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ThesisItem Open Access Chemical parameter of plantago ovata forsk and asparagus racemosus willd seeds(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2003) Bhawna; Khabiruddin, MThesisItem Open Access Chemical investigations of capparis decidua edgew fruits(CCSHAU, 2005) Anil Kumar; Dhindsa, Kuldip SinghCapparis decidua is one of the twenty six species of the genus Capparis. It is found under dry conditions. The genus is known for a large number of physiologically active constituents and edible quality of the fruit. The present work was aimed at isolating and identifying the various chemical components present in the fruit of Capparis decidua because the fruit of this plant has not been studied so far. In order to achieve the objective, the fruits of Capparis decidua were procured from village Dhamana, district Hisar. The fruits were crushed and the powered material was refluxed in methanol on a water bath. The methanol extract was concentrated at atmospheric pressure when a dark yellow viscous liquid was obtained. It was mixed with silica gel and subjected to column chromatography to isolate the compounds. Two new compounds namely 14-Hydroxytetradec-12-enylbutanoate and stigmastan-4-one were isolated. The isolated compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data.ThesisItem Open Access Stability constants of mixed ligand complexes of some bivalent transition metal ions under laboratory and soils conditions(CCSHAU, 2005) Jain, Sweety; Nepal, J.K.The stability constants of binary and ternary complexes of Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with N-(2-hydroxyethyl) imino diacetic acid, iminodiacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, thioglycolic acid were determined potentiometrically at ionic strengths ( = 0.1 and 0.2 M KNO3) and temperature 298±0.5K. The protonation constants of the ligands were determined using Calvin-Bijerrum pH. titration technique as modified by Irving and Rossotti at ionic strengths ( = 0.1 and 0.2 M KNO3) and temperature (298±0.5 K). The following computational techniques were used. i) Interpolation of half values ii) Pointwise calculation method iii) Correction term method The calculation of stability constants for binary (1:1) systems and ternary (1:1:1) systems were carried out by Ramamoorthy and Santapa method. The stability constants for binary systems Mn(II) / Fe(II) / Co(II) / Ni(II) / Cu(II) / Zn (II) – HIMDA / IMDA / NTA / Lactic Acid / Glycolic acid / Thioglycolic acid were evaluated to characterize the stability Introduction of ternary complexes. The stability constants in these systems were found to follow the general trend. Mn(II) < Fe(II) > Co(II) < Ni (II) < Cu (II) > Zn (II). Lactic acid complexes were found to be more stable than other complexes with these metal ions. The stability constants of ternary systems [M(II) – HIMDA / IMDA / NTA – Lactic acid / Glycolic acid / Thioglycolic acid] in terms of metal ions follow the general trend Mn(II) < Fe(II) > Co(II) < Ni(II) < Cu(II) > Zn(II). The ternary complexes with lactic acid as secondary ligand are more stable as compared to others. The stability constants in all systems generally decrease with increase in ionic strength. The variation in stability due to ligand – ligand interaction was interpreted by the expression. log KM, which quantities the stability of ternary complexes relative to binary parent complex. In present investigation the variation in hetero-ligand interaction follow the trend as given below : At = 0.1 M KNO3, temperature (298±0.5 K) Mn(II) – IMDA-Lactic acid > HIMDA-Lactic acid > NTA – Lactic acid. Fe(II) – IMDA-Lactic acid > HIMDA-Lactic acid > NTA – Lactic acid. Co(II) – HIMDA -Lactic acid > IMDA -Lactic acid > NTA – Lactic acid. Ni(II) – IMDA-Lactic acid > HIMDA-Lactic acid > NTA – Lactic acid. Cu(II) – IMDA-Lactic acid > HIMDA-Lactic acid > NTA – Lactic acid. Zn(II) – IMDA-Lactic acid > HIMDA-Lactic acid > NTA – Lactic acid. Activity trend of complexes against C. falcatum and F. oxysporum : In case of F. oxysporum the decreasing order of anti-fungal activity of complexes of system at = 0.1 M KNO3 (298±0.5K) is as follows : Zn(II)-NTA-Thioglycolic acid > Zn(II)- NTA-Glycolic acid > Zn (II)-NTA > Zn(II) And in case of C. falcatum the decreasing order of antifungal activity (MIC) is : Zn(II)-NTA-Glycolic acid > Zn(II)-NTA-Thioglycolic acid / Zn(II)-NTA > Zn(II). Effect of chalating agent on DTPA extractable metals : Extractability of metals increases with the addition of NTA. But when lactic acid was added with NTA extractability of Zn, Co, Cu decreased while Ni, Mn increased but of Zn remained same.ThesisItem Open Access Support catalyst and microwave Irradiation in Eco-friendly organic synthesis(CCSHAU, 2005) Yadav, Lalita; Sudhir KumarThe present study reports an eco-friendly organic synthesis for the preparation of organic compound using support catalyst and microwave irradiation. This method has been found to be cheaper, cleaner, faster, and gave higher yields of the products. Substituted arylidene benzoyl hydrazine were prepared by using 74 benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 4-N,N-dimethoxybenzaldehyde with benzoyl hydrazine and arylidene 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazines were prepared by using aldehydes with 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazine by microwave irradiation and adsorbed on alumina. The product obtained have yield 90-95 % which is better than conventional method. Oximes of carbonyl compounds has been prepared by the microwave assisted reaction of ketones and hydroxylamine hydrochloride adsorbed on silica supported Na2Co3 in 4-6 minutes with 91-94 % yield. Alumna supported KMnO4 has been found as a very efficient and clean reagent for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. 2,6-diformyl-4-methyl/chlorophenol was prepared by the oxidation of 2,6-dimethylol-4-methyl/chlorophenol using KMnO4 doped alumina. Bridgehead nitrogen heterocycles namely 2 - p h e n yl / ( 4 - c h l o r o p h e n yl ) t h i a z o l o [ 3 , 2 - b ] - s - t r i a z o l - 5 - ( 6 H ) - o n e , 2-phenyl-5,6-dihydrothiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazole and 2-phenyl-5,6,7-trihydrothiazino[3,2-b]-s-triazole were prepared by the microwave irradiation of 3-phenyl/(4-chlorophenyl)-s-triazolyl-5-thione and chloroacetic acid, 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,3-dibromopropane, respectively. The reactants were adsorbed on acidic alumina/silica. Cyclohexanone has been condensed with various substituent aromatic aldehydes in presence of acidic alumina and microwave irradiation to afford α,α`-diarylidene cyclohexanone in 90-96% yields. The structures of all compounds have been proposed on the basis of their comparison with the known structures.ThesisItem Open Access Support catalyst and microwave irradiation in eco-friendly organic synthesis(CCSHAU, 2005) Yadav, Lalita; Sudhir KumarThe present study reports an eco-friendly organic synthesis for the preparation of organic compound using support catalyst and microwave irradiation. This method has been found to be cheaper, cleaner, faster, and gave higher yields of the products. Substituted arylidene benzoyl hydrazine were prepared by using benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4- 64 methoxybenzaldehyde, and 4-N,N-dimethoxybenzaldehyde with benzoyl hydrazine and arylidene 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazines were prepared by using aldehydes with 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazine by microwave irradiation and adsorbed on alumina. The product obtained have yield 90-95 % which is better than conventional method. Oximes of carbonyl compounds has been prepared by the microwave assisted reaction of ketones and hydroxylamine hydrochloride adsorbed on silica supported Na2Co3 in 4-6 minutes with 91-94 % yield. Alumna supported KMnO4 has been found as a very efficient and clean reagent for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. 2,6-diformyl-4- methyl/chlorophenol was prepared by the oxidation of 2,6-dimethylol-4- methyl/chlorophenol using KMnO4 doped alumina. Bridgehead nitrogen heterocycles namely 2-phenyl/(4-chlorophenyl)thiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazol-5-(6H)- one, 2-phenyl-5,6-dihydrothiazolo[3,2-b]-s-triazole and 2-phenyl-5,6,7- trihydrothiazino[3,2-b]-s-triazole were prepared by the microwave irradiation of 3- phenyl/(4-chlorophenyl)-s-triazolyl-5-thione and chloroacetic acid, 1,2- dichloroethane and 1,3-dibromopropane, respectively. The reactants were adsorbed on acidic alumina/silica. Cyclohexanone has been condensed with various substituent aromatic aldehydes in presence of acidic alumina and microwave irradiation to afford α,α`-diarylidene cyclohexanone in 90-96% yields. The structures of all compounds have been proposed on the basis of their comparison with the known structures.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical study and antimicrobial activity of Bhangra (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.)(CCSHAU, 2005) Chawla, Rajesh Kumar; Rajvir SinghEclipta alba is a common weed of rice field, belonging to family compositae, mostly inhabiting tropical and sub tropical region of the world ascending upto 6000 ft on the hills. The plant is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-hypertensive and anti-ulcer properties. Plant of E. alba collected from different places, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar were extracted with hot methanol. Column chromatography of the extractive over silica gel afforded five compounds. Three of these, were, 1-Hentricontanol, β-sitosterol and wedelalactone, already reported. Other compound isolated from E. alba were 17-tritriacontanon and Hirtin. Hirtin and 17- tritriacontanone are being reported for the first time from E. alba. Isolated compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectral data and other properties of the compounds and their derivatives. The identities of some of the compounds were confirmed by direct comparisons with the authentic samples.ThesisItem Open Access Quality of lemongrass (cymbopogon flexuosus) oils under different storage conditions and their nematicidal activity(CCSHAU, 2006) Yogesh Kumar Singh; Madan, V. K.Laboratory studies were conducted for qualitative and quantitative estimation of essential oils of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) genotypes/varieties, effect of various storage methods on quality of essential oil of variety CKP–25 and nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of essential oils of six genotypes/varieties of lemongrass against nematodes Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. The essential oils were analysed by GLC techniques employing Flame Ionization Detector (FID) equipped with Capillary Column Thermo TR–Wax (Polyethylene glycol). For storage studies the essential oil was kept for six months in glass, metal and plastic vials, replicated thrice under closed as well as open conditions. The quality of oils kept in different vials was estimated just before storage and subsequently after 2, 4 and 6 months of storage. The retention times for citral–a (geranial), citral–b (neral), geraniol and citronellal were 16.42, 15.53, 17.84 and 12.35 minutes, respectively. The oil content on Fresh Weight Basis (FWB) was in the range from 0.24 to 0.74%. The range of percent composition of various major and minor constituents were as follows: citral–a (47.1–52.4%), citral–b (30.3–37.5%), total citral (82.7–84.8%), geraniol (2.5–2.8%) and citronellal (0.8–1.1%). Citral–a (geranial), citral– b (neral), total citral, geraniol and citronellal contents in the essential oils decreased during storage period. The decrease in citral–a (geranial), citral–b (neral), total citral, geraniol and citronellal contents during storage was minimum in glass vials followed by plastic vials and metal (aluminium) vials. Between closed and open vials, the decrease in citral–a, citral–b, total citral, geraniol and citronellal contents was less in closed vials in comparison to open vials. The probable reason for degradation may be due to oxidation of citral–a, citral–b, geraniol and citronellal into their derivatives resulting in less concentration of these constituents in the essential oil. The nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of essential oils of lemongrass was highest against the nematodes M. incognita followed by M. javanica and Rotylenchulus reniformis. The probable reason for nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of lemongrass essential oils may be due to the presence of aldehydic group in major constituents (citral–a, citral–b) & minor constituents (citronellal) and alcoholic group (geraniol) in minor constituents. Keeping in view the storage studies under laboratory conditions, it can be inferred that essential oils of lemongrass can be kept in closed glass vials for less degradation in quality of essential oil and also these essential oils are effective in controlling the nematodes under laboratory conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence and degradation behaviour of propiconazole in soil and water systems(CCSHAU, 2006) Chauhan, Reena; Beena KumariLaboratory studies were carried out in clay loam soil and canal water treated with propiconazole, a triazole fungicide, to investigate the persistence and degradation behavior of propiconazole residues. During these studies, propiconazole 25 EC was applied @ 125 and 250 g a.i./ha in clay loam soil taken in the plastic pots under non-flooded and flooded conditions. Water was treated with propiconazole@ 0.0625 and 0.125μgml-1. Each treatment of soil and water was replicated thrice. The representative samples of soil and water were taken after 0 (1h), 3, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after treatments and processed for propiconazole residue analysis. The residues were estimated by GLC technique employing ECD equipped with SPB-5 (95%dimethyl /5%diphenyl polysiloxane) capillary column. Retention time of propiconazole was observed to 16.618 min and 16.742min.The dissipation was faster in non-flooded soil (half-life period; 51.90 and 53.26 days) as compared to flooded condition (half-life period, 55.85 and 57.69 days).The dissipation in water was faster as compared to soil. Half-life values at single and double doses in water were 35.78 and 38.22 days, respectively. The lower dose showed slightly faster dissipation as compared to higher dose irrespective of the soil and water systems. In soil as well as water, dissipation followed the first order kinetics. Keeping in view the dissipation pattern under laboratory conditions it can be inferred that although complete degradation of propiconazole was neither in soil nor in water yet keeping in view the low residues levels in 90 day studies, it can be applied in crop at field conditions.