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ThesisItem Open Access Sensitivity analysis of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) to weather parameters using WOFOST model(CCSHAU, 2018) Gujjar, Ravi; Dagar, C.S.The experiment entitled “Sensitivity analysis of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) to weather parameters using WOFOST model” was conducted at the research farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Rice Research Station, Kaul (Kaithal), Haryana. The treatments included three dates of transplantingviz.2nd fortnight of June, 1st fortnight of July and 2nd fortnight of July in the main plots and four cultivars namely CSR-30, PB-1121, PB-1 and Haryana Basmati-2 in the subplots, resulting in 12 treatment combinations. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with each treatment replicated four times. The crop was raised with recommended package of practices. Among the different transplanting environments, Early transplanting i.e. 2nd fortnight of June took more number of days to attain physiological maturity as compared to delayed transplanting. Among the varietiesCSR-30 took maximum number of days to attain physiological maturity followed by HB-2, PB-1121 and PB-1. The early transplanted crop took more number of days to attain maturity and accumulated higher growing degree days. Among the varieties the maximum growing degree days (2631 °C days) were accumulated by CSR-30 followed by variety Haryana Basmati-2 (2537 °C days), PB-1121(2517 °C days) and PB-1(2480 °C days) to reach physiological maturity. Similar trend was also observed in case of HTU, PTU accumulation. The crop transplanted during 1st fortnight of July utilized thermal time more efficiently with highest HUE followed by 2nd fortnight of June and 2nd fortnight of July transplanted crop during the growing season. Higher HUE was recorded in variety CSR-30 followed by variety, Haryana Basmati-2, PB-1121 and PB-1during crop season. Highest grain yield was recorded by crop transplanted during 2nd fortnight of June followed by 1st fortnight of July and 2nd fortnight of July and among the varieties, the grain yield of Haryana Basmati-2 was highest followed by PB-1121, PB-1 and CSR-30. The WOFOST model was validated by using previously calibrated coefficients and the model simulation for phenology, grain yield and maximum LAI was within acceptable limit except straw yield. The sensitivity analysis of rice to weather parameters was also carried out using the WOFOST model by altering the weather parameters in weather input file of the model. It was found that the crop phenology is more affected by the minimum temperature alteration by +2 °C and the yield and LAI of delayed transplanted crop was more affected by the sunshine hour‟s variation.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of crop-weather relationships in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under varying growing environments(CCSHAU, 2018) Chhabra, Karan; Raj SinghField experiment entitled “Evaluation of crop-weather relationships in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under varying growing environments” was conducted during rabi season (2016-17 and 2017-18) at research farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar located at 29° 10´ N latitude, 75° 46´ E longitude and 215.2 m altitude. The experiment was put in a split plot design and comprised of four sowing dates (main plot treatments) viz. D1- 3rdNovember; D2- 18thNovember; D3- 3rd December and D4- 19th December; four sub plot treatments comprising four different varieties viz. V1 (BH 393), V2 (BH 902), V3 (BH 946) and V4 (BH 885) during crop season 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively with three replications. Crop growth and development i.e. the phenology, plant height, no. of tillers, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and its partitioning were higher in D1 and V4 under different growing environments and varieties. Among all the treatments, D1 observed higher grain (64.0 qha-1) and biological yields (137.5 qha-1) during crop season 2016-17. However, the highest grain (59.0 qha-1) and biological (131.5 qha-1) yields were observed in D1 and were lowest in D4 among all different dates of sowing during crop season 2017-18. The highest grain and biological (57.2 and 134.6 qha-1during crop season 2016-17) and (52.5 and 130.2 qha-1during crop season 2017-18) were observed in V4, respectively showed statistically significant results and maximum soil moisture content was recorded in D1 from before sowing to harvest at after second irrigation during both the crop seasons. Almost all the varietal treatments showed statistically non-significant results except V2 (BH 902) at before sowing to harvesting in before and after irrigation during both the crop seasons. Among different growing environments, significantly higher morning soil temperature was observed in D1 at 5 and 15 cm depth and lower was in D4 at 5 and 15 cm depth from seeding to tillering phase during both the crop seasons. Among varying growing environments, the higher chlorophyll content was significantly recorded in D1as compare to other dates of sowing, highest incident PAR observations were recorded in D4 sown crop at 45 DAS, LAImax and crop maturity phase, respectively during both crop seasons. Among varieties during both crop seasons at 45 DAS, LAImax and crop maturity stage V4 (BH 885) variety received higher intercepted radiation. All the agrometeorological indices, the higher AGDD, AHTU, APTU, ARTD, HUE and RUE were consumed by D1 among different growing environments at different phenophases during both the crop seasons with some exceptions than other treatments. Among varieties, the highest AGDD, AHTU, APTU, ARTD, HUE and RUE were observed in V4 (BH 885) from emergence to physiological maturity. Among micrometeorological parameters, the absorbed PAR of radiation was higher in D1 under different growing environments and was maximum in V4 (BH 885) under varying growing barley cultivars at booting phase during both crop seasons. Among different growing environments, the net radiation was higher at anthesis. The soil heat flux was higher at physiological maturity and the minimum soil heat flux was observed at anthesis and at booting. The latent heat of vaporization was higher at anthesis. The sensible heat flux was highest at physiological maturity during and at jointing, respectively during two year study. The higher canopy temperature Tc was observed at hard dough stage during two year study. The differences between canopy and air temperature (Tc-Ta) were highest at hard dough stage and it was lowest at anthesis. The temperature profiles were inversed throughout the day within the canopy. Over the top of the crop canopy the temperature profile was lapse. The relative humidity profiles were lapse inside the crop canopy throughout the day but profiles were near iso-humic at 9:00 hours at different growth stages during both crop seasons.ThesisItem Open Access Quantification of microclimate and its relationship with insect-pests incidence in pigeonpea(CCSHAU, 2018) Rajesh Kumar; Ram NiwasField studies on ‘Quantification of microclimate and its relationship with insect-pests incidence in pigeonpea’ was conducted at the research area of the Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Kharif 2017. The main plot treatments consisted of three date of sowing viz., first fortnight of May (D1), first fortnight of June (D2) and second fortnight of June (D3) and the sub-plot treatments consisted of three varieties viz., Manak, Paras and UPAS-120. Nine treatment combinations were tested in split plot design in three replications. The first fortnight of May sown crop had highest thermal and radiation indices, TUE and RUE were also highest in first fortnight of May sown crop as compared to first fortnight of June and second fortnight of June sown crops. All growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were found highest in first fortnight of May sown crop. Among different pigeonpea varieties, Manak consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units and photothermal units as compared to Paras and UPAS-120 under different growing environments. TUE, RUE, growth and yield parameters were highest in variety UPAS-120. Population of M. vitrata larvae, H. armigera larvae, C. gibbosa nymphs and webs formed by M. vitrata larvae was found highest in variety Manak followed by Paras and UPAS-120 whereas eggs laid by C. gibbosa and C. gibbosa adults were highest in variety Paras followed by Manak and UPAS-120. Among different dates of sowings, the population of all test insects was highest in crop sown on first fortnight of May as compared to other two dates of sowings. The correlation and regression analysis were carried out to study the relationship between major insect-pests population and microclimate of pigeonpea varieties. Tur pod bug nymph negatively associated with temperature and M. vitrata showed significant positive association with temperature. Relative humidity was significantly positively correlated with M. vitrata, C. gibbosa, H. armigera. In variety Manak, 66 per cent variability in C. gibbosa nymphs population was explained by temperature and relative humidity collectively whereas in variety Paras and UPAS-120 it was found up to 64 and 60 per cent, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on light interception and its efficiency under different planting geometries of Bt cotton(CCSHAU, 2017) Vikaram Singh; Khichar, M.L.The study entitled ‘Studies on light interception and its efficiency under different planting geometries of Bt cotton’ was conducted at the research area of the Department of Agricultural meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during the kharif season of 2014-15. The twenty four combinations were evaluated in randomized plot design with three replications. Reflected photosynthetically active radiation after 120 days sowing of crop was maximum in 60×45 cm planting geometry followed by 60×60 cm. Accumulation of heat, heliothermal, photothermal units and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation at maturity stage of crop growth was maximum in 100×60 cm followed by 100×45 cm, 90×60 cm. Radiation use efficiency among all the planting geometries was highest at 120 days after sowing of the crop and was maximum in 100×60 cm followed by 100×45 cm. There was no significant difference in various quality parameters yield viz., span length, uniformity ratio, micronaire and tenacity among all the planting geometries. However, maximum span length was recorded in 100×60 cm, uniformity ratio in 90×60 cm. Evaporation had positive correlation with all crop growth and yield parameters at 50 % square initiation and negative at 50% boll opening while it was positively correlated to dry matter at maturity. Cotton planted in this planting system was highly efficient in conversion of radiation into dry matter production (1.51 g/MJ) at 120 after sowing of the crop.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of climate change effects on mustard yield using InfoCrop model for western Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Choudhary, Divesh; Raj SinghField experiment entitled “Assessment of climate change effects on mustard yield using InfoCrop model for western Haryana” was conducted during Rabi season (2012-13 and 2013-14) at research farm of Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar (29° 10 N, 75° 46 E and altitude 215.2 m). The D1 (10th Oct., 2012-13 and 21st Oct., 2013-14) sown crop performed better in respect of agrometeorological indices, growth and yield parameters as compared to D2 (25th Oct., 2012-13 and 30th Oct., 2013-14) and D3 (8th Nov., 2012- 13 and 10th Nov., 2013-14) date of sowings. The delayed sowing led to increase the vegetative and reduced reproductive phases are detrimental to healthy sink development. Among varieties, RH 0749 performed better in respect of agrometeorological indices, growth and yield parameters as compared to Laxmi and RH 30 in both the crop seasons. Simulation results of mustard crop by using InfoCrop and WOFOST model were simulated within the acceptable limit. So, both models proved to be valuable tool for predicting mustard yield for climate change study under projected climate change scenarios, whereas InfoCrop given the good response as compared to WOFOST model. In the projected climate change scenario A1b 2030; the Tmax, Tmin, rainfall and CO2 concentration i.e. 2.2ºC (6.8%), 3.2ºC (19.8%), 71.7mm (16.1%) and 87ppm (24.2%) found higher as compare to baseline period. The Tmax, Tmin, rainfall and CO2 concentration found higher i.e. 5.0ºC (15.7%), 6.0ºC (36.6%), 91.4mm (20.6%) and 279.0ppm (77.5%) in the projected climate change scenario A1b 2080 as compare to baseline period. The variation in Tmax, Tmin, rainfall and CO2 concentration found i.e. 5.8ºC (18.3%), 6.2ºC (38.3%), -12.2mm (-2.8%) and 87ppm (24.2%) in the projected climate change scenario A2 2080 as compare to baseline period. The highest reduction in mustard seed yield was found in A2 2080 projected climate change scenario as compare to A1b 2080 and A1b 2030. Late sown (November) mustard crop showed more reduction in phenology, yield and yield attributes as compared to October sown, whereas among the varieties, RH 0749 showed resistant to projected climate change as compare to Laxmi and RH 30. The improved variety with irrigation management and increased fertilizer dose found more helpful than other adaptation measures to enhance seed yield of mustard during A1b 2080 and A2 2080 projected climate change scenarios under normal sown (10th Oct.). The improved variety with irrigation management and increased fertilizer dose gave 15.8, 17.5 and 19.4% gain in seed yield using InfoCrop model; and 12.0, 12.4 and 13.3% gain by WOFOST model for RH 30, Laxmi and RH 0749 under A1b 2080, respectively, whereas 12.2, 13.7 and 15.2% gain by using InfoCrop model; and 9.9, 11.0 and 11.5% by WOFOST model under A2 2080 scenario for varieties RH 30, Laxmi and RH 0749, respectively. The net vulnerability of mustard yield was -2.5 and -6.1% by using InfoCrop and WOFOST model under A1b 2080 projected climate change scenario, whereas -21.3 and -28.2% by using InfoCrop and WOFOST model under A2 2080 projected climate change scenario.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of fertility levels and plant spacing on light interception and its efficiency in Bt cotton(CCSHAU, 2016) Amit Singh; Khichar, M.L.The present study entitled “Effect of fertility levels and plant spacing on light interception and its efficiency in Bt cotton”, was conducted at the Research Farm of Cotton Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar (Lat 290 10' N, Long 750 46' E and 215.2 m msl) during kharif season of 2015. The experiment was conducted in split split plot design with three replications. The experiment consist of three varieties viz.V1=RCH 602, V2= RCH 650 and V3= Bunty were kept in main plots while three spacing viz. S1= 67.5 cm x 75 cm, S2=67.5 cm x 60 cm and S3= 67.5 cm x 45 cm with three fertilizer levels i.e.F1= RDF,F2= 125% of RDF and F3= 150% of RDF application of the recommended dose were kept in subplots. Recommended dose of fertilizer is (RDF) N:P:K=175:60:60 kg ha-1. Maximum plant height and leaf area index was recorded with narrow spacing of 67.5 cm x 45 cm which was significantly higher than rest of spacing. However, wider spacing (67.5 cm x 75 cm) had lesser plant density resulted into higher dry matter accumulation. Significantly higher number of sympodial branches plant-1 was recorded with RDF but further increase in fertilizer had on significant effect sympodial branches plant-1. Number of bolls plant-1 increased with increasing levels of fertilizer from RDF to 150 % of RDF. Seed cotton yield was found highest with 125% of RDF followed by 150% of RDF and RDF. Periodic growth parameters viz. plant height and leaf area index were increased significantly with increasing levels of fertilizer up to 150% of RDF. The cultivar RCH 602 consumed highest thermal and radiation indices. Radiation and heat use efficiency were also highest in this cultivar as compared to RCH 650 and Bunty. Cotton cultivar, RCH 602 consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units and photothermal units as compared to RCH 650 and Bunty under different treatments. Among spacing, wider spacing 67.5 cm x 75 cm consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units and photothermal units as compared to narrow spacing 67.5 cm x 60 and 67.5 cm x 45 cm. However, the radiation use efficiency is maximum in spacing 67.5 cm x 75 cm as compared to 67.5 cm x 60 cm and 67.5 cm x 45 cm. But maximum IPAR observed in narrow spacing 67.5 cm x 45 cm as compared to 67.5 cm x 60 cm and 67.5 cm x 75 cm. In case of fertilizer levels, 150% of RDF consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units, photothermal units, thermal and radiation indices as compared to 125% of RDF and RDF.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation on rainfall and temperature trend and extremes in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2016) Mamta; Diwan SinghThis study analyzes 26 climate extreme indices over five stations viz., Ambala, Bawal, Hisar, Karnal and Sirsa in the state of Haryana (India) using observed data for daily maximum and minimum temperatures and total daily rainfall for the period 1985–2014. A set of eleven rainfall and fifteen temperature indices were adopted and analysed with a main focus on the temporal distribution, spatial distribution and trend of daily extremes occurrences. These Statistical trend analiyse techniques, namely the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were used to examine the trend. Both positive and negative trends were observed in the extremes events of temperature in all five stations studied. The temporal distribution of rainfall indices in Haryana showed an increase in rainfall intensity (RX1day & RX5day) however the duration indices showed a decline (CWD & CDD). Temporal distribution of temperature indices viz., TNn, TXn, TN10p, TX10p, CSDI, GSL, WSDI and TX90p indicaed that these indices had a decreasing order while, the indices TN90p, TR20p were in the increasing order reflecting thereby decrease in the DTR. Spatially, the northern most parts including Panchkula & Yamunanagar had heavier rainfall than the western parts in the Sirsa district during the study period. Spatial distribution of temperature indices on annual scale in the state suggested that the northern most parts in the state had least occurrence of hot extremes events, while the western parts had the highest hot events occurrence. However, the trend analysis of rainfall related climate indicators based on annual, seasonal and monthly values revealed no significant trend except at Bawal station. Variability of rainfall indices viz., CDD, SDII and PRCPTOT showed less variation in the decade 2005-2014 and the indices viz., R95p, R99p RX1day, RX5day, R2.5, R10, R20, and CWD showed no definite pattern over different decadal time periods. The annual trend and slope values of temperature related climate change indicators for five locations in the state of Haryana indicated a decrease in the cold extremes event (TXn, TNn & TN10p). Further, the value of Mann-Kendall test statistic Z and Sen’s slope test revealed minimum temperature extremes (TNn and TXn) have stronger trend and steeper slope at all stations. The hot extremes events (TR20, TN90p) evidenced an increasing order. The trend and slope of night extremes (TR20 and TN90) were more potent than those in day extremes (TNn, TXn,) resulting in the decrease of day-night temperature variation as demonstrated by constricting diurnal temperature range (DTR). Overall, the occurrence of extremes events particularly the hike in frequency of night temperature extreme indices in the state is a cause for concern. These indices vary significantly with region and season. In addition, the temporal distribution and the trends of extremes both temperature and rainfall events suggest of an enhanced wetting and warming conditions over the entire state.