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ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and leaching behaviour of premix formulation of flubendiamide and buprofezin in soil(CCSHAU, 2018) Monika; Duhan, AnilIn Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. To study the persistence behaviour of flubendiamide and buprofezin at single and double dose, i.e., 210 and 420 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 90 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, flubendiamide and buprofezin was applied at 50 (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa) and GC-MS-tandem mass spectrometry equipped with capillary column. For both insecticides limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively. Dissipation followed a first order kinetics in case of both flubendiamide and buprofezin. Half-life of flubendiamide was found to be 25.1 and 26.6 days in clay loam soil and in case of sandy loam, 27.3 and 31.3 days at both the doses, respectively. For buprofezin, half-life was 12.4 and 12.6 days in clay loam and 19.1 and 20.2 days in sandy loam at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days in case of flubendiamide for both the treatments however buprofezin residues reached below detectable limit after 60 days. Leaching experiment was carried out in laboratory under continuous flow conditions. The residues of flubendiamide and buprofezin were retained up to soil depth of 30-35 cm but maximum retention was found upto 15 cm in flubendiammide and upto 20 cm in buprofezin. There were no fractions of flubendiamide and buprofezin residues in leachate indicating about poor leaching potential of both insecticides.ThesisItem Open Access Residue dynamics and leaching potential of chlorantraniliprole in chilli crop(CCSHAU, 2017) Suman; SushilThe main objective of this study was to understand the persistence behaviour of new novel insecticide chlorantraniliprole (coragen 18.5 SC) in chilli fruit and its leaching behaviour in sandy loam soil. Recovery experiments were carried out at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/g fortification level in both chilli and soil samples for which average recoveries were found to be 85.23% and 87.46% in chilli samples and 85.92% and 87.11% in soil samples respectively. For dissipation / persistence study a field experiment was conducted following application of single dose (30 g a.i./ha) and double dose (60 g a.i./ha) on chilli crop. The initial residues of CAP at single and double doses were 3.16 and 4.68 mg/kg. Residues persisted upto 7th and 15th day in single and double doses respectively, after which BDL (0.01 mg/kg) comes. For single dose half-life value was of 1.18 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.58 day -1. For double dose half-life was 2.05 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.33 day-1. Leaching behavior of CAP in soil was studied at single (5.6 μg) and double dose (11.2 μg) respectively, for which soil plexi columns were packed and percolated with 35 ml of tap water after each 24 hours. Total amount of CAP recovered out of 5.6 and 11.2 μg were 82.40% and 81.42% from single and double doses respectively. Maximum retention of pesticide in both doses was in 0-5 cm soil core i.e. 79.82% in single dose and 79.11% in double dose. None of the leachate fractions from both the treatments showed the presence of chlorantraniliprole residue considering it safe for ground water table after field application.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and leaching behaviour of halosulfuron-methyl in soil(CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Devi; Duhan, AnilA laboratory experiment was conducted in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of halosulfuron-methyl residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. Halosulfuron-methyl (Sempra75 WG) at single and double dose, i.e., 67.5 and 135 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots to study the persistence behaviour. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 45 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, halosulfuron-methyl was applied at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Prior to taking up analysis of test samples recovery experiments using different sample preparation techniques (Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and QuEChERS with slight modification) were optimized for both soils at different fortification levels of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.1 μg/g. Maximum recoveries (85.5 to 94.5%) were obtained by using QuEChERS with PSA and without MgSO4. Residues were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa). Limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively for both soils. Dissipation followed a first order rate kinetics with half-life of 9.4 and 10.7 days in sandy loam soil and in case of clay loam, 8.4 and 10.3 days at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days for both the treatments. Leaching experiments were carried out in laboratory under both continuous and discontinuous flow conditions. The residues of halosulfuron-methyl were retained up to soil depth of 35-40 cm in both soil types at single and double dose under continuous and discontinuous flow. The residues were detected in leachate fractions of both soils and doses under continuous as well as discontinuous flow conditions; hence there might be a risk of sideway and lateral movement of residues.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence study of tebuconazole in chilli and soil(CCSHAU, 2017) Dhanker, Preeti; SushilIncreasing awareness of the potential impact of persistent crop protection agents has led to the development of ecofriendly new molecules to ensure minimum risk to man and environment. Tebuconazole a representative of the triazole fungicide effective in controlling soil-borne and foliar fungal pathogens, and has been credited with increasing yields above the levels provided by other widely used fungicides. Keeping in view all these observations, persistence study of Tebuconazole was carried out following single application of Folicur 25.9 EC on chilli crop. For this purpose a field experiment was carried out@ single (125 g a.i. ha−1) and double dose (250 g a.i. ha−1) with Knap sap sprayer in plots of size 3 × 3 m size along with a control plot where no pesticide was applied in a randomized design (RBD).Samples of chilli fruit were processed using liquid- liquid partitioning method and residues were analysed on GC- MS, with retention time at 17.9 and major ions 153, 125, 70. The average Initial deposits of Tebuconazole were found to be 0.21 and 0.44 mg kg-1, at single and double dose, on 0 day (1 hr after spray), respectively. Tebuconazole residues reached below detectable limit (BDL) of 0.01 mg kg−1 after 5 and 7 days, respectively, at single and double the application dosages. Soil samples collected after harvest were found to be BDL. Effect of washing on Tebuconazole residues reduction with tap water and 5% NaCl solution were also studied and washing with 5% NaCl solution was found to be more effective as it causes the reduction upto 70% at both the doses.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa L.)(CCSHAU, 2017) Rajita; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken for phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) variety Punjab safed and Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) variety White 4 roots grown at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Chemical parameters viz. crude fibre, crude protein, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars were analysed in radish and turnip roots. Crude fibre content was higher in radish (13.61%) than turnip (10.34%), crude protein content was higher in turnip (13.39%) than radish (11.51%), Fe content was higher in radish (54.20 ppm) than turnip (39.26 ppm), Cu content was higher in radish (8.82 ppm) than turnip (5.83 ppm), Zn content was higher in radish (19.30 ppm) than turnip (12.44 ppm) and Mn content was higher in radish (107.10 ppm) than turnip (93.60 ppm). Total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars content were higher in turnip 169.11, 159.70 and 9.41(mg/g) than radish 92.95, 90.07 and 2.88 (mg/g), respectively. Phytochemical parameters viz. total phenolics and total flavonoids in radish and turnip were extracted with three solvents namely acetone, ethanol and aqueous. Total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) in turnip was highest in aqueous extract (4.56) followed by ethanol (3.75) and acetone (1.99) extracts. In radish also, total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) was highest in aqueous extract (3.93) followed by ethanol (3.70) and acetone (0.61). Flavonoids content (mg CE/g) in turnip was highest in aqueous extract (2.07) followed by ethanol (0.79) and acetone (0.59). In radish also, flavonoids content (mg CE/g) was highest in aqueous extract (1.06) followed by ethanol (0.48) and acetone (0.25). DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) increased with increase of concentration levels. In radish, it ranged from 1.01 to 76.25 (IC50 0.73 mg/mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-2.5 mg/mL, 6.53 to 76.51 (IC50 14.67 mg/mL) in ethanol extract and 5.73 to 76.20 (IC50 21.42 mg/mL) in acetone extract at concentration levels 1.0-50 mg/mL, respectively. In turnip, it ranged from 1.31 to 75.32 (IC50 1.26 mg/mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-5.0 mg/mL, 17.42 to 80.59 (IC50 11.30 mg/mL) in ethanol extract and 12.33 to 80.43 (IC50 12.08 mg/mL) in acetone extract at concentration levels 1.0-50 mg/mL, respectively. Among acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts, aqueous extracts contained higher amounts of total phenolic and flavonoids and also exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Hence, aqueous extracts of radish and turnip roots are better source of antioxidants in comparison to acetone and ethanol extracts.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and characterization of chemical constituents from stem of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)(CCSHAU, 2016) Parvesh Devi; Sushila SinghThe present study was undertaken for Isolation and characterization of chemical constituents from stem of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). The plant materials was collected from the university campus CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. After this the plant materials were immediately brought to laboratory and were kept at room temperature under shade before processing. D. sissoo is an important medicinal plant and commonly known as sisu, shisham, tahli, jag at different parts of world and belongs to family Fabaceae. The tree grows along the hilly areas and different medicinal use of D. sissoo is like blood diseases, syphilis, dysentery, growth inhibitor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. The column chromatography afforded five compounds named as compound D-1 (tritriacontane), compound D-2 (dalbergichromene), compound D-3 (1,6-dihydro-1,6-dihydroxy-4- methoxydalbergione), compound D-4 (dalbergin) and compound D-5 (2,5-dihyroxydalbergiquinol). The compound D-1 was first time reorted from of Dalbergia sissoo stem. The compound D-1 was obtained as colourless solid on elution with hexane and recrystallized from chloroform, m.p. 69-71 °C and Rf value was found to be 0.45 in benzene: hexane (3:7) solvent. Its molecular formula C33H68 was deduced from molecular ion peak m/z 464.The maximum antifungal activity was found in chloroform fraction 98.23% growth inhibition at concentration 2000 μg/ml, moderate antigungal activity was showen by ethyl acetate and benzene fractions with 88.23% and 80.00% growth inhibition against tested fungi. Methanol fraction of D. sissoo stem showed 72.94% growth inhibition at 2000 μg/ml concentration followed by acetone and hexane fractions exhibited by 70.58% growth inhibition at 2000 μg/ml against Rhizoctonia solani fungi.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of column chromatography studies on quality of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus stapf) essential oil and its nematicidal activity(CCSHAU, 2010) Savita Rani; Madan, V.K.Lemongrass belongs to genus Cymbopogon (Family Gramineae Syn. Poaceae). In good quality lemongrass oil, the content of aldehyde i.e. citral-a (geranial) and citral-b (neral) should be maximum and citronellal and geraniol should be minimum. Laboratory studies were conducted to study the effct of silica gel and aluminium oxide (neutral) column chromatography on the quality of essential oil of lemongrasss (Cymbopogon flexuosus). Nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of essential oil of lemongrass (C. flexuosus) was also studied against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. For column chromatographic studies, silica gel (3g), aluminium oxide (neutral, 3g) and mixture of silica gel and aluminium oxide (1:1, w/w) were taken as adsorbents. Three eluants viz., hexane, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol were taken for each adsorbent. Elution was done with 60 ml of eluant and six eluant fractions (each 10 ml) were collected for each Set. Essential oils were recovered from different eluant fractions of each Set. The essential oil sample thus collected were analyzed by Gas Liquid Chromatography for quantitative estimation of citral-a (geranial), citral-b (neral), total citral, citronellal and geraniol content. The oil recovered from hexane, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol fractions was in the range from 10.0 to 28.2%. Moreover, sum of oil recovered from all fractions was 100 percent which showed that oil sample passed through glass column was recovered completely. In column chromatography experiment, citral-a (geranial), citral-b (neral) and total citral content increased when hexane and carbon tetrachloride were used as eluants. The range of citral-a, citral-b and total citral content was 44.5-48.5%, 25.2-30.5% and 70.0-76.8%, respectively when carbon tetrachloride was taken as eluant which was higher in comparison to the corresponding values (41.5%, 28.6% and 70.1%, respectively) in pure oil sample. In case of hexane as eluant, the range of citral-a, citral-b and total citral content was 42.4-45.3%, 28.1-30.5% and 71.2-75.2%, respectively. However, these constituents decreased significantly when ethanol was taken as eluant and the range of these constituents was 12.1-39.6%, 11.6-26.1% and 23.7-65.7%, respectively. Aqueous extracts of oils recovered from various hexane, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol fractions were found to be effective in controlling root-knot nematodes M. incognita. However, the magnitude of mortality was different for different fractions and some fractions were 100 percent effective even at 1:5 concentration in comparison to 91.5% mortality data of aqueous extract of pure oil sample at same concentration. The variation in magnitude of mortality may be due to different amounts of chemical constituents present in the oils recovered in different fractions. Keeping in view of these studies, it can be inferred that silica gel and aluminium oxide (neutral) as adsorbents and carbon tetrachloride and hexane as eluants play a vital role in improving the quality of lemongrass essential oil.