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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on effects of probiotic bacterial fermentation on antinutritional glycosides of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Veena; Ravi KumarFaba bean is protein rich, however, due to the presence of favism causing agents, vicine and convicine, its utility is hindered. The present study was undertaken to estimate the effects of probiotic bacterial fermentation on antinutritional glycosides of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) In order to use vicine standard for estimation of vicine and convicine and fermentation, it is isolated from faba bean flour by ethanol. Purified and fermentation of faba bean flour was done by LAB (Lactobacillus brevis) at varied concentrations of antinutritional glycosides by adding the isolated vicine and convicine. To study the effect of Lactobacillus brevis fermentation, nutritional profile of fermented faba bean i.e., total phenols, tannins and saponin contents were also estimated. With increase in concentration of extracted glycosides total phenols content was increased, tannins were decreased and saponins were completely lost. Identification of probable degradation products/metabolites was done by using LC-MS/MS technique. Oxidized divicine and isouramil are the probable degradation metabolites of antinutritional glycosides after fermentation. MAJOR ADVISOR SIGNATURE OThesisItem Open Access Identification and estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in surface soils from vicinity of village Dhandoor landfill(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-06) Sharma, Yashashvi; Duhan, AnilConstant release of organic pollutants in the environment and their association with components such as soil, water and air particulate matter is a serious concern. In this process, estimation of one such organic pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is necessary to check for their contamination exposure in soil and surrounding environment. PAHs levels in surface soils were estimated in the garbage disposal landfill site of Dhandoor, agricultural field adjacent to landfill site and roadside. The total concentration of 16 PAHs ranged between 38.8 to 412 μg/kg in landfill soils, 38.25 to 266.6 μg/kg in agricultural fields and 20.5 to 169.8 μg/kg in roadside soils. The PAHs contamination in the studied research site follow the order: landfill > agricultural field > roadside. High molecular weight of PAHs constitutes maximum of the total PAHs contamination at sites. Dominance of 4 and 5-rings PAHs at all three sampling sites, signifies pyrogenic origin of PAHs. Carcinogenic PAHs chrysene, benzo (a)-pyrene and benzo (b)-fluoranthene are identified at almost every landfill sites. Benzo(b)-fluoranthene was found slightly higher than the least contamination level at landfill sites only. It appears that the probable PAHs contamination in the surrounding agricultural field aroused due to migration of pollutants from landfill sites majorly. PAHs contamination due to vehicle emission from nearby road appears to be non-significant for landfill and agricultural field.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative studies on dissipation behavior of cyantraniliprole on tomato and chilli(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-01) Moksha; SushilDissipation studies of cyantraniliprole (Benevia 10.26% OD) in tomato and chilli fruit and soil was carried out following spray of cyantraniliprole at fruit setting stage on both crops grown in plots of 5x5 m size. The recommended dose for tomato and chilli was 90 g a.i. ha-1 and 60 g a.i. ha-1respectively and double of recommended dose for tomato and chilli was 180 g a.i. ha-1 and 120 g a.i. ha-1 respectively. Samples of tomato and chilli were extracted by using modified QuEChERS method and analysis was done on HPLC with retention time of 5.4 minutes. Recovery experiments were carried out on tomato and chili fruit sample fortified @ 0.03, 0.50 and 1.00 mg kg-1 and the recoveries obtained were in the range of 86.21 – 89.44% and 85.21 – 88.45% respectively. Recoveries obtained while recovery experiments of tomato and chilli soil were in the range of 86.60 – 88.21%. Initial residue deposit of cyantraniliprole in tomato fruit was 0.552 mg kg-1and 0.654 mg kg-1 and in chilli fruit was 0.523 mg kg-1 and 0.632 mg kg-1 for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively. These residues dissipated following first order degradation kinetics with half- life of 2.63 and 2.83 days in tomato fruit and 2.68 and 3.9 days in chilli fruit respectively and reached below limit of quantification (LOQ i.e. 0.03 mg kg-1) on 10th and 15th day for single (T1) and double (T2) dose respectively Level of residues in soil were < LOQ for both single (T1) and double dose (T2) on 0 day (after 1h of spray) in both tomato and chilli soil. Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) established by FSSAI for cyantraniliprole in tomato and chilli was 0.5 mg kg-1 and from consumer point of view 3 day PHI was suggested for both crops.ThesisItem Open Access Mechanochemical synthesis of nanobiochar and its application in phosphorus recovery from aqueous medium(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-10) Jakhar, Bharti; Rahul KumarThis research involves phosphorus recovery from aqueous phase using sugarcane derived- nanobiochar. Nanobiochar was prepared from buk biochar using planetary ball mill and characterized for surface morphology (via scanning electron microscopy), mineralogy (X-ray diffraction studies), surface chemistry (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy). The results indicate that mechanochemical synthesis successfully produced nanobiochar with high surface area and enhanced porosity. P-adsorption process was investigated through batch experiments. The operational parameters, such as contact time, pH, and initial phosphorus concentration, are optimized to maximize phosphorus removal efficiency. The optimized pH and adsorbent dose 6.0 and 1gL-1, respectively at equilibrium time (7 min.). Kinetic (Pseudo-first-order and Pseudo-second-order) and isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) were applied on experimental data. Pseudo-first-order and Langmuir model was best fitted in the experimental data. Nanobiochar was biocompatible for bacteria. The synthesized adsorbent may be used as a macronutrient nanofertilizer to enhance the growth and development of plants.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of leaves and flowers of Kasood (Cassia siamea L.)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Kamaljeet; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to analyse the phytochemicals and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Kasood (Cassia siamea) leaves and flowers grown at Botanical Garden, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Proximate analysis; chemical analysis; mineral analysis; phytochemical parameters and antioxidant activity were determined. Leaves moisture content (7.51%), ash (5.22%), crude fat (3.69%), crude fiber (12.67%), crude protein (20.72%), total carbohydrate (51.19%), Cu content (1.06 ppm), Fe content (119.32 ppm), Mn content (40.60 ppm), Zn content (22.09 ppm), tannins (0.67 mg/g), alkaloids (9.12%). In flowers, moisture content (5.78%), ash (6.72%), crude fat (8.49%), crude fiber (14.17%), crude protein (20.97%), total carbohydrates (46.62%), Cu content (10.94 ppm), Fe content (59.05 ppm), Mn content (25.28 ppm), Zn content (28.67 ppm), tannins (1.50 mg/g), alkaloids (4.52%). Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) found for leaves in methanol (78.77) was obtained to be highest, followed by aqueous (73.98) and ethyl acetate (15.28) whereas in flowers total phenolics, in methanol (92.48) was found to be highest, followed by aqueous (86.25) and ethyl acetate (24.07). Total flavonoids (mg CE/g) for leaves in methanol (25.19) was found to be highest, followed by aqueous (22.84) and ethyl acetate (3.73) whereas in flowers, total flavonoids was found highest in methanol (34.77) followed by aqueous (30.71) and ethyl acetate (4.51). In leaves, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in methanol ranges from 9.57 to 66.74% (IC50 243.59 μg/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 μg/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 7.32 to 61.85% (IC50 272.80 μg/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 12.91 to 70.04 % (IC50 2086.35 μg/mL) at concentration level from 500 to 3500 μg/mL. In flowers, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in methanol ranges from 17.70 to 81.91% (IC50 146.47 μg/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 μg/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 14.04 to 77.37% (IC50 170.99 μg/mL) at concentration level from 50 to 350 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 16.27 to 74.46 % (IC50 1871.11 μg/mL) at concentration level from 500 to 3500 μg/mL. Methanol was found to possess highest amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity for leaves and flowers. Among plant parts, flowers possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity than leaves. Therefore, methanol extract of leaves and flowers was found to be best natural antioxidant which plays a great role to improve the human health ailments against the free radicals to combat the oxidative stress.ThesisItem Open Access Development of slow releasing phosphate fertilizer using sweet lemon (Citrus limetta L.) peel derived biochar(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-07) Phogat, Deepak; Rahul KumarPhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all living beings and a limiting nutrient for plants. Chemical fertilizers have high aqueous solubility, low thermal stability and low nutrient holding capacity. Most of the phosphate fertilizers are significantly lost to the environment through different mechanisms like leaching, hydrolysis, degradation and photolysis leading to low nutrient use efficiency (NUE) for plants. The high level of phosphate (as low as 0.02 ppm) increases the photosynthetic aquatic microorganisms in the water and causes eutrophication which further leads to generation of algal bloomsse over the next 50 years with increasing population. Therefore, smart technologies must be developed to reclaim phosphorus from phosphate-rich water to avoid surface water eutrophication and to reduce scarcity of phosphorus. The recovery of phosphorus from waste water and its utilization as fertilizers in fields is a smart approach that will not only reduce the environment pollution, Various accessible technologies including enhanced biological phosphate removal, membrane filtration, chemical precipitation and adsorption are used to remove phosphate from waste water. The high cost, sludge production and disposal makes chemical and biological treatments less appropriate. Out of these, adsorption has proven the most effective technique for phosphate removal due to its simple design, easy to operate, adsorbent regeneration ability and production of low amount of side products.Even at low concentration of phosphorous (below 0.1 or even 0.01 mg-P L−1) as present in some industrial and domestic waste water, Biochar, can be proved a better option for phosphate removal from waste waters. Biochar is a carbonaceous, porous, low-density material that persists in soil from decades to millennia International Biochar Initiative (IBI)). Thus, use of biochar for P recovery from wastewaters and its utilization as phosphate fertilizer in the soil, is becoming a widespread idea which addresses not only the problem but also ensures its reuse. conversion of sweet lemon peel waste into a value-added product like biochar is a sustainable and green approach for its smart management. Biochar prepared at different temperatures did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity against Providencia species. No inhibition zone was found on Luria Bertani agar plates. PW5 grows well in presence of biochar. Hence, Biochar is not found to be toxic for bacterial growth. The maximum removal (95%) of PO43--P occurred for adsorbent dose 1g/L indicated the quantitative removal of PO43--P from water. Maximum adsorption (35mg/g for 40 ppm P solution) of phosphate occur at pH 2 but in real this much pH is not find generally and also there is not any significant difference in adsorption capacity in pH range (4-6). The adsorption capacity (78.564 mg/g at 25℃) of biochar was found to be remained constant after 90 mgL-1. So, the optimum adsorbate concentration for maximum adsorption is taken as 90 mgL-1. Phosphate (PO43-) release pattern for P-loaded biochar based slow release fertilizer was significantly lower than that of conventional phosphorous fertilizer DAP.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of Siris (Albizia lebbeck)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Divya Devi; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to analyse the phytochemicals and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Siris (Albizia lebbeck) stem bark, leaves and seed grown at Research farm, Department of Forestry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Proximate composition; chemical analysis; mineral analysis; phytochemical parameters and antioxidant activity were determined. Stem bark moisture content (7.50%), ash (3.44%), crude protein (4.67%), crude fat (11.75%), crude fiber (3.10%), total carbohydrate (69.54%), Fe content (19.44 ppm), Zn content (13.69 ppm), Mn content (1.12 ppm), Cu content (0.16 ppm), tannins (9.51 mg/g), alkaloids (1.84%). In leaves, moisture content (10.53%), ash (6.97%), crude protein (21.10%), crude fat (15.48%), crude fiber (3.86%), total carbohydrates (42.06%), Fe content (7.90 ppm), Zn content (17.56 ppm), Mn content (1.25 ppm), Cu content (0.36 ppm), tannins (6.58 mg/g), alkaloids (1.35%). In seed, moisture content (3.88%), ash (4.47%), crude protein (29.48%), crude fat (8.81%), crude fiber (6.53%), total carbohydrates (46.83%), Fe content (2.68 ppm), Zn content (7.53 ppm), Mn content (0.40 ppm), Cu content (2.81 ppm), tannins (5.99 mg/g), alkaloids (0.76%). Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) found for stem bark in methanol (219.38) was obtained to be higher followed by aqueous (161.99) and ethyl acetate (9.75) whereas in leaves total phenolics, in methanol (87.24) was found to be higher further followed by aqueous (53.32) and ethyl acetate (2.03); and in seed total phenolics, in aqueous (9.09) was found to be higher further followed by methanol (3.64) and ethyl acetate (1.41). Total flavonoids (mg CE/g) for stem bark in methanol (42.21) was found to be higher followed by aqueous (19.89) and ethyl acetate (6.70) whereas in leaves, total flavonoids was found highest in methanol (10.61) followed by aqueous (8.20) and ethyl acetate (0.90); and in seed total flavonoids, in aqueous (4.52) was found to be higher followed by methanol (1.09) and ethyl acetate (0.40). In stem bark, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in methanol ranges from 24.43 to 92.53% (IC50 8.83 μg/mL) at concentration level from 1.56 to 50 μg/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 4.91 to 91.82% (IC50 15.12 μg/mL) at concentration level from 1.56 to 50 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 13.63 to 89.89% (IC50 936.71 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 2000 μg/mL. In leaves, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in methanol ranges from 16.48 to 82.51% (IC50 39.03 μg/mL) at concentration level from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 9.71 to 79.96% (IC50 49.74 μg/mL) at concentration level from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 2.28 to 85.23% (IC50 2170.73 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 5000 μg/mL. In seeds, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in aqueous ranges from 6.89 to 71.07 % (IC50 1833.33 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 2000 μg/mL followed by methanol ranges from 2.35 to 78.61% (IC50 900 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 5000 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 1.34 to 88.01% (IC50 2411.76 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 5000 μg/mL. Methanol was found to possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity for stem bark and leaves; and in seeds aqueous extract was found to possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Among plant parts, stem bark possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity than leaves and seeds. Therefore, methanol extract of stem bark and leaves; and aqueous extract of seed was found to be best natural antioxidant which plays a great role to improve the human health ailments against the free radicals to combat the oxidative stress.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical profiling and biological evaluation of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides N.) essential oil(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-08) Pooja; Ravi KumarThe present study was undertaken for chemical profiling and evaluation of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides N.) essential oil of promising Sugandha variety from different samples of roots (sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4). Commercially available VEO was obtained from St. Botanica pharmacy store, Panchkula, Chandigarh which was ordered online. Sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4 were harvested after 10 months, months, 18 months and 5 years of sowing. The EOs used in the study, appeared as pale yellow viscous volatile liquids, obtained in 0.55, 0.50, 1.16 and 0.26 % yield from sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4, respectively. The yield was highest in the roots harvested after 12 months of sowing and lowest in roots which was harvested very late approximately after 5 years. A significant variation was observed in chemical composition of these VEOs. VO3 had more diversity and VO1 had lesser diversity. However, the chemical composition of VO5 was totally different from the other studied oils. The antimicrobial activity of VEOs was studied against various bacterial and fungal strains. VO3 showed higher antibacterial activity against K. aeruginosa, X. axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis, S. aureus and VO1 showed higher antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and M. grisea. Whereas, VO5 displayed least activity against tested strains.ThesisItem Open Access Transition metal complexes derived from Schiff base and their biological applications(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022) Smriti; Chauhan, SonuTwo Schiff base p-anisalidene-o-aminophenol(ANSAP) and p-chlorobenzylidene-o-aminophenol(CBAP) was synthesized by the reaction of 2-aminophenol with p-anisaldehyde and p-chlorobenzaldehyde, respectively. Manganese(II), Iron(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of these Schiff bases were also prepared by using conventional reflux method. All the newly formed compounds were characterized by using various spectroscopic techniques like elemental analysis, molar conductance, FT-IR, 1H NMR and UV-Visible. The data from spectral studies revealed that both the Schiff base ANSAP and CBAP act as a neutral bidentate ligand. All the synthesized complexes were tested for their antibacterial activity against Xanthomoans sp. and Staphylococcus aureus VTCC BAA20. Antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum sp. lycopersici and Candida albicans sp. was also carried out using agar well diffusion method. It was found that the Schiff bases had no or moderate antimicrobial activity while their complexes showed significant antimicrobial activity. Maximum Xanthomoans sp. growth was inhibited by the iron, nickel, copper complexes of ANSAP and manganese, nickel complexes of CBAP. Maximum Staphylococcus aureus VTCC BAA20 growth was inhibited by the copper complex of ANSAP and nickel complex of CBAP. Maximum Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici growth was inhibited by the iron, cobalt, nickel complexes of ANSAP and manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper complexes of CBAP. Maximum Candida albicans growth was inhibited by the manganese, iron, cobalt complexes of ANSAP and manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper complexes of CBAP.
