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Open Access
Residue dynamics and leaching potential of chlorantraniliprole in chilli crop
(CCSHAU, 2017) Suman; Sushil
The main objective of this study was to understand the persistence behaviour of new novel insecticide chlorantraniliprole (coragen 18.5 SC) in chilli fruit and its leaching behaviour in sandy loam soil. Recovery experiments were carried out at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/g fortification level in both chilli and soil samples for which average recoveries were found to be 85.23% and 87.46% in chilli samples and 85.92% and 87.11% in soil samples respectively. For dissipation / persistence study a field experiment was conducted following application of single dose (30 g a.i./ha) and double dose (60 g a.i./ha) on chilli crop. The initial residues of CAP at single and double doses were 3.16 and 4.68 mg/kg. Residues persisted upto 7th and 15th day in single and double doses respectively, after which BDL (0.01 mg/kg) comes. For single dose half-life value was of 1.18 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.58 day -1. For double dose half-life was 2.05 days with degradation rate constant (k) value of 0.33 day-1. Leaching behavior of CAP in soil was studied at single (5.6 μg) and double dose (11.2 μg) respectively, for which soil plexi columns were packed and percolated with 35 ml of tap water after each 24 hours. Total amount of CAP recovered out of 5.6 and 11.2 μg were 82.40% and 81.42% from single and double doses respectively. Maximum retention of pesticide in both doses was in 0-5 cm soil core i.e. 79.82% in single dose and 79.11% in double dose. None of the leachate fractions from both the treatments showed the presence of chlorantraniliprole residue considering it safe for ground water table after field application.
Open Access
Persistence and dissipation of ready premix formulation (Novaluron + Indoxacarb) in/on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its leaching in soil
(CCSHAU, 2017) Anita; Madan, V.K.
A field experiment was conducted to study the persistence behaviour in tomato fruits and soil underneath and effect of processing on the reduction of residues of ready pre-mix formulation (Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC) during 2014-15. A laboratory experiment was perfomed for assessing the leaching potential of ready pre-mix formulation of novaluron and indoxacarb at two doses in soil (sandy loam) and leachate fractions. The field experiment was laid out at Research Farm of Department of Entomology, CCS HAU, Hisar using randomized block design (RBD) on tomato crop (variety HS-86). Single dose (T1) consisted of 825 g ha-1 (equivalent to 43.31 g.a.i.ha-1 novaluron + 37.13 g.a.i.ha-1 indoxacarb) and double dose (T2) consisted of 1650 g ha-1 (equivalent to 86.62 g.a.i.ha-1 novaluron + 74.26 g.a.i.ha-1 indoxacarb) of ready pre-mix formulation. Samples of tomato fruits and soil were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after applications. Residues were estimated by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with capillary column and electron capture detector (ECD). Per cent recoveries at the fortification levels of 0.01, 0.10 and 0.25 mg kg-1 in tomato fruits and at 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg-1 in soil were in the range of 82-94 per cent depicting validity of methods used for present studies. Limit of detection was 0.005 mg kg-1. Dissipation in tomato fruits followed first order kinetics with half life period from 1.40 - 2.48 days at both the doses of novaluron as well as indoxacarb. Various household processing were found to be effective in reducing the residues of ready pre-mix formulation of novaluron and indoxacarb in tomato fruits. Residues decreased substantially during household processing among which peeling was found most effective which resulted 80-89 % reduction. For sandy loam soil under tomato crop, half-life period was found to be in the range of 0.63 to 2.17 days at single and double doses, respectively, for both novaluron as well as indoxacarb following first order kinetics. In leaching experiment carried out under laboratory conditions, 55 - 60% retention of novaluron and 70 - 75% retention of indoxacarb were observed up to 10 cm soil in both the doses, showing their very less mobility in soil. Residues were not detected after 40 cm depth of soil in both the doses. Since, residues of novaluron and indoxacarb were not detected in any of the leachate fractions of soil, hence, these may be safe for soil and ground water contamination.
Open Access
Persistence and leaching behaviour of halosulfuron-methyl in soil
(CCSHAU, 2017) Ritu Devi; Duhan, Anil
A laboratory experiment was conducted in Agrochemicals Residues Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University to study the persistence behaviour and leaching potential of halosulfuron-methyl residues in sandy loam and clay loam soil. Halosulfuron-methyl (Sempra75 WG) at single and double dose, i.e., 67.5 and 135 g a.i./ha, was applied in soil taken in plastic pots to study the persistence behaviour. Soil samples were collected periodically on 0 (1h), 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 30 and 45 days after treatments. In leaching experiment, halosulfuron-methyl was applied at 50 μg (single dose) and 100 μg (double dose) in both soils packed in plexi glass columns. Prior to taking up analysis of test samples recovery experiments using different sample preparation techniques (Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and QuEChERS with slight modification) were optimized for both soils at different fortification levels of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.1 μg/g. Maximum recoveries (85.5 to 94.5%) were obtained by using QuEChERS with PSA and without MgSO4. Residues were estimated by HPLC coupled with Quadrupole Dalton Mass Detector (QDa). Limit of detection and quantification were 0.001 and 0.005 μg/g, respectively for both soils. Dissipation followed a first order rate kinetics with half-life of 9.4 and 10.7 days in sandy loam soil and in case of clay loam, 8.4 and 10.3 days at both the doses, respectively. The residues were below detectable limit after 45 days for both the treatments. Leaching experiments were carried out in laboratory under both continuous and discontinuous flow conditions. The residues of halosulfuron-methyl were retained up to soil depth of 35-40 cm in both soil types at single and double dose under continuous and discontinuous flow. The residues were detected in leachate fractions of both soils and doses under continuous as well as discontinuous flow conditions; hence there might be a risk of sideway and lateral movement of residues.
Open Access
Persistence study of tebuconazole in chilli and soil
(CCSHAU, 2017) Dhanker, Preeti; Sushil
Increasing awareness of the potential impact of persistent crop protection agents has led to the development of ecofriendly new molecules to ensure minimum risk to man and environment. Tebuconazole a representative of the triazole fungicide effective in controlling soil-borne and foliar fungal pathogens, and has been credited with increasing yields above the levels provided by other widely used fungicides. Keeping in view all these observations, persistence study of Tebuconazole was carried out following single application of Folicur 25.9 EC on chilli crop. For this purpose a field experiment was carried out@ single (125 g a.i. ha−1) and double dose (250 g a.i. ha−1) with Knap sap sprayer in plots of size 3 × 3 m size along with a control plot where no pesticide was applied in a randomized design (RBD).Samples of chilli fruit were processed using liquid- liquid partitioning method and residues were analysed on GC- MS, with retention time at 17.9 and major ions 153, 125, 70. The average Initial deposits of Tebuconazole were found to be 0.21 and 0.44 mg kg-1, at single and double dose, on 0 day (1 hr after spray), respectively. Tebuconazole residues reached below detectable limit (BDL) of 0.01 mg kg−1 after 5 and 7 days, respectively, at single and double the application dosages. Soil samples collected after harvest were found to be BDL. Effect of washing on Tebuconazole residues reduction with tap water and 5% NaCl solution were also studied and washing with 5% NaCl solution was found to be more effective as it causes the reduction upto 70% at both the doses.
Open Access
Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa L.)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Rajita; Sushila Singh
The present study was undertaken for phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) variety Punjab safed and Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) variety White 4 roots grown at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Chemical parameters viz. crude fibre, crude protein, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), total sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars were analysed in radish and turnip roots. Crude fibre content was higher in radish (13.61%) than turnip (10.34%), crude protein content was higher in turnip (13.39%) than radish (11.51%), Fe content was higher in radish (54.20 ppm) than turnip (39.26 ppm), Cu content was higher in radish (8.82 ppm) than turnip (5.83 ppm), Zn content was higher in radish (19.30 ppm) than turnip (12.44 ppm) and Mn content was higher in radish (107.10 ppm) than turnip (93.60 ppm). Total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars content were higher in turnip 169.11, 159.70 and 9.41(mg/g) than radish 92.95, 90.07 and 2.88 (mg/g), respectively. Phytochemical parameters viz. total phenolics and total flavonoids in radish and turnip were extracted with three solvents namely acetone, ethanol and aqueous. Total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) in turnip was highest in aqueous extract (4.56) followed by ethanol (3.75) and acetone (1.99) extracts. In radish also, total phenolics content (mg GAE/g) was highest in aqueous extract (3.93) followed by ethanol (3.70) and acetone (0.61). Flavonoids content (mg CE/g) in turnip was highest in aqueous extract (2.07) followed by ethanol (0.79) and acetone (0.59). In radish also, flavonoids content (mg CE/g) was highest in aqueous extract (1.06) followed by ethanol (0.48) and acetone (0.25). DPPH free radical scavenging activity (%) increased with increase of concentration levels. In radish, it ranged from 1.01 to 76.25 (IC50 0.73 mg/mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-2.5 mg/mL, 6.53 to 76.51 (IC50 14.67 mg/mL) in ethanol extract and 5.73 to 76.20 (IC50 21.42 mg/mL) in acetone extract at concentration levels 1.0-50 mg/mL, respectively. In turnip, it ranged from 1.31 to 75.32 (IC50 1.26 mg/mL) in aqueous extract at concentration levels 0.1-5.0 mg/mL, 17.42 to 80.59 (IC50 11.30 mg/mL) in ethanol extract and 12.33 to 80.43 (IC50 12.08 mg/mL) in acetone extract at concentration levels 1.0-50 mg/mL, respectively. Among acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts, aqueous extracts contained higher amounts of total phenolic and flavonoids and also exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Hence, aqueous extracts of radish and turnip roots are better source of antioxidants in comparison to acetone and ethanol extracts.
Open Access
Phytoconstituents and antimicrobial studies on aerial parts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Harsingar)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Sumona Kumari; Rajvir Singh
Plant materials viz. leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and bark were collected from CCS HAU, Hisar. These were extracted with methanol. Extractives were divided into three parts: first part used for phytochemical analysis, second part for column chromatography and third part for determination of antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical analysis of leaves, fruit and seed of N. arbor-tristis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterol, phenolics, tannins, glycosides and saponins. Column chromatography over silica gel (60-120 mesh) afforded twenty six compounds. Seven compounds namely, 21α-hydroxyfriedel-4-(23)-en-3-one, β-sitosterol, 1-triacontanol, friedel-1-ene-3-one, pelargonic acid, lignoceric acid and 1,4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated and characterized from stem. Another seven compounds namely, methyl tetracosanoate, octacosane, tetrapentacontane, 3β- hydroxy olea-12-ene-28-oic acid, β-sitosterol, stigmastan-3-en-6-ol and bis (cis-13-docosenamido) methane were isolated and characterized from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers. Similarly two compounds were isolated from bark and five compounds were isolated from leaves and seeds of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Methanolic extract and five fractions (hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, chloroform and acetone) of leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were tested for antimicrobial activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Mycogone perniciosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, Pseudovorax sp. and Dickeya zeae at 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 μg/ml concentrations. Poisoned food technique for antifungal activity and inhibition zone method was employed for antibacterial activity. Irrespective of concentrations, benzene fraction of leaves was found highly active against Rhizoctonia solani with 89.58 % inhibition at 2000 μg/ml concentration and 225 μg/ml EC50 value. Methanol extract exhibited highest antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and Pseudovorax sp. with 12.00 and 4.00 mm of zone of inhibition at 2000 μg/ml concentration. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was found most sensitive to extract and fractions of N. arbor-tristis. Leaves and seeds fractions of N. arbor-tristis exhibited maximum growth inhibition against the tested phytopathogens.
Open Access
Studies on the chemical composition of the seeds of some forest trees
(CCSHAU, 2017) Mukhan Wati; Khabiruddin, M.
The present study was undertaken for proximate composition of seeds, chemical characteristics of seed oils, antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of defatted seed cake of six plants from two locations (Palwal & Hisar). Moisture, ash content, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, energy value and minerals, analysed in the seeds, were found to be maximum 12.7±0.3% in (P. pinnata), 7.3±0.1% in (M. azedarach), 11.3±0.1% in (A. nilotica), 28.9±0.4%in (A. lebbeck), 57.4±0.8%in (C. fistula) and 2171.1±2.8kJ/100g in (M. azedarach) respectively and Ca & K content was found to be maximum 729.7±1.5mg/100g and 830.6±3.7mg/100g in C. fistula, Na content was maximum 224.0±1.0mg/100g in S. persica and P content was maximum 390.0±2.7mg/100g in A. lebbeck. Yield of oil content was maximum 42.5±0.4%in S. persica respectively. Peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and free fatty acids in the seed oil, were found to be maximum 2.2±0.1meq/kg in M. azedarach, 144.7±0.3g of I2/100 g oil, 219.4±0.7 mg/g KOH and 7.2±0.1% in A. nilotica and 2.7±0.1 as % oleic acid in M. azedarach. Total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and total tocopherol in the oil were found to be maximum 87.2±0.2mg GAE/g and11.9±0.4mgCAE/g in (A. nilotica), 294.3±0.3 mg/kg and 69.7±0.2 mg/g in (A. lebbeck) respectively. Total phenols, flavonoids and total tocopherol in the defatted seed cake were found to maximum 51.2±0.2mg GAE/g in (P. pinnata), 9.5±0.3mgCAE/g in (A. lebbeck) and 185.6±0.5 mg/g in (C. fistula) respectively. The major fatty acid composition of the oil were found as oleic acid 58.7±0.7 % in (P. pinnata) and linoleic acid 75.5±0.3% in (M. azedarach) . Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging method in the methanol extracts of seed oil and defatted seed cake and found to be maximum79 % at conc. of 0.07 mg/ml in (A. lebbeck) and 87 % at conc. 0.06mg/ml in (A. nilotica) extract respectively. Antioxidant activity in terms of IC50 was maximum 0.045±0.0 mg/ml in (S. Persica) and 0.067±0.0 mg/ml in (A. lebbeck) for the seed oil and defatted seed cake extract respectively.
Open Access
Phytochemical investigations and biological potential of Moringa oleifera (Lam.)
(CCSHAU, 2017) Punia, Jyoti; Rajvir Singh
Plant materials viz, stem, bark, leaves, flowers and pods of Moringa oleifera were collected and extracted with hot methanol and the extractives were divided into two parts. One part was subjected to column chromatography which afforded a total of twenty-two compounds. Four compounds namely, cholest-5-en-3-ol, stigmasterol, gamma-sitosterol and tricosanoic acid were isolated and characterized from stem while three compounds namely, β-sitosterol, xylitol and 2,11-dihydroxy-12-methoxy lactone from bark of M. oleifera. Similarly, 17-tritriacontanone, 1-hentriacontanol, ethyl heptadecanoate, 4-[2’-O-acetyl-α-Lrhamnosyloxy] benzyl isothiocyanate and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olide were isolated from leaves. Flower column afforded five compounds namely, methyl heptanoate, β-sitosterone, 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 24-methylene-9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol and nonacosan-16-one. Five compounds namely, 22-tritetracontanone, 1-octacosanol, methyl tetratriacontanoate, hexadecane and β- sitosterol were isolated from pods of Moringa oleifera. Methanolic extract and fractions were evaluated for total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, total alkaloids content, mineral content, antioxidant activity and antifungal activity. Acetone fraction of various parts of M. oleifera was found to contain highest total phenolics content while ethyl acetate fraction contained maximum amount of total flavonoids. Total alkaloids content was found to be highest in methanol and ethyl acetate fraction.Moringa oleifera possessed highest K content, followed by N, Zn, P, Fe, Cu and Mn content. Acetone fraction was found to be the most active as antioxidant. All the extract/ fractions were found to be more active against R. solani than F. oxysporum. Comparatively, leaves of M. oleifera were found to exhibit maximum activity. Irrespective of all fractions, 2000 μg/ml concentration was highly toxic while 250 μg/ml concentration was found to be least toxic. M. oleifera possessed good nutritional potential and can be used as a nutritional supplement in foods. Its leaves have shown promising antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum.
Open Access
Synthesis and potential biodynamic behaviour of heterocyclic compounds
(CCSHAU, 2012) Yogesh Kumar Singh; Sudhir Kumar
Pyrazoles, indoles, oxazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles and triazoles as heterocyclic compounds with multifarious biological and pharmacological activities through innumerable derivatives deserve further exploration for their use as antimicrobial agent. Therefore, synthesis, characterization and biodynamic behaviour of the new above mentioned heterocyclic compounds have been accomplished. Two series of chalcones were prepared using 2-acetylthiophene and 5-chloro-2-acetylthiophene with substituted benzaldehydes/thiophene-2-carbaldehyde/furan-2-carbaldehyde. These chalcones were further cyclized by sodium acetate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride to 5-(substituted phenyl/thiophen-2-yl/furan-2-yl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl/furan-2-yl)-1,2-oxazoles and 3-(5-chloro thiophen-2-yl)-5-(substituted phenyl/thiophen-2-yl/furan-2-yl)-1,2-oxazoles. The condensation of 2-hydrazinyl-N-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)acetamide with two series of chalcones gave the corresponding pyrazoles viz., 2-[5-(substitutedphenyl/thiophen-2-yl/furan-2-yl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)acetamide and 2-[3-(5-chloro thiophen-2-yl)-5-(substitutedphenyl/thiophen-2-yl/furan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(4-phenyl thiazol-2-yl)acetamide. The condensation of 5-(1H-indol-2-yl)-N 3 -phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diamine with substituted benzaldehydes resulted in 5-(1H-indol-2-yl)-[4-(substitutedbenzylidene)amino]-N-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine. Four Mannich bases of benzimidazole were prepared by reaction with paminobenzoic acid and 4-substituted benzaldehydes. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1 HNMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds have been evaluated for anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Eischerchia coli and Xanthomonas axonopodis by food poisoned technique. The structure activity relation (SAR) in the above evaluation studies was also investigated. Some of the compounds exhibited specificity/non-specificity against the tested micro organisms and deserve further investigation for their possible use in plant and animal disease control.

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