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ThesisItem Open Access Study on effect of climate variability on fruit crops in Haryana state(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-02-14) Khan, Gowhar Bashir; Dagar, C.S.The present study entitled “Study on effect of climate variability on fruit crops in Haryana” was conducted inall the districts of Haryana. The objectives of the study were to investigate the spatio-temporal changes in fruit production and to examine the effect of temperature and rainfall on fruit production in Haryana state. Regression equation was used to analyze the temporal variation in the area and productivity of fruit crops (Mango, guava, citrus, ber, grape, aonla and chiku) while Arc-GIS software was used to analyze the spatial variation. Correlation analysis was carried to evaluate the impact of weather characteristics such as rainfall, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature on the yield of fruit crops. In majority of the district of Haryana average annual maximum temperature during second and third decade saw a decreasing trend. While the average annual minimum temperature was saw an increasing trend during second decade in districts Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Mewat, Palwal, Panipat and Sirsa. The scenario was similar in third decade except for district Mewat where it decreased by 1 °C. In all the districts of Haryana there was decrease in annual average rainfall in second decade than first decade except in the districts Ambala, Hisar and Jind. During the third decade there was decrease in annual average rainfall than second decade in the districts viz., Ambala, Bhiwani, Charkhi dadri, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Mewat, Palwal, Panchkula, Rewari and Rohtak whereas Jind, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Mewat, Panipat, Sirsa and Yamunanagar observed increase in rainfall. The decreasing temporal trend in productivity was observed for grapes in Hisar and Sirsa, ber in Fatehabad, Jind, Sirsa, and Mewat; guava in Mewat; and aonla in Panchkula, Hisar, Sirsa, and Mewat. Likewise, the temporal trend in area of grapes in Hisar and Sirsa showed a drastic decreasing trend, as did that of ber in Hisar, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Rohtak, and Kaithal, mango in Panchkula, Panipat and Sonipat, guava in Panchkula, chiku in Ambala and aonla in Gurgaon. Fruit crops which showed a decreasing temporal trend in productivity in a particular district were significantly and negatively correlated with one or all of the weather parameters in that district. Similarly, fruit crops which showed an increasing temporal trend in productivity in a particular district were significantly and positively correlated with one or all of the weather parameters in that district.ThesisItem Open Access Analyzing spectro-thermal characteristics and their relationship with yield in mustard(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-08) Ankit; AnuragField experiment entitled “Analyzing spectro-thermal characteristics and their relationship with yield in mustard” was conducted during rabi season (2022-23) at Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar located at 29º 10´ N latitude, 75º 46´ E longitude and 215.2 m altitude. The experiment was put in a randomized complete block design and comprised of two irrigation environments viz. irrigated and non-irrigated and three sub plot treatments comprising three varieties viz. V1 (RH 725), V2 (RH 749) and V3 (RH 761) and with four replications. Results revealed that Irrigated crop and RH 749 took a greater number of days to attain physiological maturity in the crop season. Highest GDD, HTU and PTU were recorded in irrigated conditions and RH 749 from seedling emergence to physiological maturity during the crop season. The spectral reflectance in blue, green and red band was observed maximum under non-irrigated conditions except NIR band. All the spectral indices i.e., NDVI, EVI, IPVI, DVI, Green NDVI, MSAVI2, WBI and NDWI were observed maximum in irrigated conditions except GRVI. All the greenness-based indices (Green NDVI, GRVI, DVI, IPVI and NDWI) were significantly correlated with yield during the early stages of crop growth whereas, all the water-based indices (WBI, MSAVI2 and NDWI) were significantly correlated with yield during the later stages of crop. Highest regression coefficient with spectral indices was recorded with yield followed by the crop canopy temperature, leaf area index and dry matter. Higher plant height was recorded in irrigated crop and RH 761 variety during the crop season. Maximum dry matter was observed in irrigated conditions and RH 749 during the crop season. Maximum LAI and chlorophyll content were recorded in irrigated crop and RH 761 and RH 749 respectively, during the crop season. LAI and chlorophyll content increased with the advancement of crop growth stages and reached maximum at 50 % flowering stage and then gradually decreased up to physiological maturity. Test weight, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed highest in irrigated conditions during the crop seasons.ThesisItem Open Access Evapotranspiration and yield estimation in Potato Crop using CROPWAT Model in Diverse Growing Environments(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2023-05) Azmeena Mehjabin; Surender SinghThe field study entitled “Evapotranspiration and Yield Estimation in Potato Crop using CROPWAT Model in Diverse Growing Environments” was conducted at University Research farm of the Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2022-23 season (Lat.: 29° 10 N; Log.: 75° 46 E; Alt.: 215.2 m). The study comprised of four sowing dates i.e., D1 (8th November), D2 (18th November), D3 (28th November) and D4 (8th December) and three different varieties i.e., V1 (Kufri Bahar), V2 (Kufri Pushkar) and V3 (Kufri Lima). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. With respect to agrometeorological indices, the highest GDD, HTU, PTU, HYTU were accumulated in crop sown on 18th November (D2) and in the variety V3 (Kufri Lima). All growth factors viz., number of tubers produced per plant, tuber yield, haulm yield, dry matter was found highest in D2 among the different dates of sowing and in Kufri Pushkar among the different varieties. Evapotranspiration (ET) worked out through CROPWAT 8.0 was found to be the lesser in D2. At physiological maturity, phenology showed high positive significant correlation with GDD, HTU and PTU. WUE derived from ET and yield was recorded highest in D2 sown crop i.e., on 18th November and the higher number of negative values of the difference between canopy and air temperature in D2 revealed that it felt comparatively lesser stress. WUE showed significant positive correlation with ET and tuber yield. CROPWAT is an effective model for estimation of evapotranspiration. The results obtained from CROPWAT was consistent with the field data, indicating its reliability and accuracy. This ability to accurately estimate evapotranspiration makes CROPWAT a highly valuable and reliable tool for assessing and optimizing water use efficiency in agricultural systems and also predicting productivity and yield of the crop even before the it reaches its maturity phase and start producing the yield; provided we have an idea of the water use efficiency of the crop. Its importance in agricultural water management is shown by its reliable performance and usefulness.ThesisItem Open Access Study of weather and spectral parameters in Potato crop under different growing environments(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-07) Saini, Saloni; Anil KumarThe field study entitled “Study of weather and spectral parameters under different growing environments” was carried out at University Research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2021-22 season (Lat.: 29° 10 N; Log.: 75° 46 E; Alt.: 215.2 m). The study was comprised of four sowing dates as factor (A) namely (D1) -16th November, (D2) – 22nd November, (D3) – 30th November and (D4) – 7th December, comprising three different cultivars factor (B) viz. (V1)- Kufri Bahar, (V2)-Kufri Pushakr, and (V3)-Kufri Lima. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD design with four replications. With respect to agrometeorological indices highest GDD, HTU, PTU were accumulated in crop sown on 30th November (D3) and in variety Kufri Lima (V3) and highest TUE and RUE were found in crop sown on 22nd November (D1) and in variety Kufri Pushkar compared to others. Tuber yield and haulm yield was recorded highest in D2 under different growing environments. Highest chlorophyll content was recorded in crop sown on 16th November (D1) and negative value of difference between canopy and air temperature revealed that crop feels no stress. The value of NDV1 was recorded highest in D2. Negative significant correlation of NDVI existed with Tmax, RHe and RF whereas positive correlation existed with LAI, dry matter and tuber yield. Variable reflectivity signature was observed, NDVI were varies among the growing environment at physiological maturity.ThesisItem Open Access Spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration in different agro-climatic zones of Haryana(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 2021-09-21) Punia, Rahual; AnuragEvapotranspiration is the integrated process of evaporation and transpiration and is affected by meteorological variables, crop characteristics, and management practices, as well as environmental characteristics. There have been many studies in the estimation of ETo around the world. Evapotranspiration plays an important role in maintaining water balance of terrestrial ecosystem and for irrigation scheduling in crop production. The present study was carried out at Deptt. of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU Hisar, to compute spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration at different location of Haryanaviz. Ambala, Karnal, Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa that are evenly distributed in two agro-climatic zones of Haryana. The study was based on PET calculation by maximum and minimum temperature using Thornthwaite method. The calculated values were interpreted on monthly as well as seasonal scales. Highest normal annual PET was at Sirsa with 5.5 mm/day followed by Bawal (4.72 mm/day), Hisar (4.55 mm/day), Ambala (4.34 mm/day) and Karnal (4.14 mm/day). The annual PET had an increasing trend as per MK test at all locations. Sirsa and Ambala had significant +ve trends. In Kharif season, Sirsa had highest PET while in Rabi, Ambala showed highest value of normal PET. An increasing trend was observed at all locations during Kharif and Rabi seasons but significant trends were revealed at Sirsa and Ambala in Kharif, and Bawal and Ambala in Rabi seasons. In winter season (January-February) all stations had a decreasing trend of PET with significant decreasing trends at Karnal location. On monthly scale, June had the highest and January had the lowest value of PET in Haryana as observed at all five locations.Month of October observed with significantly increasing trends in PET at all locations expect for Karnal. January and December months observed with decreasing trends at all location. Overall, for the state of Haryana as a whole, 4.56 mm/day was found as a normal annual potential evapotranspiration, likewise seasonal normal were 7.6 mm/day in Kharif, 1.5 mm/day in Rabi, 0.6 mm/day in winter, 5.5 mm/day in pre monsoon, 7.8 mm/day in monsoon and 1.9 mm/day in post monsoon period.ThesisItem Open Access Study the effect of weather parameter on bacterial blight in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.](Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 2021-09) Bharti, Rahul Raj; Bharti, Rahul Raj; Khichar, M.L; M.L Khichar, M.LField studies on“Study the effect of weather parameter on bacterial blight in Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]”was conducted at dry land research area of department of Plant Pathology,CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2020. The main plot treatments consisted of three date of sowing viz., 1st week of July (D1), 2nd week of July (D2) and 4th week of July (D3) and the sub-plot treatments consisted of three varieties viz., HG 365, HG 563, HG 2-20.Nine treatment combinations were tested in randomized block design in three replications. The 1st week of July sown crop had highest agrometeorological indices, followed by 2nd week of July and 4th week of July. All growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were found highest in 1st week of July sown crop. Among different varieties, HG 563 consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units and photothermal units followed by HG 2-20 and HG 365 under different growing environments. Heat use efficiency were highest in variety HG 365.Progression of bacterial blight was found highest in variety HG 365 followed by HG 2-20 and HG 563 in all three date of sowings.Among different sowing dates crop sown on 1st week of July were recorded lowest progression of bacterial blight followed by 2nd week of July and 4th week of July.The correlation analysis were carried out to study the relationship between bacterial blight and microclimate of cluster bean varieties. Temperature minimum, relative humidity evening highly significant negatively correlated in all date of sowings and in all varieties. Relative humidity morning positively correlated in all date of sowings and in all varieties. Maximum AUDPC were recorded in 4th week of July sown crop in all varieties. Minimum AUDPC were recorded in 1st week of July sown crop in all varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Study on microclimate of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] cultivars under two crop row orientations(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Yadav, Ankit; Ram NiwasThe field investigation on “Study on microclimate of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] cultivars under two crop row orientations” was carried out during Kharif season 2020-21 at Research area, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Research Farm, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The treatment consisted of two crop row orientations D1 (East-West) and D2 (North-South) and three cultivars/varieties V1 (HG 365), V2 (HG563) and V3 (HG 2-20). These eighteen plots were evaluated in factorial randomized bock design with three replications. The North-South crop row orientation had a higher seed yield owing to its greater number of pods/plant as compared to East-West crop row orientation. The cultivar HG 2-20 similarly had a higher seed yield due to more pods/plant. There was no difference between crop row orientations in the occurrence of phenophases but variety HG 2-20 had a longer reproductive phase i.e. it entered flowering stage earlier and matured later. The LAI of cluster bean increased up until around 70 DAS after then started decreasing while dry matter accumulation kept on increasing up until maturity. Both row orientations intercepted through their entire canopy the same amount/percentage of total incident PAR. However, variety HG 2-20 intercepted more par as compared to other varieties. All cultivars and crop row orientations had similar kind of relative humidity and temperature profiles with diurnal variations being lowest at bottom of the canopy and highest at the top of canopy. The top of canopy was much closer to the ambient environment as compared to bottom of the canopy. The correlational analysis of yield attributes and weather parameters and agrometeorological indices showed that negative correlation with temperature especially with night time and relative humidity especially evening RH. However, crops planted in North-South row orientation were less affected. Cluster bean crop was significantly positively correlated with sunshine duration and heat units as well.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) cultivars under different growing environments using DSSAT-model(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Sarika; Anil KumarThe field experiment entitled “Response of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) cultivars under different growing environments using DSSAT-model” was conducted during Kharif season (2018) at research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar (29°10 N, 75°46 E and altitude 215.2 m). The experiment was comprised of three sowing dates main plot treatments namely (D1) -5th July, (D2) - 15th July and (D3) - 31st July; sub plot treatments comprising three different cultivars viz. (V1)- GHB 558, (V2)- HHB 67 Improved and (V3)- HHB 272. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four replications. Different agrometeorological indices viz. GDD was higher in D2 and HTU was higher in D3. PTU, RUE and TUE accumulation was significantly higher under first date of sowing at various phenophases in comparison to the other date of sowing. The first sowing date (D1- 5th July) resulted in better overall growth and produced higher grain yield as compared to second sowing date (D2- 15th July) and third sowing date (D3-31st July). While among varieties, GHB 558 produced highest grain yield with better yield attributes as compared to HHB 67 Improved and HHB 272. In respect of phenological observations, agrometeorological indices and growth parameters shows better efficiency 5th July sown crop with variety GHB 558 among different sowing dates and varieties. IPAR was more in D3 as compared to other treatments. Grain yield was positively correlated with minimum temperature and rainfall. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) was higher in D1 treatment and variety GHB 558. DSSAT model was calibrated for (2018) and derived their genetic coefficients and further used for yield prediction. The results revealed that comparison of observed and simulated days to anthesis and physiological maturity were in good agreement with observed values of growth and yield attributes for Hisar conditions. The model over estimated both days to anthesis and physiological maturity in all the treatments. The simulated grain yield was over estimated and model simulation for maximum LAI was under estimated. Simulation performance of the model was found satisfactory with reasonable agreement (±10).The model has proved to a suitable tool for predicting phenology, maximum LAI and grain yield of pearl millet cropThesisItem Open Access Study of microclimate and radiation interception in Bt cotton under different growing environments(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Godara, Mohit; Khichar, M.LField experiment on ‘Study of microclimate and radiation interception in Bt cotton under different growing environments’ was carried out at research farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar during Kharif season 2020. The main plot treatments consisted of three date of sowing viz., 19th of April (D1), 8th of May (D2) and 28th May (D3) and the sub-plot treatments consisted of three spacing viz., 67.5 cm × 60 cm (S1), 100 cm x 45 cm (S2) and 100 cm x 60 cm (S3) replicated three times and tested in split plot design. All growth parameters, growth rates, yield and yield attributes, dry matter accumulation, LAI and plant height were found highest in early sown crop under 19th April (D1). Intercepted Photosynthetically active radiation was highest in narrow plant spacings 67.5 cm x 60 cm and in early sown crop under 19th April (D1). Seed cotton yield was positively correlated with temperature, BSS and agrometeorological indices whereas negatively correlated with relative humidity in three different Dates of sowing. Dry matter accumulation per plant found to be highest in wider plant spacing 100 cm x 60 cm while plant height and LAI were maximum in narrow plant spacing 67.5 cm x 60 cm. Diurnal range of temperature and relative humidity profiles were higher in wider plant spacing 100 cm x 60 cm and in late sown crop under 28th May (D3) sown Bt cotton crop.
