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ThesisItem Open Access Study of microclimate in Pearl millet genotype under different growing environments(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07-26) Harshana; Anil KumarField experiment entitled “Study of microclimate in pearl millet genotype under different growing environments” was conducted during kharif season (2020 and 2021) at research farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar which is located at 29° 10´ N latitude, 75° 46´ E longitude with 215.2 m altitude. The experiment was carried in a factorial RBD design that comprised of three sowing dates viz. D1 – 2nd fortnight of June; D2 – 1st fortnight of July and D3 – 2nd fortnight of July; and three different genotypes viz. V1 (GHB 558), V2 (HHB 67 improved) and V3 (HHB 272) during crop season 2020 and 2021, respectively with four replications. Crop growth and development i.e. the phonological phases, plant height, no. of tillers/ plant, leaf area index, CCI and dry matter accumulation were higher in D1 and V1 under different growing environments and genotypes. Among all the treatments, D1 recorded higher grain (3726 and 3576 kg/ha ) and biological yields (13863 and 13442 kg/ha) ) during crop season 2020 and 2021, respectively. The higher grain and biological yields were recorded during crop season 2020 as compared to crop season 2021. The highest grain and biological (3767 and 13444 kg/ha during crop season 2020) and (3642 and 13043 kg/ha during crop season 2021) were recorded in V1, respectively. Maximum soil moisture content was recorded in early sown crop during both the crop seasons. 2021 crop seasons had high soil moisture content as compared to crop season 2020. Among different growing environments, morning soil temperature was observed significantly higher in D1 at 5 and 10 cm depth and lower was in D3 at 5 cm depth during both the crop seasons. Among different growing environments, the higher chlorophyll content value was significantly observed in D1 as compare to other sowing dates, highest intercepted PAR were observed in D1 sown crop at various growth intervals during both crop seasons. Among genotypes during both crop seasons crop at various growth intervals, V1 (GHB 558) received higher intercepted PAR. All the agrometeorological indices were consumed more by D1 at different phenophases among different growing environments during both the crop seasons. Among genotypes, the indices were consumed highest by V1 (GHB 558). Among micrometeorological studies, the absorbed PAR was higher in D1 and was maximum in V1 (GHB 558) under varying growing pearl millet genotypes during both crop seasons. The net radiation was higher at anthesis stage. The higher canopy temperature Tc was observed late sown crop during two years study. The temperature profiles were lapse within the canopy throughout the day. The relative humidity profiles were lapse throughout the day inside the crop canopy but profiles were near iso-humic in the morning at 9:00 hours at different crop growth stages during both crop seasons.ThesisItem Open Access Study of weather and spectral parameters in Potato crop under different growing environments(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-07) Saini, Saloni; Anil KumarThe field study entitled “Study of weather and spectral parameters under different growing environments” was carried out at University Research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar during rabi 2021-22 season (Lat.: 29° 10 N; Log.: 75° 46 E; Alt.: 215.2 m). The study was comprised of four sowing dates as factor (A) namely (D1) -16th November, (D2) – 22nd November, (D3) – 30th November and (D4) – 7th December, comprising three different cultivars factor (B) viz. (V1)- Kufri Bahar, (V2)-Kufri Pushakr, and (V3)-Kufri Lima. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD design with four replications. With respect to agrometeorological indices highest GDD, HTU, PTU were accumulated in crop sown on 30th November (D3) and in variety Kufri Lima (V3) and highest TUE and RUE were found in crop sown on 22nd November (D1) and in variety Kufri Pushkar compared to others. Tuber yield and haulm yield was recorded highest in D2 under different growing environments. Highest chlorophyll content was recorded in crop sown on 16th November (D1) and negative value of difference between canopy and air temperature revealed that crop feels no stress. The value of NDV1 was recorded highest in D2. Negative significant correlation of NDVI existed with Tmax, RHe and RF whereas positive correlation existed with LAI, dry matter and tuber yield. Variable reflectivity signature was observed, NDVI were varies among the growing environment at physiological maturity.ThesisItem Open Access Spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration in different agro-climatic zones of Haryana(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 2021-09-21) Punia, Rahual; AnuragEvapotranspiration is the integrated process of evaporation and transpiration and is affected by meteorological variables, crop characteristics, and management practices, as well as environmental characteristics. There have been many studies in the estimation of ETo around the world. Evapotranspiration plays an important role in maintaining water balance of terrestrial ecosystem and for irrigation scheduling in crop production. The present study was carried out at Deptt. of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU Hisar, to compute spatio-temporal trend analysis of evapotranspiration at different location of Haryanaviz. Ambala, Karnal, Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa that are evenly distributed in two agro-climatic zones of Haryana. The study was based on PET calculation by maximum and minimum temperature using Thornthwaite method. The calculated values were interpreted on monthly as well as seasonal scales. Highest normal annual PET was at Sirsa with 5.5 mm/day followed by Bawal (4.72 mm/day), Hisar (4.55 mm/day), Ambala (4.34 mm/day) and Karnal (4.14 mm/day). The annual PET had an increasing trend as per MK test at all locations. Sirsa and Ambala had significant +ve trends. In Kharif season, Sirsa had highest PET while in Rabi, Ambala showed highest value of normal PET. An increasing trend was observed at all locations during Kharif and Rabi seasons but significant trends were revealed at Sirsa and Ambala in Kharif, and Bawal and Ambala in Rabi seasons. In winter season (January-February) all stations had a decreasing trend of PET with significant decreasing trends at Karnal location. On monthly scale, June had the highest and January had the lowest value of PET in Haryana as observed at all five locations.Month of October observed with significantly increasing trends in PET at all locations expect for Karnal. January and December months observed with decreasing trends at all location. Overall, for the state of Haryana as a whole, 4.56 mm/day was found as a normal annual potential evapotranspiration, likewise seasonal normal were 7.6 mm/day in Kharif, 1.5 mm/day in Rabi, 0.6 mm/day in winter, 5.5 mm/day in pre monsoon, 7.8 mm/day in monsoon and 1.9 mm/day in post monsoon period.ThesisItem Open Access Study the effect of weather parameter on bacterial blight in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.](Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 2021-09) Bharti, Rahul Raj; Bharti, Rahul Raj; Khichar, M.L; M.L Khichar, M.LField studies on“Study the effect of weather parameter on bacterial blight in Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]”was conducted at dry land research area of department of Plant Pathology,CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2020. The main plot treatments consisted of three date of sowing viz., 1st week of July (D1), 2nd week of July (D2) and 4th week of July (D3) and the sub-plot treatments consisted of three varieties viz., HG 365, HG 563, HG 2-20.Nine treatment combinations were tested in randomized block design in three replications. The 1st week of July sown crop had highest agrometeorological indices, followed by 2nd week of July and 4th week of July. All growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were found highest in 1st week of July sown crop. Among different varieties, HG 563 consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units and photothermal units followed by HG 2-20 and HG 365 under different growing environments. Heat use efficiency were highest in variety HG 365.Progression of bacterial blight was found highest in variety HG 365 followed by HG 2-20 and HG 563 in all three date of sowings.Among different sowing dates crop sown on 1st week of July were recorded lowest progression of bacterial blight followed by 2nd week of July and 4th week of July.The correlation analysis were carried out to study the relationship between bacterial blight and microclimate of cluster bean varieties. Temperature minimum, relative humidity evening highly significant negatively correlated in all date of sowings and in all varieties. Relative humidity morning positively correlated in all date of sowings and in all varieties. Maximum AUDPC were recorded in 4th week of July sown crop in all varieties. Minimum AUDPC were recorded in 1st week of July sown crop in all varieties.ThesisItem Open Access Study on microclimate of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] cultivars under two crop row orientations(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Yadav, Ankit; Ram NiwasThe field investigation on “Study on microclimate of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] cultivars under two crop row orientations” was carried out during Kharif season 2020-21 at Research area, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Research Farm, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The treatment consisted of two crop row orientations D1 (East-West) and D2 (North-South) and three cultivars/varieties V1 (HG 365), V2 (HG563) and V3 (HG 2-20). These eighteen plots were evaluated in factorial randomized bock design with three replications. The North-South crop row orientation had a higher seed yield owing to its greater number of pods/plant as compared to East-West crop row orientation. The cultivar HG 2-20 similarly had a higher seed yield due to more pods/plant. There was no difference between crop row orientations in the occurrence of phenophases but variety HG 2-20 had a longer reproductive phase i.e. it entered flowering stage earlier and matured later. The LAI of cluster bean increased up until around 70 DAS after then started decreasing while dry matter accumulation kept on increasing up until maturity. Both row orientations intercepted through their entire canopy the same amount/percentage of total incident PAR. However, variety HG 2-20 intercepted more par as compared to other varieties. All cultivars and crop row orientations had similar kind of relative humidity and temperature profiles with diurnal variations being lowest at bottom of the canopy and highest at the top of canopy. The top of canopy was much closer to the ambient environment as compared to bottom of the canopy. The correlational analysis of yield attributes and weather parameters and agrometeorological indices showed that negative correlation with temperature especially with night time and relative humidity especially evening RH. However, crops planted in North-South row orientation were less affected. Cluster bean crop was significantly positively correlated with sunshine duration and heat units as well.ThesisItem Open Access Response of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) cultivars under different growing environments using DSSAT-model(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Sarika; Anil KumarThe field experiment entitled “Response of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) cultivars under different growing environments using DSSAT-model” was conducted during Kharif season (2018) at research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar (29°10 N, 75°46 E and altitude 215.2 m). The experiment was comprised of three sowing dates main plot treatments namely (D1) -5th July, (D2) - 15th July and (D3) - 31st July; sub plot treatments comprising three different cultivars viz. (V1)- GHB 558, (V2)- HHB 67 Improved and (V3)- HHB 272. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with four replications. Different agrometeorological indices viz. GDD was higher in D2 and HTU was higher in D3. PTU, RUE and TUE accumulation was significantly higher under first date of sowing at various phenophases in comparison to the other date of sowing. The first sowing date (D1- 5th July) resulted in better overall growth and produced higher grain yield as compared to second sowing date (D2- 15th July) and third sowing date (D3-31st July). While among varieties, GHB 558 produced highest grain yield with better yield attributes as compared to HHB 67 Improved and HHB 272. In respect of phenological observations, agrometeorological indices and growth parameters shows better efficiency 5th July sown crop with variety GHB 558 among different sowing dates and varieties. IPAR was more in D3 as compared to other treatments. Grain yield was positively correlated with minimum temperature and rainfall. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) was higher in D1 treatment and variety GHB 558. DSSAT model was calibrated for (2018) and derived their genetic coefficients and further used for yield prediction. The results revealed that comparison of observed and simulated days to anthesis and physiological maturity were in good agreement with observed values of growth and yield attributes for Hisar conditions. The model over estimated both days to anthesis and physiological maturity in all the treatments. The simulated grain yield was over estimated and model simulation for maximum LAI was under estimated. Simulation performance of the model was found satisfactory with reasonable agreement (±10).The model has proved to a suitable tool for predicting phenology, maximum LAI and grain yield of pearl millet cropThesisItem Open Access Study of microclimate and radiation interception in Bt cotton under different growing environments(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-07) Godara, Mohit; Khichar, M.LField experiment on ‘Study of microclimate and radiation interception in Bt cotton under different growing environments’ was carried out at research farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar during Kharif season 2020. The main plot treatments consisted of three date of sowing viz., 19th of April (D1), 8th of May (D2) and 28th May (D3) and the sub-plot treatments consisted of three spacing viz., 67.5 cm × 60 cm (S1), 100 cm x 45 cm (S2) and 100 cm x 60 cm (S3) replicated three times and tested in split plot design. All growth parameters, growth rates, yield and yield attributes, dry matter accumulation, LAI and plant height were found highest in early sown crop under 19th April (D1). Intercepted Photosynthetically active radiation was highest in narrow plant spacings 67.5 cm x 60 cm and in early sown crop under 19th April (D1). Seed cotton yield was positively correlated with temperature, BSS and agrometeorological indices whereas negatively correlated with relative humidity in three different Dates of sowing. Dry matter accumulation per plant found to be highest in wider plant spacing 100 cm x 60 cm while plant height and LAI were maximum in narrow plant spacing 67.5 cm x 60 cm. Diurnal range of temperature and relative humidity profiles were higher in wider plant spacing 100 cm x 60 cm and in late sown crop under 28th May (D3) sown Bt cotton crop.ThesisItem Open Access Regional rainfall analysis of Haryana in relation to monsoon teleconnections(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-11) Abhilash; Surender SinghThe investigation entitled “Regional rainfall analysis of Haryana in relation to monsoon teleconnections” was carried out for Haryana. The meteorological data of 30 years (1988 - 2017) of different locations in the state was used for this investigation. The mean monsoon season rainfall in the state ranged between 248.1 mm at Sirsa and 957.2 mm at Ambala. All locations showed a general decreasing trend in the rainfall behaviour in recent times. The cumulative contribution of rainfall of July and August was 61 to 70% in monsoon season rainfall at different locations. Monthly mean rainfall ranged between 43.6 and 134.1 mm (June), 81.2 and 340.2 mm (July), 68.8 and 331.2 mm (August) and 54.5 and 175.4 mm (September) at different locations. The cumulative frequency of below normal rainfall during EI Niño episodes was observed maximum at Hisar (83.2%) and most normal rainfall was observed at each Bhiwani (50.0%), Sonipat (50.0%) as well as Ambala (50.0%). The cumulative frequency of above normal rainfall during La Niña episodes was observed maximum at each Sirsa (50%), Hisar (50%), Bhiwani (50.0%) and Narnaul (50.0%), whereas the frequency of above normal rainfall was observed minimum at Ambala (16.6%). During the strongest El Niño year of 2015, most of the locations in the state received deficient monsoon rainfall, whereas, during the strongest La Niña episode of 1988, most of the locations received excess to large excess monsoon rainfall, which is indicative of the influence of strongest El Niño and La Niña on the regional behaviour of monsoon rainfall. The strength of the association between ENSO and monsoon rainfall was found significant for Sirsa, Hisar, Narnaul, Rewari, Karnal, overall western agro-climatic zone of Haryana, as well as all India. But, the strength of the association between monsoon rainfall pattern and NAO was insignificant for all the locations. Monsoon rainfall at all stations showed a negative but significant correlation with Sea Surface Temperature of Nino 3.4 region of the Pacific Ocean. All the regional stations along with both agro-climatic zones, Haryana as well as subdivision showed positive and significant correlation with Southern Oscillation Index, whereas no significant correlation was observed between monsoon rainfall and North Atlantic Oscillation. The influence of monsoon rainfall on bajra productivity for the different districts lying in western Haryana as explained by coefficient of determination (R2) ranges from 7.02 % to 9.6 %, whereas monsoon rainfall influenced bajra productivity of overall Haryana by 8.18 % only. Similarly, the influence of monsoon rainfall on rice productivity for the different districts lying in eastern Haryana ranges from 21.8 % to 48.2 %, whereas monsoon rainfall influenced Rice productivity of overall Haryana by 24.3 % only.ThesisItem Open Access Soil moisture depletion pattern and its effect on growth and yield of pearl millet (Penisetum glaucum L.)(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020-08) Yadav, Pooja; Dagar, C.SThe field experiment entitled “Soil moisture depletion pattern and its effect on growth and yield of pearl millet (Penisetum glaucum L.)” was conducted during Kharif season (2019) at research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar. The experiment was comprised of three dates of sowing and three varieties and laid out in factorial RBD with four replications. The 30th June sown crop depleted higher amount of water from the deeper soil layers on 49 and 63 DAS which coincide with higher water requirement and lower moisture availability. The early sown crop depleted higher total amount of water as compared to the subsequent sowings and the soil moisture depletion pattern was similar under different sowing dates with varying amount of moisture depletion. Among the different varieties the highest amount of moisture was depleted by HHB-67 Improved and depletion from deeper layers was also higher by this variety showing its drought resistance characteristics. The early sown crop i.e. 30th June experienced lower canopy temperature depression values and the crop enjoyed the most of crop season with no water stress and resulted in superior yields. The grain and stover yields are influenced differently by different weather parameters at different growth phases. The effect of soil moisture depletion on growth and yield was also studied and the percent available soil moisture (PASM) of soil depth up to 60 cm during milking to maturity found positive influence on LAI and plant height of pearl millet. The PASM have significant positive influence on dry matter, grain and stover yield. The crop phase from flag leaf to maturity were more sensitive to soil moisture availability than the early vegetative stage and hence, the availability of soil moisture at reproductive stage determines the growth and development of pearl millet and ultimately the yield than early vegetative stage. At early growth stage (7-14 DAS) yield negatively correlated with soil moisture and thereafter positively. The soil moisture shows high correlation with yield at milking stage.
