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Open Access
Performance of wheat under different irrigation and nitrogen sources
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Vikram Singh; Parveen Kumar
The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, CCS HAU, Haryana to evaluate the performance of wheat under various irrigation and nitrogen sources. The trial was conducted in split-plot design with three replication. It consisted of three irrigation sources i.e. treated sewage water (TSW), canal water (CW) and tube well water (TW); and seven nitrogen sources i.e. control (T1), 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizers (T2), 100 % RDN through vermicompost (T3), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 100 % RDN through FYM (T5), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6), 50 % RDN through chemical fertilizers +25 % RDN through FYM +25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7). The organic manures was applied before sowing of crop. The results revealed that the plant population at 15 DAS did not differ significantly among various irrigation and nitrogen sources during both the kharif seasons. Maximum plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g/plant) and growth indices viz. leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and chlorophyll content; and yield attributing characters i.e. number of effective tillers/m2, spike length, number of grains per spike and test weight, and yields i.e. grain, straw and biological yield were recorded with treated sewage water over canal and tubewell water. However, among nitrogen sources, the significantly highest growth parameters and indices, and yields were obtained under application of 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizer (T2) was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The application of various irrigation and nitrogen sources gave non-significantly relative growth rate (mg/g/day) of wheat during both the years (2017-19). Different irrigation treatments were failed to produce any significant effect on harvest index during both the growing seasons, while the treatments receiving chemical fertilizer application alone or in combination with organic manures (vermicompost and FYM) gave at par harvest and attraction index over control. The significantly improved wheat grain quality in terms of protein content, protein yield, sedimentation value and hectolitre weight was observed under application of treated sewage water which was statistically at par with canal water. However, among nitrogen sources, the application of 100% RDN through chemical fertilizers improved the grain quality but it was at par with 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through vermicompost (T4), 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 25 % RDN through FYM + 25 % RDN through vermicompost (T7) and 50 % RDN through fertilizers + 50 % RDN through FYM (T6).The treatments receiving treated sewage water gave higher nutrients (N, P, and K) concentration and their uptake in grain and straws of wheat crop during both the years. While among the nitrogen sources, treatment T2 exhibited higher nutrient accumulation over rest of the treatments. However, T2 remained at par with T4, T7 and T6. The effects of irrigation sources were non-significant on water consumptive use during both the years. It was observed that plants irrigated with treated sewage water used the water more efficiently compared to canal and tube well water. However, the effect of irrigation sources was non-significant during year 2017-18. Among nitrogen sources, the application of organic manures alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers gave comparable water use efficiency over control due to increased grain yield. During both years of the experimentation, the highest economic return regards net return and B: C ratio were attained with application of treated sewage water. Among fertilizer treatments, the highest B: C was recorded under treatments where sole application of chemical fertilizers were applied. However, integrated application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures gave higher return over sole application of manures and control. Compared to the initial soil pH values, it was reduced under use of all type of irrigation water. However, the application of treated sewage water significantly reduced soil pH as compared to canal and tubewell water. As the EC of tubewell water is high, so after two years of wheat cultivation, the soil EC was significantly increased from 0.84 to 0.91 dS/m. The build-up of soil fertility status regards was organic carbon, available N, P and K was noticed under treated sewage water irrigated plots. However, among different nitrogen sources, the significant improvement in organic carbon, available N, P and K in the soil was brought be the addition of organic manures i.e. 50 % RDN through vermicompost and farm yard manures over sole application of RDN through mineral fertilizers and control treatments. Hence, use of sewage water under wheat cultivation with integrated nitrogen application of chemical fertilizers and organic manures proved economically beneficial.
Open Access
Effect of residue retention and tillage practices on performance of wheat varieties
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-06) Malik, Kapil; Lathwal, O. P
The present study entitled, “Effect of residue retention and tillage practices on performance of wheat varieties” was conducted at the farm of college of agriculture, Kaul during rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design, keeping four sowing methods (wheat sown with turbo seeder under full residue retention, TS+IR+LR; wheat sown with turbo seeder under intact rice residue, TS+IR; wheat sown with zero till seed cum fertilizer drill under no residue, ZT+NR; and wheat sown in conventional tillage conditions under no residue, CT+NR) in main plots and six wheat varieties (HD 2967, HD 3086, WH 1105, WH 711, WH 1124 and WH 1142) in sub plots with three replications. Among sowing methods during both the years, TS+IR+LR took significantly maximum number of days to attain different phenological stages, recorded better growth, yield and quality attributes and resulted into significantly higher wheat yields as compared to CT+NR. The net returns benefit cost ratio and nutrient uptake were also maximum with TS + IR + LR sowing method. After completion of the experiment, soils under TS+IR+LR registered significantly higher nitrogen content than under CT+NR. Among the wheat varieties, HD 3086 recorded maximum growth parameters (dry matter, crop growth rate, leaf area index and number of tillers), yield attributes (effective tillers and test weight) and grain yield but was strictly followed by WH 1105 and HD 2967 and significantly higher than rest of varieties. Quality parameters viz; hectolitre weight and grain appearance score were also higher in HD 3086. However, spike length, number of grains/spike, protein content, and nitrogen content in seed, straw yield and biological yield were found maximum in wheat variety WH 1105. Variety WH 1142 recorded maximum plant height and required maximum days to attain different phenological stages than rest of varieties. The emergence count, phosphorus content, available P and K were not differed among wheat varieties. Net returns and benefit cost ratio were obtained maximum with HD 3086 followed by WH 1105, HD 2967, WH 1142, WH 711 and WH 1124 wheat varieties.
Open Access
Optimization of seed rate and nitrogen dose for dual purpose barley
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-06) Sharma, Amit; Dhaka, A. K.
A field experiment entitled “Optimization of seed rate and nitrogen dose for dual purpose barley” was conducted during Rabi season 2019-20 at wheat and barley section research area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was comprised of three nitrogen doses (N1-60, N2-75 and N3- 90 kg N/ha) as main plot treatments and four seed rates (S1- 87.5, S2- 100, S3- 112.5 and S4-125.0 kg/ha) as sub plot treatments. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Based on the research investigation, it was found that nitrogen dose and seed rate both had significantly influenced the growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of dual purpose barley. Among nitrogen doses, 90 kg/ha being at par with 75 kg/ha recorded significantly higher grain yield (4895 kg/ha), biological yield (12220 kg/ha), green fodder yield (3706 kg/ha), net return (₹ 36,589/ha) and B:C (1.57) which were 9.7, 12.0, 15.1, 41.4 and 11.3 percent higher than nitrogen dose of 60 kg/ha, respectively due to higher yield attributes i.e. number of effective tillers (85.08), number of grains per spike (44.15), number of spikelets per spike (23.10), spike length (7.47) and test weight (37.82) with nitrogen dose 90 kg/ha which were 8.5, 5.1, 7.9, 11.4 and 4.8 percent higher than nitrogen dose of 60 kg/ha, respectively. Increase in number of days taken to booting, heading and maturity was recorded with increase in nitrogen doses from 60 to 90 kg/ha. Among seed rates, 125.0 kg/ha closely followed by 112.5 kg/ha recorded significantly higher effective tillers (85.11), grain yield (4922 kg/ha), biological yield (12181 kg/ha), green fodder yield (3729 kg/ha), net return (₹ 34,937/ha) and B:C (1.54), which were 8.0, 11.0, 11.8, 16.7, 25.4 and 6.2 per cent higher than seed rate of 87.5 kg/ha, respectively. So, to obtain higher yield and economic returns for dual purpose barley (green fodder cut at 55 DAS and left after that for grain production), variety BH 946 should be sown using optimum seed rate of 125.0 kg/ha and nitrogen dose of 90 kg/ha.
Open Access
Effect of fertilizer application on productivity and quality of wheat under limited irrigation
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Jasht, Simran; Parihar, M.D
Investigation entitled “Effect of fertilizer application on productivity and quality of wheat under limited irrigation” was conducted during Rabi 2019-20 at Soil Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The field experiment was carried out in Split Plot Design with twelve treatment combinations viz., three irrigation levels in the main plot viz., one (CRI), two (CRI and flowering stage) and three irrigations (CRI, late jointing and dough stage) and four fertilizer levels in the subplots (control, 75, 100, 125 per cent RDF) replicated thrice. The results revealed that at 60, 90, 120 DAS and at maturity, application of three irrigation produced the tallest plants (47.9, 93.3, 101.1 and 110.8 cm, respectively), highest number of tillers (127.2, 181.63, 109.36 and 101.69, respectively), dry matter accumulation (51.83, 140.55, 216.28 and 234.40 kg ha-1, respectively). Also, highest LAI (2.78, 4.41 and 3.23) was recorded significantly at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity, respectively with three irrigations followed by two and one irrigation. The highest CGR (6.81, 13.14, 10.22, 2.68 g m-2 day-1) was obtained with three irrigations at 30-60, 60-90, 90-120, 120 DAS up to maturity, respectively. Application of three irrigations resulted highest number of effective tillers per meter row length (91.18), number of grains per spike (46.32), longest spike (10.7 cm), test weight (41.48 g), grain yield (4727 kg ha-1), straw yield (6477 kg ha-1), biological yield (11204 kg ha-1), harvest index (42), protein content (11.22%), cost of cultivation (52975 Rs. ha-1), gross returns (115676 Rs. ha-1), net return (62701 Rs. ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.18). After wheat harvest, soil pH and EC ranged from 7.77 to 7.83 and 0.66 to 0.77 dS m-1, respectively. The highest available N, P and K content in soil (145.3, 16.6 and 306 kg ha-1, respectively) was recorded on application of one irrigation. Incorporation of 125 per cent RDF produced the tallest plants (46.8, 92.6, 102, 112.9 cm), highest number of tillers (132.8, 182.84, 110.27 and 103.93), dry matter accumulation (62.29, 152.21, 237.26 and 255.75 kg ha-1), at 60, 90, 120 DAS and at maturity, respectively. Whereas, 125 per cent RDF recorded highest LAI (2.93, 4.66 and 3.37, respectively) at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity. Plots treated with 125% RDF recorded the highest CGR of 7.62, 13.32, 12.60 and 2.74 g m-2 day-1 during the intervals of 30-60, 60-90, 90-120 days up to maturity, respectively. Application of 125 per cent RDF recorded the highest number of effective tillers per meter row length (91.98), number of grains per spike (49.64), spike length (10.98 cm), test weight (42.74 g), grain yield (4828 kg ha-1), straw yield (6432 kg ha-1), biological yield (11263 kg ha-1), harvest index (42.6) and protein content (11.88%), available N, P and K (150.1, 16.7 and 320 kg ha-1, respectively), cost of cultivation (60965 Rs. ha-1), gross returns (117047 Rs. ha-1), net return (56082 Rs. ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.92) after wheat harvest. From the above study, it may be concluded that the application of 125 per cent RDF and three irrigation levels increased yield, nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency and also, improved quality of wheat and soil health. This field experiment can be performed on long term basis to evaluate the precise effect of irrigation at critical stages on quality and productivity of wheat in semi-arid areas.
Open Access
Evaluation of cropping system under different management practices in north-western plain zone under irrigated condition
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-04-05) Gora, Manoj Kumar; Satish Kumar
The rice-wheat cropping systems of western Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) supports the bovine as well as human population since past several decades by producing major food grains. But in past few decades, conventional monotonous rice-wheat system coupled with ever increasing population pressure led to the state of ground water depletion, soil fatigue and diminishing profitability which resulted social, economicand nutrition insecurity. Under the growing climate change scenariothe current crop production is characterized by low factor productivity and modest profitability. To address thecurrent challengeconservation agriculture (CA)-based management practices were evaluated to enhance and stabilize the cropyields and to improve farm profits and balance nutrition in diet. Therefore, a field experiment on “Evaluation of cropping system under different management practices in north-western plain zone under irrigated condition” was conducted at CIMMYT- CSSRI Research platform Karnal, Haryana, India during 2018 to 2020. In thisseven scenarioswere included; Sc1- Puddled transplanted rice (PTR) followed by (fb) Conventional tillage wheat (CTW) without residue(-R); Sc2- Conventional tillage direct seeded rice (CTDSR) fb Zero tillage wheat (ZTW) with residue(+R); Sc3- Zero tillage direct seeded rice (ZTDSR) fb ZTW fb Zero tillage mungbean (ZTMb) (+R); Sc4- Maize on permeant beds (PBM) fb mustard on permanent beds (PBMu) fb mungbean on permeant beds (PBMb) with residue (all crop residue removed before 2018); Sc5- PBM fb wheat on permanent beds (PBW) fb PBMb (+R); Sc6– Soybean on permanent beds (PBS) fb PBW fb PBMb (+R); Sc7- Pigeonpea on permanent beds (PBP) fb PBW fb PBMb (+R). CA-based management practices (Sc2 to Sc7) significantly improved the system productivity and profitability while enhancing the resource use efficiency. Based 2' years mean, system yield (rice equivalent) and net returns of individual scenarios were increased by 6.1, 5.5, 40.8, 32.3, 6.2 and 1.3 % and 11.7, 4.9, 60.1, 57.5, 23.9 and 14.0% under Sc2, Sc3, Sc4, Sc5, Sc6 and Sc7, respectively compared to Sc1(farmers‘ practice; FP).Overall, CA-based management practices (mean of Sc2-Sc7) increased the system yield by ~15%, net return by 29%, and protein yield by 29% with 53% less irrigation water and 118% more energy use efficiency compared to CT-based system (Sc1). CA-based, maize-wheat/mustard (mean of Sc4 and Sc5) and soybean-wheat (Sc6) system recorded higher grain yield by 36.5 and 6.2% and net return by 58.8 and 23.9% compared to Sc1, respectively. CA-based management practices increased the protein yield by 29% (2 years‘ mean) compared to Sc1.Soil organic carbon, soil aggregate stability, infiltration rate and available nutrients was improved with CA-based management practices. Maize-wheat/mustard-mungbean and soybean-wheat-mungbean cropping system is an alternative to rice-wheat cropping system in IGP. CA-based management practicessystem productivity and profitability through minimizing adverse effects of associated climatic risks by improving adaptive capacity.
Open Access
Response of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties to different irrigation levels and anti-transpirants
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) AJEEJ, TAMBOLI YASIR; Yadav], J. S.
The present study entitled “Response of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties to different irrigation levels and anti-transpirants” was conducted on loamy sand soil during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Regional Research Station, Bawal, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Twenty-four treatment combinations comprising of three levels of irrigation viz., Control (I1), One irrigation at 40 DAS (I2), Two irrigation at 40 and 75 DAS (I3), two varieties viz., RH-725 (V1) and RH-749 (V2) and four levels of anti-transpirants viz., Control (A1), PMA @ 250 ppm at 45 and 90 DAS (A2), kaolin 6 % at 45 and 90 DAS (A3) and PMA @ 250 ppm + kaolin (6%) at 45 and 90 DAS (A4) were evaluated in split plot design with three replications by keeping levels of irrigation and varieties as main plot and anti-transpirants in sub plots. From the results of two-year field investigation during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19, it was highlighted that the significantly higher growth, yield and yield parameters as well as CU, WUE, net realization and B: C ratio of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) could be obtained with application two irrigations, each at 40 and 75 DAS as compared to over one irrigation at 40 DAS (I2) and control (I1), respectively during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The mustard crop sown under two irrigations exhibited 18.3 and 14.1 % higher seed yield over I2 and 39.8 and 43.0 % higher seed yield over I1, respectively during both years. The genotype RH-749 proved to be best as compared to RH-725 in terms of all morpho-physiological and yield traits as well as CU, WUE, net return and B: C ratio during both years. Whereas, application of PMA @ 250 ppm + kaolin (6%) at 45 and 90 DAS (A4) recorded significantly higher growth, yield and yield parameters as well as CU, WUE, net realization and BCR followed by kaolin 6 % at 45 and 90 DAS (A3) and PMA @ 250 ppm at 45 and 90 DAS (A2) superior over control (A1), respectively during both years of experimentation. Thus, maximum seed yield, CU, WUE, net realization and B: C ratio can be achieved by sowing the mustard variety RH-749 along with application of two irrigations at 40 and 75 DAS and PMA @ 250 ppm + kaolin (6%) at 45 and 90 DAS on loamy sand soils under the agro-climatic condition of Bawal, Rewari, Haryana.
Open Access
Effect of sewage water and organic manure on the growth and quality of spring maize (Zea mays L.)
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Raj Kumar; Uma Devi
A field experiment on spring maize crop was conducted during Spring season of 2020 at Student Farm, of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to find out the effect of organic manure and irrigation source on different genotypes in spring maize for getting higher yield. Soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 8.04), low in organic carbon (0.34%) and available nitrogen (105 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (15.4 kg/ha) and high in available potash (302 kg K/ha). The experiment consisted of two genotypes (A1: HQPM-1, A2: HQPM-5), two source of irrigation (B1: canal water, B2: sewage treated water) and four levels of organic manure (C1: control, C2: 100% RDN through FYM, C3: 100% RDN through vermicompost, C4: 50% of RDN through FYM and 50% of RDN through vermicompost) laid out in split-plot design with genotypes and irrigation source in main plots and organic manure in sub-plot. The growth parameters viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation per plant was significantly higher under HQPM-1 (A1) whereas crop yield attributes (number of kernel per cob, test weight) was not significantly affected by genotypes. Irrigation source had non-significant effect on growth parameters (plant height, dry matter accumulation per plant) as well as crop yield attributes (number of kernel per cob, test weight). Application of organic manure significantly increased the growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and protein content and it was higher through 100% RDN through vermicompost produced highest plant height, dry matter per plant, cob yield (with and without husk), grain yield and straw yield. Interaction between genotypes and irrigation as well as genotypes and organic manure was found significant in respect of grain yield, which revealed that HQPM-1 produced higher grain yield with irrigation of sewage treated water and 100% of RDN through vermicompost
Open Access
Response of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.) varieties to integrated nutrient management
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Akshay; Satyajeet
The present study entitled “Response of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.) varieties to integrated nutrient management” was carried out at Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Rewari (Haryana) during the summer, 2020. The experiment was comprised of three varieties viz., V1- MH-421, V2- MH-318 and V3- SML-668 as main plot treatment and four different fertility levels viz., T1 - Control, T2 - 100% RDF (20:40:0 kg/ha NPK), T3 - 75% RDF (inorganic) + 25% N/ha (FYM) + seed treatment (Rhizobium + PSB) and T4 - 50% RDF (inorganic) + 50% N/ha (FYM) + seed treatment (Rhizobium + PSB) as sub plot treatments. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Based on the research investigation, it was found that both varieties and fertility levels have significant effect on growth, phenology, yield attributes, yield and economics of summer greengram. Among varieties, MH-318 recorded significantly higher grain yield (1110 kg ha-1), straw yield (3020 kg ha-1), net return (52972 ₹ ha-1) and B:C (3.12) which were 16.6, 7.1, 26.43 and 16.4 per cent higher than MH-421, respectively due to higher yield attributes i.e. number of pods per plant (17.9), number of seeds per pod (10.6), pod length (8.5) and seed index (5.09) with MH-318 which was 8.5, 5.1, 7.9, 11.4 and 4.8 per cent higher than MH-421, respectively. However, it remained at par with SML-668. Decrease in number of days taken to flowering and maturity was recorded in MH-318 in comparison to MH-421. Among fertility levels application of 75% RDF (inorganic) + 25% N/ha (FYM) + seed treatment (Rhizobium + PSB) recorded significantly higher no. of pods per plant (18.1), number of seeds per pod (10.7), grain yield (1269 kg ha-1), biological yield (4664 kg ha-1), straw yield (3395 kg ha-1), net return (62743 ₹ ha-1) and B:C (3.40), which were 22, 12, 84, 59, 51, 125 and 45% higher than control, respectively. Thus, the variety MH-318 should be fertilized with 75% RDF (inorganic) + 25% N/ha (FYM) + seed treatment (Rhizobium + PSB) to obtain higher yield and economic returns of summer greengram.
Open Access
Response of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) to seed priming under rainfed condition
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Yadav, Neeraj; Dadarwal, R. S.
The present investigation denominated “Response of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) to seed priming under rainfed condition” was executed at Regional Research Station, Bawal, CCSHAU, Hisar during Kharif, 2020. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design, replicated thrice, having nine treatment combination. For the seed treatment of one ha seed rate, 20 g of priming chemical was applied for individual treatment. Greengram is a drought hardy and short duration kharif annual legume crop. Seedling vigour, consistent germination, early seedling emergence, crop growth and development were all increased by priming chemicals. Seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying was the best priming method in context of phenology, growth characteristics, yield and yield attributes of greengram. Different priming treatments significantly influenced phenological characteristics of greengram. Minimum days taken to emergence, 50% flowering, pod initiation and physiological maturity were accomplished by seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying. Seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying has 86.67%, 74.23%, 59.9% and 33.09% higher dry weight per plant than control at 15, 30, 45 DAS and at harvest, respectively. Seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying had 50.73%, 53.63%, 35.30% and 15.56% higher number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, pod length and test weight. The N, P and K concentration (%) in seed and straw was not significantly influenced by different priming methods. NPK uptake in seed and straw was significantly swayed by different priming methods. Total NPK uptake in seed and straw was highest through seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying. Seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying had 15.49%, 15.43% and 10.18% higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, respectively. Seed yield, straw yield and biological yield had significant proclivity towards different priming treatments. Maximum of all were with seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying which was statistically at par with hydropriming for 8 hours and thus the poor farmers should follow simple water soaking instead of chemical priming. Seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying recorded 10.94%, 9.38% and 9.84%, respectively higher seed yield, straw yield and biological yield than control. Highest gross return was observed through osmopriming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying. Similarly, maximum net return and B:C were attained with osmopriming with KH2PO4 @ 2% for 8 hours and 2 hours sun drying.

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