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20174
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Subject: Chemistry × End date: 2017 × Start date: 2017 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Persistence and dissipation of ready premix formulation (Novaluron + Indoxacarb) in/on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its leaching in soil
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Anita; Madan, V.K.
    A field experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour in tomato fruits and soil underneath and effect of processing on the reduction of residues of ready pre-mix formulation (Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC) during 2014-15. A laboratory experiment was perfomed for assessing the leaching potential of ready pre-mix formulation of novaluron and indoxacarb at two doses in soil (sandy loam) and leachate fractions. The field experiment was laid out at Research Farm of Department of Entomology, CCS HAU, Hisar using randomized block design (RBD) on tomato crop (variety HS-86). Single dose (T1) consisted of 825 g ha-1 (equivalent to 43.31 g.a.i.ha-1 novaluron + 37.13 g.a.i.ha-1 indoxacarb) and double dose (T2) consisted of 1650 g ha-1 (equivalent to 86.62 g.a.i.ha-1 novaluron + 74.26 g.a.i.ha-1 indoxacarb) of ready pre-mix formulation. Samples of tomato fruits and soil were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after applications. Residues were estimated by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with capillary column and electron capture detector (ECD). Per cent recoveries at the fortification levels of 0.01, 0.10 and 0.25 mg kg-1 in tomato fruits and at 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg-1 in soil were in the range of 82-94 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Limit of detection was 0.005 mg kg-1. Dissipation in tomato fruits followed first order kinetics with half life period from 1.40 - 2.48 days at both the doses of novaluron as well as indoxacarb. Various household processing were found to be effective in reducing the residues of ready pre-mix formulation of novaluron and indoxacarb in tomato fruits. Residues decreased substantially during household processing among which peeling was found most effective which resulted 80-89 % reduction. For sandy loam soil under tomato crop, half-life period was found to be in the range of 0.63 to 2.17 days at single and double doses, respectively, for both novaluron as well as indoxacarb following first order kinetics. In leaching experiment carried out under laboratory conditions, 55 - 60% retention of novaluron and 70 - 75% retention of indoxacarb were observed up to 10 cm soil in both the doses, showing their very less mobility in soil. Residues were not detected after 40 cm depth of soil in both the doses. Since, residues of novaluron and indoxacarb were not detected in any of the leachate fractions of soil, hence, these may be safe for soil and ground water contamination.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Phytoconstituents and antimicrobial studies on aerial parts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Harsingar)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Sumona Kumari; Rajvir Singh
    Plant materials viz. leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and bark were collected from CCS HAU, Hisar. These were extracted with methanol. Extractives were divided into three parts: first part used for phytochemical analysis, second part for column chromatography and third part for determination of antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical analysis of leaves, fruit and seed of N. arbor-tristis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterol, phenolics, tannins, glycosides and saponins. Column chromatography over silica gel (60-120 mesh) afforded twenty six compounds. Seven compounds namely, 21α-hydroxyfriedel-4-(23)-en-3-one, β-sitosterol, 1-triacontanol, friedel-1-ene-3-one, pelargonic acid, lignoceric acid and 1,4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated and characterized from stem. Another seven compounds namely, methyl tetracosanoate, octacosane, tetrapentacontane, 3β- hydroxy olea-12-ene-28-oic acid, β-sitosterol, stigmastan-3-en-6-ol and bis (cis-13-docosenamido) methane were isolated and characterized from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers. Similarly two compounds were isolated from bark and five compounds were isolated from leaves and seeds of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Methanolic extract and five fractions (hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, chloroform and acetone) of leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were tested for antimicrobial activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Mycogone perniciosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, Pseudovorax sp. and Dickeya zeae at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μg/ml concentrations. Poisoned food technique for antifungal activity and inhibition zone method was employed for antibacterial activity. Irrespective of concentrations, benzene fraction of leaves was found highly active against Rhizoctonia solani with 89.58 % inhibition at 2000 μg/ml concentration and 225 μg/ml EC50 value. Methanol extract exhibited highest antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and Pseudovorax sp. with 12.00 and 4.00 mm of zone of inhibition at 2000 μg/ml concentration. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was found most sensitive to extract and fractions of N. arbor-tristis. Leaves and seeds fractions of N. arbor-tristis exhibited maximum growth inhibition against the tested phytopathogens.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on the chemical composition of the seeds of some forest trees
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Mukhan Wati; Khabiruddin, M.
    The present study was undertaken for proximate composition of seeds, chemical characteristics of seed oils, antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of defatted seed cake of six plants from two locations (Palwal & Hisar). Moisture, ash content, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, energy value and minerals, analysed in the seeds, were found to be maximum 12.7±0.3% in (P. pinnata), 7.3±0.1% in (M. azedarach), 11.3±0.1% in (A. nilotica), 28.9±0.4%in (A. lebbeck), 57.4±0.8%in (C. fistula) and 2171.1±2.8kJ/100g in (M. azedarach) respectively and Ca & K content was found to be maximum 729.7±1.5mg/100g and 830.6±3.7mg/100g in C. fistula, Na content was maximum 224.0±1.0mg/100g in S. persica and P content was maximum 390.0±2.7mg/100g in A. lebbeck. Yield of oil content was maximum 42.5±0.4%in S. persica respectively. Peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and free fatty acids in the seed oil, were found to be maximum 2.2±0.1meq/kg in M. azedarach, 144.7±0.3g of I2/100 g oil, 219.4±0.7 mg/g KOH and 7.2±0.1% in A. nilotica and 2.7±0.1 as % oleic acid in M. azedarach. Total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and total tocopherol in the oil were found to be maximum 87.2±0.2mg GAE/g and11.9±0.4mgCAE/g in (A. nilotica), 294.3±0.3 mg/kg and 69.7±0.2 mg/g in (A. lebbeck) respectively. Total phenols, flavonoids and total tocopherol in the defatted seed cake were found to maximum 51.2±0.2mg GAE/g in (P. pinnata), 9.5±0.3mgCAE/g in (A. lebbeck) and 185.6±0.5 mg/g in (C. fistula) respectively. The major fatty acid composition of the oil were found as oleic acid 58.7±0.7 % in (P. pinnata) and linoleic acid 75.5±0.3% in (M. azedarach) . Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method in the methanol extracts of seed oil and defatted seed cake and found to be maximum79 % at conc. of 0.07 mg/ml in (A. lebbeck) and 87 % at conc. 0.06mg/ml in (A. nilotica) extract respectively. Antioxidant activity in terms of IC50 was maximum 0.045±0.0 mg/ml in (S. Persica) and 0.067±0.0 mg/ml in (A. lebbeck) for the seed oil and defatted seed cake extract respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Phytochemical investigations and biological potential of Moringa oleifera (Lam.)
    (CCSHAU, 2017) Punia, Jyoti; Rajvir Singh
    Plant materials viz, stem, bark, leaves, flowers and pods of Moringa oleifera were collected and extracted with hot methanol and the extractives were divided into two parts. One part was subjected to column chromatography which afforded a total of twenty-two compounds. Four compounds namely, cholest-5-en-3-ol, stigmasterol, gamma-sitosterol and tricosanoic acid were isolated and characterized from stem while three compounds namely, β-sitosterol, xylitol and 2,11-dihydroxy-12-methoxy lactone from bark of M. oleifera. Similarly, 17-tritriacontanone, 1-hentriacontanol, ethyl heptadecanoate, 4-[2’-O-acetyl-α-Lrhamnosyloxy] benzyl isothiocyanate and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olide were isolated from leaves. Flower column afforded five compounds namely, methyl heptanoate, β-sitosterone, 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 24-methylene-9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol and nonacosan-16-one. Five compounds namely, 22-tritetracontanone, 1-octacosanol, methyl tetratriacontanoate, hexadecane and β- sitosterol were isolated from pods of Moringa oleifera. Methanolic extract and fractions were evaluated for total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, total alkaloids content, mineral content, antioxidant activity and antifungal activity. Acetone fraction of various parts of M. oleifera was found to contain highest total phenolics content while ethyl acetate fraction contained maximum amount of total flavonoids. Total alkaloids content was found to be highest in methanol and ethyl acetate fraction.Moringa oleifera possessed highest K content, followed by N, Zn, P, Fe, Cu and Mn content. Acetone fraction was found to be the most active as antioxidant. All the extract/ fractions were found to be more active against R. solani than F. oxysporum. Comparatively, leaves of M. oleifera were found to exhibit maximum activity. Irrespective of all fractions, 2000 μg/ml concentration was highly toxic while 250 μg/ml concentration was found to be least toxic. M. oleifera possessed good nutritional potential and can be used as a nutritional supplement in foods. Its leaves have shown promising antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum.