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ThesisItem Open Access Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf and seed extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) for catalytic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-12) Moond, Monika; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken for the synthesis of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and leaves extract mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, antimicrobial and catalytic activities. Proximate composition and chemical parameters viz. moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, total carbohydrates, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), tannins and alkaloids were analyzed in seeds and leaves of Fenugreek. Phytochemical parameters viz. total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars in seeds and leaves were extracted with three solvents namely aqueous, methanol and acetone. The aqueous extract of Fenugreek seeds and leaves contained adequate amount of phytochemicals which act as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent for Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Several physico-chemical parameters such as effect of extract amount, effect of AgNO3 concentration, effect of temperature, effect of pH, effect of reaction time were optimized for the efficent synthesis of silver naoparticles. Optimized conditions for biosynthesis were found as; reaction mixture containing seed extract (2mL) or leaves extract (0.2 mL) in 25 mL of 1mM AgNO3 solution at 45ºC temperature and neutral pH. Reaction mixture was incubated for 48 hrs for FS-AgNPs and 24 hours for FL-AgNPs in dark condition to ensure the compete reduction of Ag+ ions. Characterization of Biosynthesized nanoparticles was done using several techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, Particle size analyzer (PSA), FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, SAED, FTIR and XRD to examine the size, shape and morphology of silver nanoparticles. Size of synthesized AgNPs were in the range of 10-60 nm, most of them were spherical shape, monodisperse and crystalline in nature having FCC lattice. Antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging activity), antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus auerus, Xanthomonas spp., Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum were compared with crude plant extract. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced bilogical activity. AgNPs were found to have appreciable catalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol with rate constant 0.1075 min-1 and 0.1398 min-1 for FS-AgNPs and FL-AgNPs, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of Siris (Albizia lebbeck)(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Divya Devi; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken to analyse the phytochemicals and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Siris (Albizia lebbeck) stem bark, leaves and seed grown at Research farm, Department of Forestry, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Proximate composition; chemical analysis; mineral analysis; phytochemical parameters and antioxidant activity were determined. Stem bark moisture content (7.50%), ash (3.44%), crude protein (4.67%), crude fat (11.75%), crude fiber (3.10%), total carbohydrate (69.54%), Fe content (19.44 ppm), Zn content (13.69 ppm), Mn content (1.12 ppm), Cu content (0.16 ppm), tannins (9.51 mg/g), alkaloids (1.84%). In leaves, moisture content (10.53%), ash (6.97%), crude protein (21.10%), crude fat (15.48%), crude fiber (3.86%), total carbohydrates (42.06%), Fe content (7.90 ppm), Zn content (17.56 ppm), Mn content (1.25 ppm), Cu content (0.36 ppm), tannins (6.58 mg/g), alkaloids (1.35%). In seed, moisture content (3.88%), ash (4.47%), crude protein (29.48%), crude fat (8.81%), crude fiber (6.53%), total carbohydrates (46.83%), Fe content (2.68 ppm), Zn content (7.53 ppm), Mn content (0.40 ppm), Cu content (2.81 ppm), tannins (5.99 mg/g), alkaloids (0.76%). Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) found for stem bark in methanol (219.38) was obtained to be higher followed by aqueous (161.99) and ethyl acetate (9.75) whereas in leaves total phenolics, in methanol (87.24) was found to be higher further followed by aqueous (53.32) and ethyl acetate (2.03); and in seed total phenolics, in aqueous (9.09) was found to be higher further followed by methanol (3.64) and ethyl acetate (1.41). Total flavonoids (mg CE/g) for stem bark in methanol (42.21) was found to be higher followed by aqueous (19.89) and ethyl acetate (6.70) whereas in leaves, total flavonoids was found highest in methanol (10.61) followed by aqueous (8.20) and ethyl acetate (0.90); and in seed total flavonoids, in aqueous (4.52) was found to be higher followed by methanol (1.09) and ethyl acetate (0.40). In stem bark, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in methanol ranges from 24.43 to 92.53% (IC50 8.83 μg/mL) at concentration level from 1.56 to 50 μg/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 4.91 to 91.82% (IC50 15.12 μg/mL) at concentration level from 1.56 to 50 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 13.63 to 89.89% (IC50 936.71 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 2000 μg/mL. In leaves, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in methanol ranges from 16.48 to 82.51% (IC50 39.03 μg/mL) at concentration level from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL followed by aqueous ranges from 9.71 to 79.96% (IC50 49.74 μg/mL) at concentration level from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 2.28 to 85.23% (IC50 2170.73 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 5000 μg/mL. In seeds, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in aqueous ranges from 6.89 to 71.07 % (IC50 1833.33 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 2000 μg/mL followed by methanol ranges from 2.35 to 78.61% (IC50 900 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 5000 μg/mL and ethyl acetate ranges from 1.34 to 88.01% (IC50 2411.76 μg/mL) at concentration level from 100 to 5000 μg/mL. Methanol was found to possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity for stem bark and leaves; and in seeds aqueous extract was found to possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Among plant parts, stem bark possess higher amount of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging activity than leaves and seeds. Therefore, methanol extract of stem bark and leaves; and aqueous extract of seed was found to be best natural antioxidant which plays a great role to improve the human health ailments against the free radicals to combat the oxidative stress.ThesisItem Open Access Chemical profiling and biological evaluation of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides N.) essential oil(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-08) Pooja; Ravi KumarThe present study was undertaken for chemical profiling and evaluation of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides N.) essential oil of promising Sugandha variety from different samples of roots (sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4). Commercially available VEO was obtained from St. Botanica pharmacy store, Panchkula, Chandigarh which was ordered online. Sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4 were harvested after 10 months, months, 18 months and 5 years of sowing. The EOs used in the study, appeared as pale yellow viscous volatile liquids, obtained in 0.55, 0.50, 1.16 and 0.26 % yield from sample 1, sample 2, sample 3 and sample 4, respectively. The yield was highest in the roots harvested after 12 months of sowing and lowest in roots which was harvested very late approximately after 5 years. A significant variation was observed in chemical composition of these VEOs. VO3 had more diversity and VO1 had lesser diversity. However, the chemical composition of VO5 was totally different from the other studied oils. The antimicrobial activity of VEOs was studied against various bacterial and fungal strains. VO3 showed higher antibacterial activity against K. aeruginosa, X. axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis, S. aureus and VO1 showed higher antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and M. grisea. Whereas, VO5 displayed least activity against tested strains.ThesisItem Open Access Transition metal complexes derived from Schiff base and their biological applications(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022) Smriti; Chauhan, SonuTwo Schiff base p-anisalidene-o-aminophenol(ANSAP) and p-chlorobenzylidene-o-aminophenol(CBAP) was synthesized by the reaction of 2-aminophenol with p-anisaldehyde and p-chlorobenzaldehyde, respectively. Manganese(II), Iron(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of these Schiff bases were also prepared by using conventional reflux method. All the newly formed compounds were characterized by using various spectroscopic techniques like elemental analysis, molar conductance, FT-IR, 1H NMR and UV-Visible. The data from spectral studies revealed that both the Schiff base ANSAP and CBAP act as a neutral bidentate ligand. All the synthesized complexes were tested for their antibacterial activity against Xanthomoans sp. and Staphylococcus aureus VTCC BAA20. Antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum sp. lycopersici and Candida albicans sp. was also carried out using agar well diffusion method. It was found that the Schiff bases had no or moderate antimicrobial activity while their complexes showed significant antimicrobial activity. Maximum Xanthomoans sp. growth was inhibited by the iron, nickel, copper complexes of ANSAP and manganese, nickel complexes of CBAP. Maximum Staphylococcus aureus VTCC BAA20 growth was inhibited by the copper complex of ANSAP and nickel complex of CBAP. Maximum Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici growth was inhibited by the iron, cobalt, nickel complexes of ANSAP and manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper complexes of CBAP. Maximum Candida albicans growth was inhibited by the manganese, iron, cobalt complexes of ANSAP and manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper complexes of CBAP.ThesisItem Open Access Dissipation, decontamination and leaching behaviour of thiamethoxam + λ cyhalothrin (ready mix) in soil and chilli(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Pooja; SushilThe study reports the persistence as well as the decontamination pattern of insecticides, λ -cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam in chilli fruits following spray application of their ready-pre mix. For extraction and clean-up, three two different methods namely liquid-liquid partitioning and QuEChERS with clean-up were used in association with GC-MS/MS. The LOD and LOQ of the method determined were 0.01 μg g−1 and 0.005 μg g−1, respectively, and all the recoveries were found above the range of 80 per cent. Thiamethoxam persistent up to day 15 in both the doses with half-lives of 3.45 and 3.90 days respectively. While λ -cyhalothrin persisted up to day 5th with half-lives of 1.49 and 1.52 days. Washing followed by frying was observed to be the best method of decontamination. It was followed by washing with 1 % vinegar solution, 2 % salt solution, 2% tamarind with least in case of washing with water. No presence of λ -cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam residues were reported in chilli fruits which were much below their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). In leaching experiment around 90 per cent of the residues were recovered totally, with no residues in leachates.ThesisItem Open Access Sorption-desorption of imidazolinone herbicides in different order soils and their ameliorants(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Jyoti Sharma; Duhan, AnilIt is well known that biodegradable wastes are rich in organic nutrients but the improper management of these organic wastes can have an undesirable impact on human health as well as the environment. Therefore, utilisation of organic wastes can be a remedial approach to reduce the environmental contamination. The primary goal of the present research was to identify effective and low-cost adsorbent for herbicides removal from water along with maintaining the soil fertility. Sorption studies for a range of imidazolinone herbicides (imazethapyr, imazamethabenz methyl, imazamox, imazaquin and imazapyr) were carried out using the low-cost agricultural waste viz. mushroom compost, vermicompost, farmyard manure and biogas compost (% OC- 17.45 to 22.51%) applied at 50% (w/w) application rate. Composts were highly sorbed, with respect to pure soils, in order: imazamethabenz methyl > imazamox > imazethapyr > imazaquin > imazapyr. Soil amendment at 50% (w/w) presented 2-6 times increase in sorption. Highest sorption was observed for imazamethabenz methyl (6 times) in the amended soils. Overall different herbicide desorption was reduced from 79 to 53% on amendment. All composts behaved differentially for desorption capacities. In the present study, amendment at 50% rate is not desirable as per farmers’ practice. More suitable sorbents other than composts needs to be explored.ThesisItem Open Access Metal organic framework based composite for chlorpyriphos removal from water(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, 2022-09) Prachi; AnushreeThe present study was undertaken for adsorptive removal of chlorpyriphos from water by using solvothermally synthesized Metal Organic Frameworks i.e. HKUST-1, ZIF-8 and MIL-53 and their silica loaded composites. Successful characterization was done by different techniques i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique (BET), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM). Results showed that the removal efficiency of HKUST-1@SiO2 was 85% at pH 6, for 20 ppm of concentration of pesticide, 20 mg of HKUST-1@SiO2, in 45 min of contact time and 30°C temperature which was highest among all the synthesized MOFs and their composites. The study of adsorption isotherms and kinetic modelling were also done. Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo second order fitted best for all the samples showing the chlorpyriphos is chemisorbed on the adsorbents. The responsible interaction for adsorption was π-π interactions for all the samples and in composites higher adsorption is due to additional sites provided by silica for the attachment of functional groups from the adsorbate molecules. Reuseablity results showed that HKUST-1@SiO2, MIL-53@SiO2 and ZIF-8@SiO2 can be used for 4, 5 and 3 cycles respectively. HKUST-1@SiO2 exhibited the highest adsorptive removal of chlorpyriphos among all the samples as well as its reusability is also quite high It can be concluded from the present study that HKUST-1@SiO2 is a highly efficient for the removal of chlorpyriphos from water.
