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Open Access
Understanding rice-wheat system performance under pressurized irrigation and conservation agriculture practices
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-05-31) Jatana, Mansukh Singh; Parveen Kumar
Intensive tillage and open-field residue burning are tremendously propagated in conventional rice–wheat system (RWS) in recent past without much considering the economic profitability, soil health and environmental protection. This study aims at identifying a set of affordable crop management practices to suitably enhance the crop production and farm profitability in RWS with optimal resource use (tillage and residue management) and lower water footprints (higher water use efficacy) in ecologically sustainable manner. The present field experiment “Understanding rice-wheat system performance under pressurized irrigation and conservation agriculture practices” was carried out at the Research Farm of ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal for two years (2019-20 and 2020-21) in rice-wheat rotation involving different tillage [puddled-transplanted rice (PTR), direct-seeded rice (DSR) in rice; conventional (CTW) and zero-till wheat (ZTW) in wheat], irrigation [surface (SIS), drip (DRIP) and sprinkler (MSIS)] and residue management [with (+RM) and without residue mulching (–RM)] options. A total of 4 treatments in rice and 7 treatments in wheat were laid out in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that better soil moisture availability throughout the crop growing season in PTR led to improved morphological and physiological traits, ultimately culminating in enhanced yield components [filled grains panicle-1 (17%) and 1000-grain weight (8%)], yield (11%) and quality parameters in comparison to DSR. Notably, the yield penalty (10%) realized under DSR was subsequently compensated by better crop performance (14%) of ZTW. Positive changes in hydro-thermal regimes and better utilization of growth resources in pressurized irrigated residue mulched ZTW (DRIP/MSIS-ZTW+RM) ascertained improved leaf water status (RWC; 5% and 8%), water potential (12% and 7%), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm; 6% and 10%), transpiration rate (E; 14% and 12%), photosynthetic rate (Pn: 7% and 13%), stomatal conductance (gS: 4% and 10%) at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively resulting in enhanced crop growth and improved yield parameters; thereby attaining 17% higher wheat yields, 53% higher IWUE and 26% higher TWP with better grain quality [(protein; 1.6%) and grain hardiness (2.6%)], in comparison to CTW. Compared to conventional PTR/CTW system (11.61 t ha-1, 653 kg ha-cm-1, 2.81 kg m-3, respectively), adequate soil moisture availability and improved micro-climatic conditions in DRIP-DSR/ZTW+RM led to transformative alterations in morphological and physiological parameters of crop growth resulting in 11.86 t ha-1 grain yields, 1904 kg ha-cm-1 IWUE, and 3.62 kg m-3 TWP in system perspective. Switching from conventional RWS to drip-irrigated DSR/ZTW system receiving rice residue mulching in wheat (DRIP-DSR/ZTW+RM) could be a potential alternative in realizing the reduced tillage operations, rational crop water use and tackling residue burning problem while sustainably conserving the natural resources, improving soil health and rice-wheat performance in western IGPs and similar ecologies elsewhere.
Open Access
Effect of different establishment and moisture conservation practices on wheat under limited irrigated conditions
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Nasir Ahmad Qazizadah; Bhagat Singh
A field experiment entitled “Effect of different establishment and moisture conservation practices on wheat under limited irrigated conditions” was carried out at research farm of Wheat and Barley Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during the rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment consisted of twenty four treatment combinations comprising, three establishment methods i.e., conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT) and bed planting (BP) and two irrigation levels i.e., I1-one irrigation applied at CRI stage (I1) and I2-two irrigations applied at CRI and booting stages as main plot treatments and four moisture conservation practices i.e., M0-no mulch, M1-mulch (pearl millet straw @ 4 tonnes ha-1), M2- antitranspirant (kaolin @ 6 % w/v) and M3- mulch (pearl millet straw @ 4 tonnes ha-1) + antitranspirant (kaolin @ 6 % w/v) as sub-plots treatment, were tested in split-split plot design with three replications. The maximum plant height was recorded under BP at 60, 90, 120 DAS and at harvest, which was significantly higher than CT and ZT during both the years. Whereas, significantly higher dry matter accumulation (g m-2) and number of tillers m-2 were recorded in CT as compared to ZT and BP during both the years of study. Plant height, number of tiller m-2 and dry matter accumulation were not influenced significantly by different irrigation levels upto 90 DAS. However, at 120 DAS and harvesting stage plant height, number of tillers and dry matter accumulation were recorded significantly higher when two irrigations were applied to the crop at CRI and booting stage (I2) as compared to one irrigation applied at CRI stage (I1) during both the years of study. Among moisture conservation practices, plant height, number of tillers and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher in the treatment M3 as compared to M0 being at par with M1 and M2 during both the years of study. Crop phenology i.e., days taken to the emergence, booting, heading and to attain the physiological maturity stages did not influence by different crop establishment methods during both the years of study. Among the irrigation levels, crop took significantly more number of days to attain booting, heading and physiological maturity stages when two irrigations were applied to the crop as compared to one irrigation (I1) during both the years of study. Among the moisture conservation treatments, treatments M3 and M1 took significantly more days to attain all the phenology stages as compared to M2 and M0 during both the years of study. Yield attributes, i.e., spike length, spikelet’s spike-1 (cm), number of grains spike-1 and test weight (g) and grain yield were significantly higher under BP method of sowing as compared to CT and ZT during both the years of study. Application of two irrigation (I2) produced significantly more spike length, spikelet’s spike-1, number of grains spike-1, test weight and number of effective tillers m-2 as compared to one irrigation (I1) during both the years of study. Among moisture conservation practices, treatment M3 recorded significantly higher spike length, spikelet’s spike-1, number of grain spike-1, test weight and number of effective tillers m-2 over M0 being statistically at par with M1 and M2 during both the years of study. Whereas, number of effective tillers m-2, biological and straw yield were recorded significantly higher under CT as compared to ZT and BP during both the years. Among irrigation levels, significant higher biological, grain and straw yields were recorded under I2 treatment as compared to I1 during both the years of study. Among moisture conservation treatments, significantly higher biological, grain and straw yields were recorded under the treatment M3 over M0 being statistically at par with M1 and M2 during both the years of study. However, harvest index and attraction index (%) of wheat did not differ significantly among different crop establishment treatments, irrigation levels and moisture conservation treatments. Growth indices i.e., crop growth rate (g/m2/day), relative growth rate (g/g/day), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (Days) were significant higher under BP method of sowing as compared to CT and BP during both the years of study. Maximum CGR, RGR, LAI and LAD were recorded when two irrigations were applied to the crop, which was significantly higher over one irrigation during both the years of study. At 61-90, at 91-120 and 121 DAS to harvesting stage, treatment M3 recorded significantly higher CGR, RGR and LAI over all other treatments i.e., M0, M2 and M1. At anthesis and 15 days after anthesis, significantly lower canopy temperature was recorded in bed planting over ZT but statistically at par with CT. At anthesis and at 15 days after anthesis, significantly higher canopy temperature was recorded in I1 over I2. Among moisture conservation practices, significantly higher canopy temperature was noticed in M0 over M2, M1 and M3 at anthesis and at 15 days after anthesis. At anthesis stage, significantly higher WUE, RWC, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll (a+b) were recorded in BP method of sowing as compared to CT and ZT. At anthesis stage, significantly higher RWC, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll (a+b) was recorded under treatment I2 as compared to I1. Among moisture conservation practices, significantly higher RWC, chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll (a+b) were recorded in treatment M3 over M0, M2 and M1 during both the years. Among the crop establishment, maximum consumptive use of water was recorded in CT followed by ZT and the minimum was recorded in BP. Among irrigation schedules, the maximum consumptive use of water was recorded in I2 and minimum was noticed in I1 treatment. Among the moisture conservation practices, the maximum consumptive use of water was recorded in M0 treatment followed by M2 and M1 and the lowest consumptive use of water was recorded in M3. Maximum WUE was recorded in the I1 treatment whereas, minimum WUE was noticed in the I2 treatment. Among moisture conservation practices, the maximum water use efficiency was recorded in the treatment M3 followed by M1 and M2 and the minimum was recorded in M0 during both the years. Maximum cost of cultivation was recorded in CT followed by BP and ZT during both the years. However, maximum gross returns were recorded in BP followed by CT and ZT during both the years. Maximum cost of cultivation and gross returns were recorded in I2 treatment followed by I1 treatment. Among moisture conservation practices, maximum cost of cultivation and gross returns was recorded in treatment M3 followed by M1, M2 and M0 during both the years. Among the crop establishment methods, wheat sowing by zero tillage brought out the maximum net returns (₹28056 and ₹15879 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.34 and 1.18) as compared to CT and BP during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Maximum net returns (₹28340 and ₹17410 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.32 and 1.18) were recorded in the treatment I2 (two irrigation) and minimum net returns were recorded by I1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively. Among the moisture conservation practices, maximum net returns (₹31465 and ₹19515 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.38 and 1.22) were recorded in M2 treatment followed by M0, M3 and M1 during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively.
Open Access
Performance of different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under integrated nutrient management system
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Diwedi, Aniket; Thakral, S. K
A field experiment was carried out during winter 2017-18 and 2018-19 at RRS, Kaul, Haryana. The experiment comprising of 4 level of varieties in main plots (WH 1080, WH 1025, WH 1142 and WH 711) and 5 levels of nutrient combination in subplots (Control, 100% RDF, 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM, 50% RDF + 50% RDF through vermicompost and 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through vermicompost + biofertilizers (seed treatment) was carried out in split plot design with three replications. The soil of the experimental plot was clay loam in texture and slightly alkaline in reaction with pH 7.9 and EC of 0.27 dS/m. The soil was low in available nitrogen (107.8 kg/ha), high in available phosphorus (25.4 kg/ha), high in available potassium (313.2 kg/ha), copper (1.37 mg/kg), iron (13.45 mg/kg), manganese (2.85 mg/kg) and zinc (1.76 mg/kg) before sowing. The objective of experiment was effect of varieties and nutrient sources on growth attributes, yields and yield attributes, quality, nutrient content by wheat, nutrient uptake by wheat, available OC, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil at harvest, nitrogen removal ratio, nitrogen use efficiency and most profitable nutrient sources and varieties. Significantly higher mean plant population, plant height, LAI, LAD, dry matter accumulation and shoot length were recorded in variety WH 1142 and 100% RDF, respectively. Days taken to 50% heading and 50% anthesis was shorter in variety WH 1025 and in control treatment among nutrient sources. Yield attributes viz. mean number of effective tillers/m2, spike length (cm), number of grains/spike, grains weight/spike (g) and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in wheat variety WH 1142 and in nutrient sources with 100% RDF. Mean protein and starch content in grain is significantly influenced by application of 100% RDF. WH 1142 gives significantly higher mean grain yield of 4866 kg/ha and 4877 kg/ha, respectively during 2017-18 and 2018-19 over other varieties (WH 1080, WH 1025 and WH 711). Significantly higher mean grain (4736 and 4758 kg/ha) and straw yield (7652 and 7719 kg/ha) were recorded in 100% RDF during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively over other nutrient sources. Application of 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through vermicompost + biofertilizers (seed treatment) resulted in significantly higher grain and straw yield over other integrated approach. Among interaction effect significantly higher grain and straw yield were recorded in WH 1142 × 100% RDF during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Mean N, P and K content and uptake by grain and straw was significantly higher in variety WH 1142, which is followed by variety WH 711, WH 1080 and WH 1025 during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Available mean N, P and K content in soil at harvest were incresaed in plot receiving 100% RDF as compared to initial status. However significant increase in available mean organic carbon and DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in soil at harvest recorded in treatment receiving 50% RDF + 50% RDF through FYM + 50% RDF through vermicompost + biofertilizers (seed treatment) over initial status of soil. Use efficiency (AE, PE and RE) of nitrogen was significantly higher in 100% RDF, due to higher uptake by crop and higher yields. Highest mean net return (53282 and 56828 Rs./ha) were incurred with variety WH 1142 and among nutrient sources with 100% RDF (51227 and 54019 Rs./ha) during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The higher BCR of wheat was recorded in variety WH 1142 (1.60 and 1.64) over all other varieties and among nutrient sources in 100% RDF (1.59 and 1.61) during 2017-18 and 2018-19.
Open Access
Agronomic management for maximising the productivity of late sown wheat
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-07) Malik, Sintu; Pawan Kumar
A field experiment entitled “Agronomic management for maximising the productivity of late sown wheat” was conducted during Rabi season (2018-19 and 2019-20) at research farm, Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment consisted of six varieties in main plots i.e. WH 1124, WH 1105, HD 3059, HD 2967, WH 1021 and HD 3086, six seeding treatments in sub plots (T1- recommended seed rate (100 kg ha-1), T2- 25% higher seed rate (dry) than recommended with 18 cm row spacing, T3- 25% higher seed rate (dry) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm), T4- 25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm), T5- 25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended, T6- 25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended + 2.5% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at anthesis). The 36 treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with three replications. Based on research investigation, it was found that that HD 3086 and WH 1124 were best varieties for late sowing with T6 (25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended + 2.5% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray at anthesis) seeding treatment being significantly at par with T5 (25% higher seed rate (soaked) than recommended + reduced row spacing (15cm) + 25% higher NPK than recommended). Among the varieties, WH 1124 recorded maximum plant height whereas, other growth parameters, NPK content and uptake were recorded maximum with HD 3086 variety and lowest with WH 1021.The straw yield and biological yield (69.7 and 117.3 q ha-1) was observed highest during 2018-19 compared to 2019-20 where it was recorded maximum with HD 3086 (68.5 and 118.4 q ha-1). Highest net returns were obtained under variety HD 3086 (₹. 50047 and 53293) with B:C of 1.86 and 1.89, respectively, which was statistically at par WH 1124. In case of seeding treatments, T6 recorded highest yield and yield attributes which were found at par with treatment T5.
Open Access
Effect of mulching and weed control treatments on productivity of cotton and their residual effect on succeeding crops
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-09) Priyanka Devi; Malik, Karmal Singh
The field experiment was conducted during the kharif and Rabi season of 2020, 2021 and 2020-21, 2021-22 respectively at cotton research area, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The soil of the experimental site was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and available potassium. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with two mulching levels (no mulch and mulching with rice straw @ 7.5 t/ha) and seven weed management levels (Weedy check, weed free, Pendimethalin (PRE) 1.5 kg/ha fb two hoeings at 45 and 90 DAS ,Two hoeings at 30 and 60 DAS fb quizalofop-p-ethyl 62.5 g/ha at 90 DAS, Two hoeings at 30 and 60 DAS fb propaquizafop-p-ethyl 50 g/ha at 90 DAS, Pendimethalin (PRE) 1.5 kg/ha fb one hoeing at 45 DAS fb paraquat 0.5% (protected spray) at 90 DAS and Pendimethalin (PRE) 1.5 kg/ha fb one hoeing at 45 DAS fb glyphosate 1% (protected spray) at 90 DAS) with three replications. It was found that mulching with rice straw @7.5 t ha-1 resulted in significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, seed cotton yields (3189 and 3084 kg ha-1) and its attributes, benefit cost ratio and better weed control in comparison to no mulch respectively in both years. Among weed management levels, significantly lowest plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index , seed cotton yields (1841 and 1757 kg ha-1) and its attributes recorded in weedy check in comparison to other treatments while all other treatments were statistically at par with each other during both years of crop experimentation respectively. Highest weed control efficiency and herbicide efficiency index achieved with application of pendimethalin (Pre) @ 1.5 kg/ha fb one hoeings at 45 fb Glyphosate 1% (Protected spray) at 90 DAS. Lowest benefit cost ratio obtained in weedy check (1.61 and 1.42) during both years of experimentation respectively. However, there was no significant or residual effect of mulching and weed control treatments of cotton on succeeding crops (wheat, barley and mustard) observed.
Open Access
Studies on multiple herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through pre and post emergence herbicides in wheat
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-12) Sushil Kumar; Dadarwal, R. S
Phalaris minor is the most problematic weed in wheat crops, especially in rice-wheat cropping systems. Haryana, an important grain-producing state, is seeing a significant decline in productivity and profitability as a result of P. minor infestation. After developing multiple herbicide resistance, the threat posed by P. minor has grown. Assessing and quantifying the degree of resistance in P. minor biotypes is essential for the logical recommendation and execution of management techniques. Therefore, pot and field study were performed under the investigation entitled, “Studies on multiple herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor and its management through pre and post emergence herbicides in wheat”. The pot experiment was performed at screen house and field study was conducted at Agronomy Farm, CCSHAU, Hisar (Haryana). The level of resistance in fourteen P. minor biotypes to different herbicides i.e. clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (Ready mix) and pinoxaden at various graded doses i.e. ½ X, X (recommended), 2 X and 4 X was evaluated and quantified in experiment I (pot study). In field experiment, the efficacy of pendimethalin 1500 g/ha, flumioxazin 125 g/ha, flumioxazin + pendimethalin (TM) 125 + 1500 g ha-1, pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g ha-1, metribuzin 315 g ha-1, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM) 14.4 g ha-1, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (RM) 32 g ha-1, pinoxaden + metsulfuron (TM) 50 + 4 g ha-1 and clodinafop propargyl + metribuzin 174 g ha-1 applied as pre and post emergence in different combinations. In Experiment 1, most of the biotypes were found highly resistant to clodinafop. Rasidan (Jind) biotype was most resistant to clodinafop with visual control of only 15.5 % at 4X dose of clodinafop followed by Urlana Kalan (Panipat). Recommended dose of sulfosulfuron was not enough to fully control the P. minor biotypes. Rasidan (Jind), Teek (Kaithal) and Kanheri (Fathehabad) biotypes were highly resistant to sulfosulfuron. Beri (Jhajjar) and Nirjan (Jind) biotypes were completely controlled at recommended dose of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM). At recommended dose of pinoxaden Jammu (J & K), Aanta (Panipat), Kharian (Sirsa), Beri (Jhajjar), Ikkas (Jind), Kheri Raiwali (Kaithal), Balambha (Rohtak) and Nirjan (Jind) biotypes were found fully sensitive. All of the investigated biotypes showed resistance to ACCase inhibitors, with more biotypes exhibiting high clodinafop resistance than pinoxaden. However, ALS inhibitors were effective against the bulk of the biotypes. In field experiment, PRE application of flumioxazin + pendimethalin (TM) 125 + 1500 g/ha, pyraxosulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha fb mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM) 14.4 g/ha, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (RM) 32 g/ha or pinoxaden + metsulfuron (TM) 50 + 4 g/ha as POE found more effective in reducing weed density and dry weight of P. minor and broadleaved weeds as compared to PRE pendimethalin alone fb application of post emergence herbicides. Application of flumioxazin 125 g/ha alone or in tank mix with pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (PRE) resulted in severe phytotoxicity (yellowing of leaves and stem) to wheat after 2-3 days of 1st irrigation (25-27 DAT). Higher grain yield (5847-5369 kg/ha) of wheat was reported with pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha (PRE) fb POE mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (RM) 14.4 g/ha (60-69.5 % higher than weedy check) and it was statistically at par with pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha was used as PRE fb POE pinoxaden + metsulfuron (TM) 50 + 4 g/ha (59.1-68.6 % higher than weedy check) and pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin (TM) 127.5 + 1500 g/ha (PRE) clodinafop propargyl + metribuzin (RM) 174 g/ha (54.1-64.7 % higher over weedy check) during both the years of study.
Open Access
Performance of wheat under different irrigation and nitrogen sources
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Vikram Singh; Parveen Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS HAU, Haryana to evaluate the performance of wheat under various irrigation and nitrogen sources. The trial was conducted in split-plot design with three replication. It consisted of three irrigation sources i.e. treated sewage water (TSW), canal water (CW) and tube well water (TW); and seven nitrogen sources i.e. control (T1), 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizers (T2), 100 % RDN through vermicompost (T3), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 100 % RDN through FYM (T5), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers +25 % RDN through FYM +25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7). The organic manures was applied before sowing of crop. The results revealed that the plant population at 15 DAS did not differ significantly among various irrigation and nitrogen sources during both the kharif seasons. Maximum plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g/plant) and growth indices viz. leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and chlorophyll content; and yield attributing characters i.e. number of effective tillers/m2, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight, and yields i.e. grain, straw and biological yield were recorded with treated sewage water over canal and tubewell water. However, among nitrogen sources, the significantly highest growth parameters and indices, and yields were obtained under application of 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizer (T2) was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The application of various irrigation and nitrogen sources gave non-significantly relative growth rate (mg/g/day) of wheat during both the years (2017-19). Different irrigation treatments were failed to produce any significant effect on harvest index during both the growing seasons, while the treatments receiving chemical fertilizer application alone or in combination with organic manures (vermicompost and FYM) gave at par harvest and attraction index over control. The significantly improved wheat grain quality in terms of protein content, protein yield, sedimentation value and hectolitre weight was observed under application of treated sewage water which was statistically at par with canal water. However, among nitrogen sources, the application of 100% RDN through chemical fertilizers improved the grain quality but it was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The treatments receiving treated sewage water gave higher nutrients (N, P, and K) concentration and their uptake in grain and straws of wheat crop during both the years. While among the nitrogen sources, treatment T2 exhibited higher nutrient accumulation over rest of the treatments. However, T2 remained at par with T4, T7 and T6. The effects of irrigation sources were non-significant on water consumptive use during both the years. It was observed that plants irrigated with treated sewage water used the water more efficiently compared to canal and tube well water. However, the effect of irrigation sources was non-significant during year 2017-18. Among nitrogen sources, the application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers gave comparable water use efficiency over control due to increased grain yield. During both years of the experimentation, the highest economic return regards net return and B: C ratio were attained with application of treated sewage water. Among fertilizer treatments, the highest B: C was recorded under treatments where sole application of chemical fertilizers were applied. However, integrated application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures gave higher return over sole application of manures and control. Compared to the initial soil pH values, it was reduced under use of all type of irrigation water. However, the application of treated sewage water significantly reduced soil pH as compared to canal and tubewell water. As the EC of tubewell water is high, so after two years of wheat cultivation, the soil EC was significantly increased from 0.84 to 0.91 dS/m. The build-up of soil fertility status regards was organic carbon, available N, P and K was noticed under treated sewage water irrigated plots. However, among different nitrogen sources, the significant improvement in organic carbon, available N, P and K in the soil was brought be the addition of organic manures i.e. 50 % RDN through vermicompost and farm yard manures over sole application of RDN through mineral fertilizers and control treatments. Hence, use of sewage water under wheat cultivation with integrated nitrogen application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures proved economically beneficial.
Open Access
Effect of residue retention and tillage practices on performance of wheat varieties
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-06) Malik, Kapil; Lathwal, O. P
The present study entitled, “Effect of residue retention and tillage practices on performance of wheat varieties” was conducted at the farm of college of agriculture, Kaul during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design, keeping four sowing methods (wheat sown with turbo seeder under full residue retention, TS+IR+LR; wheat sown with turbo seeder under intact rice residue, TS+IR; wheat sown with zero till seed cum fertilizer drill under no residue, ZT+NR; and wheat sown in conventional tillage conditions under no residue, CT+NR) in main plots and six wheat varieties (HD 2967, HD 3086, WH 1105, WH 711, WH 1124 and WH 1142) in sub plots with three replications. Among sowing methods during both the years, TS+IR+LR took significantly maximum number of days to attain different phenological stages, recorded better growth, yield and quality attributes and resulted into significantly higher wheat yields as compared to CT+NR. The net returns benefit cost ratio and nutrient uptake were also maximum with TS + IR + LR sowing method. After completion of the experiment, soils under TS+IR+LR registered significantly higher nitrogen content than under CT+NR. Among the wheat varieties, HD 3086 recorded maximum growth parameters (dry matter, crop growth rate, leaf area index and number of tillers), yield attributes (effective tillers and test weight) and grain yield but was strictly followed by WH 1105 and HD 2967 and significantly higher than rest of varieties. Quality parameters viz; hectolitre weight and grain appearance score were also higher in HD 3086. However, spike length, number of grains/spike, protein content, and nitrogen content in seed, straw yield and biological yield were found maximum in wheat variety WH 1105. Variety WH 1142 recorded maximum plant height and required maximum days to attain different phenological stages than rest of varieties. The emergence count, phosphorus content, available P and K were not differed among wheat varieties. Net returns and benefit cost ratio were obtained maximum with HD 3086 followed by WH 1105, HD 2967, WH 1142, WH 711 and WH 1124 wheat varieties.
Open Access
Evaluation of cropping system under different management practices in north-western plain zone under irrigated condition
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-04-05) Gora, Manoj Kumar; Satish Kumar
The rice-wheat cropping systems of western Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) supports the bovine as well as human population since past several decades by producing major food grains. But in past few decades, conventional monotonous rice-wheat system coupled with ever increasing population pressure led to the state of ground water depletion, soil fatigue and diminishing profitability which resulted social, economicand nutrition insecurity. Under the growing climate change scenariothe current crop production is characterized by low factor productivity and modest profitability. To address thecurrent challengeconservation agriculture (CA)-based management practices were evaluated to enhance and stabilize the cropyields and to improve farm profits and balance nutrition in diet. Therefore, a field experiment on “Evaluation of cropping system under different management practices in north-western plain zone under irrigated condition” was conducted at CIMMYT- CSSRI Research platform Karnal, Haryana, India during 2018 to 2020. In thisseven scenarioswere included; Sc1- Puddled transplanted rice (PTR) followed by (fb) Conventional tillage wheat (CTW) without residue(-R); Sc2- Conventional tillage direct seeded rice (CTDSR) fb Zero tillage wheat (ZTW) with residue(+R); Sc3- Zero tillage direct seeded rice (ZTDSR) fb ZTW fb Zero tillage mungbean (ZTMb) (+R); Sc4- Maize on permeant beds (PBM) fb mustard on permanent beds (PBMu) fb mungbean on permeant beds (PBMb) with residue (all crop residue removed before 2018); Sc5- PBM fb wheat on permanent beds (PBW) fb PBMb (+R); Sc6– Soybean on permanent beds (PBS) fb PBW fb PBMb (+R); Sc7- Pigeonpea on permanent beds (PBP) fb PBW fb PBMb (+R). CA-based management practices (Sc2 to Sc7) significantly improved the system productivity and profitability while enhancing the resource use efficiency. Based 2' years mean, system yield (rice equivalent) and net returns of individual scenarios were increased by 6.1, 5.5, 40.8, 32.3, 6.2 and 1.3 % and 11.7, 4.9, 60.1, 57.5, 23.9 and 14.0% under Sc2, Sc3, Sc4, Sc5, Sc6 and Sc7, respectively compared to Sc1(farmers‘ practice; FP).Overall, CA-based management practices (mean of Sc2-Sc7) increased the system yield by ~15%, net return by 29%, and protein yield by 29% with 53% less irrigation water and 118% more energy use efficiency compared to CT-based system (Sc1). CA-based, maize-wheat/mustard (mean of Sc4 and Sc5) and soybean-wheat (Sc6) system recorded higher grain yield by 36.5 and 6.2% and net return by 58.8 and 23.9% compared to Sc1, respectively. CA-based management practices increased the protein yield by 29% (2 years‘ mean) compared to Sc1.Soil organic carbon, soil aggregate stability, infiltration rate and available nutrients was improved with CA-based management practices. Maize-wheat/mustard-mungbean and soybean-wheat-mungbean cropping system is an alternative to rice-wheat cropping system in IGP. CA-based management practicessystem productivity and profitability through minimizing adverse effects of associated climatic risks by improving adaptive capacity.

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