extracts were carried out. Survey was conducted in ten villages of five districts of Haryana and minimum per cent disease intensity on leaves was observed in Arjaheri village of Karnal district, whereas on fruits per cent disease intensity was minimum in Dadupur village of same district. In the variability studies, potato dextrose agar medium was found best for growth at 6.5 pH and 30ᵒC temperature. Among various isolates Karnal (CL2) and Kaithal (CL3) isolates were found fast growing. Among six plant extract tested, neem leaf extract (20% w/v) was found most effective in inhibiting (60.36%) mycelial growth. Seven fungicides were tested and found 100 percent inhibition of growth of fungus by Carbendazim (50% WP) and propiconazole (25% EC). Fungicides viz. carbendazim and propiconazole along with two plant leaves extracts viz., neem and garlic were evaluated. Carbendazim (50% WP) at 100 ppm concentration was found most effective in reducing anthracnose disease with, neem and garlic leaf extracts being less effective. Twenty four germplasm lines were screened and the three lines viz., K-92420, GH-3 and GH-11 were found resistant to the disease.ThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics of major insect-pests of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and assessment of avoidable yield losses due to them(CCSHAU, 2017) Balwan Kumar; Verma, TarunField studies on “Population dynamics of major insect-pests of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and assessment of avoidable yield losses due to them” was carried out during kharif 2016. Population dynamics of major insect-pests (E. kerri, M. vitrata, H. armigera, C. gibbosa and M. obtusa) of pigeonpea was studied on four varieties of pigeonpea viz., Paras, AL 201, Manak and PAU 881. The incidence of E. kerri started from 29th SMW to 44th SMW with a peak during 33rd SMW (3.83 nymphs/three leaves/plant). Population of M. vitrata larvae, H. armigera larvae, C. gibbosa nymphs and C. gibbosa adults first appeared in 38th SMW (flowering) with peak activity during 40th SMW (0.50 larvae/plant), 44th SMW (0.39 larvae/plant), 47th SMW (0.36 nymphs/plant) and 40th SMW (4.08 adults/plant), respectively. Maximum number of web formed by M. vitrata larvae and egg masses laid by C. gibbosa was found 2.29 webs/plant (40th SMW) and 0.59 egg masses/plant (38th SMW), respectively. Incidence of M. obtusa first appeared during 41st SMW with a peak in 45th SMW (3.08 % pod damage). Population of M. vitrata larvae disappeared in 42nd SMW while that of H. armigera, C. gibbosa and M. obtusa prolonged to harvesting of the crop (48th SMW). Non-significant impact of all weather parameters was observed on incidence of E. kerri and H. armigera. Significant and negative correlation found between M. vitrata and sunshine hours; M. obtusa and sunshine hours; C. gibbosa nymphs and temperature. Significant and positive correlation found between C. gibbosa adult and temperature, rainfall; C. gibbosa egg masses and temperature; M. obtusa and morning relative humidity. Total pod damage caused by different insect-pests studied ranged from 27.78 to 39.50 per cent. The grain yield of different varieties ranged from 7.94 to 10.52 q/ha. For the assessment of yield losses, variety Manak was sown on paired plots. Spraying was done in protected plots with dimethoate 30 EC (first spray) and deltamethrin 2.8 EC (second and third spray) when the insect-pests crossed economic threshold (ET). The avoidable loss in grain yield was 28.37 per cent, while the reduction in pod damage in protected plots over unprotected plots was 45.91 per cent.ThesisItem Open Access Population build up and management of whitefly in cotton under variable weather and fertilizer conditions(CCSHAU, 2017) Balabantaray, Suchismita; Jaglan, R. S.A field experiment entitled “Population build up and management of whitefly in cotton under variable weather and fertilizer conditions” was conducted during kharif season of 2016 at Entomology Research Area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The studies revealed that whitefly adults population reached two peaks on 37th and 38th SMW (i.e. 2nd and 3rd weeks of September) with 6.11 and 5.96 adults per leaf, whereas nymphs population was as high as 8.44 and 8.74 nymphs per leaf during 36th and 37th SMW (i.e. 1st and 2nd weeks of September), respectively. Whitefly adults had significant positive relation with maximum temperature (r=0.728) and bright sunshine hours (r=0.808) but significant negative correlation with morning (r= -0.699), evening relative humidity (r= -0.625) and rainfall (r= -0.786) and nymphs population was found to have significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r=0.642) and bright sunshine hours (r=0.781) but negative significant relation with morning relative humidity (-0.639) and rainfall (-0.699). All weather variables collectively accounted for 81, 69 and 65 per cent variability in the adults, nymphal and natural enemies populations. The whitefly adults and nymphs population was maximum at late sown crop on 20th June (4.96 adult and 5.96 nymphs/leaf) and on crop treated with excess dose of nitrogen fertilizer (5.89 adult and 8.1 nymphs/leaf). Among nine treatments T8 (Neem Baan 1500 ppm @ 1.0 l/acre + thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 40 g /acre + Neem Baan 1500 ppm @ 1.0 l/acre) was better, where the minimum population of adults and nymphs were found during 3rd DAS (1.89 adults/leaf), 5th DAS (1.78 adults/leaf), 7th DAS (2.11 adults/leaf) and 7th DAS (8 nymphs/leaf) but T1 was found safest to the natural enemies with 1.89 per plant natural enemies population and had highest BC ratio (1.17).ThesisItem Open Access Biology of polyommatus boetius (L.) on fieldpea and evaluation of various genotype against major insect pests(CCSHAU, 2016) Manisha; Roshan LalThe present studies entitled “Biology of Polyommatus boeticus (L.) on fieldpea and evaluation of various genotypes against major insect pest” was carried out during rabi 2015-16 at Reseach farm of Pulses Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Laboratory of Department of Entomology, CCS HAU, Hisar. For conducting biological studies, rearing was done in laboratory at 28±10C and relative humidity (60-70%). Results revealed that pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period ranged from 1 to 2, 2 to 3 and 2 to 3 days, respectively. A single female could lay maximum of 15 eggs and minimum of 13 eggs (average 14 eggs) during her life time. On fieldpea, the longevity of male moths was ranged from 7 to 9 days (average 8 days) and longevity of female moths varied from 9 to 10 days (average 9.5±0.42 days). Incubation period varied from 2 to 3 days (average 2.5±0.7 days). The total larval period ranged from 11 to 13 days (average 12±0.22 days). Average Prepupal period ranged from 2 to 3 days (average 2.22±0.13 days) and pupal period ranged from 6 to 9 days (average 8±0.22 days). Average female to male sex ratio was 1.0 to 1.5. It was found that the mating of adults of P. boeticus occurred in day time only. When the mating was disturbed the pair flew without separation and continued mating. Mating period of P. boeticus varied from 48 to 64 minutes (average 54.3 ±0.07 minutes). Results revealed that the total life cycle varied from 29 to 35 days (average 32.8±4.24 days). Morphometric studies on P. boeticus revealed that the eggs measured 0.47 to 0.57 mm in diameter (average 0.52 mm). Average body lengths of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 1.17, 2.10, 7.59 and 11.09 mm and average body width of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 0.16, 0.69, 1.15 and 1.39 mm. Average head capsule length of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 0.22, 0.70, 1.25 and 1.46 mm. Average head capsule width of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae were 0.15, 0.64, 1.10 and 1.34 mm. On an average, pre pupa measured 10.80 mm in length and measured 4.94 mm in width and pupa measured 10.62 mm in length and measured 4.45 mm in width. On an average 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval instar, pre pupa and pupa male weighted 0.004, 0.021, 0.064, 0.170, 0.155 and 0.088 mg, respectively. Immature stage was not distinguishable in male and female. Adult antennae, fore leg, middle leg and hind leg measured 7.93, 5.78, 6.05, 6.28 mm long in female and 7.02, 5.63, 5.91 and 6.15 mm in male. The average wingspan measured 29.90 mm in male and 33.28 mm in female. Out of the 18 genotypes screened against pod borer complex comprising H. armigera, E. zinckenella and P.boeticus at green pod stage, the infestation ranged from 0.11 to 1.22, 0.00 to 1.44 and 00 to 0.33 larvae/ 3 plants, respectively, whereas at maturity it varied from 0.48 to 7.53, 7.31 to 22.10 and 0.50 to 1.60 per cent, respectively. Genotypes HFP-1137, HFP-530B, and HFP-529 were least susceptible and genotype HFP-8712 was highly susceptible against H. armigera. There was positive and significant correlation of 50 per cent flowering with H. armigera and E. zinckenella. Pod wall thickness had negative and significant correlation with H. armigera and E. zinckenella. Pod length was positive and significantly correlated with P. boeticus pod damage. Trichome density was negative and significantly correlated with E. zinckenella larval population and P. boeticus pod damage. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that C. indicus population had significant negative correlation with temp (min.). H. armigera and P. boeticus population had non- significant correlation with abiotic factors. E. zinckenella larval population had significant positive correlation with Temperature (Tmax.). C. horticola population had significant negative correlation with temp.(max & min) and significant positive correlation with morning relative humidity.