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Open Access
An empirical analysis of agricultural credit system in Haryana
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-05) Sanjay; Pannu, R.S
The present study was carried out to analyze the agricultural credit system of Haryana. A total of 300 farmers selected from 6 villages of three different agro climatic zones were interviewed. Demand supply gap calculations were made for the period 2009-18. It was observed that there was an over-supply of short term credit in Hisar and Karnal zone whereas, deficit was there in Jhajjar zone. Despite skewed distribution, Haryana witnessed an over-supply of short term credit throughout the study period. Of the total credit advanced to the sampled farmers, 17.1% 52.8% and 30.1% was utilized, partially diverted and completely diverted. Short term credit was primarily diverted towards marriage expenses, construction and repair, vehicle purchase, paying land rent, purchase of agricultural machinery and implements. The logistic regression performed to find the factors affecting credit defaults revealed that age area owned, outstanding non-institutional debt affected defaults positively and significantly whereas loan availed frequency, hypothecation/guarantor, family type and account holder before loan affected defaults negatively and significantly. The constraint analysis showed that time taken in sanctioning the loan, complexity of the procedure, excessive file charges, registry charges and managerial discretion affected access to institutional credit. Continuously decreasing profits, divergence towards paying debt, marriage and study expenses were the major reasons of defaults according to. Whereas, lenders found loan waiver promises and willful defaults as prime reasons. Clean record, land holding and off-farm income were major attributes that affected access to non-institutional credit cost of credit and compulsion of selling farm producing same lender or paying a penalty and is to sale were the problems reported by the study regarding non institutional finance
Open Access
Dynamics of major oilseeds and pulses in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-10) Sadhanala Swetha; Mehta, V. P.
The study on “Dynamics of Major Oilseeds and Pulses in India” was done with the following objectives: (1) To analyze the trends in the area, production productivity, prices of oilseeds, and pulses, (2) To examine the export and import status of oilseeds and pulses, (3) To study major constraints in the export and import of oilseeds and pulses, (4) To suggest suitable policy measures and implications for the future. The present study was based on secondary data collected from various published sources, viz., indiastat.com, Statistical Abstract, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, FAOSTAT and Directorate of Economics, and Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi, etc. The area, production, and productivity data were collected for the pulses and oilseeds during 1990-91 to 2019-20. The total period is divided into three periods, i.e., period-I (1990-91 to 1999-00), period-II (2000-01 to 2009-10), and period-III (2010-11 to 2019-20). The compound growth rate (CGR) is calculated for the above three and overall period to analyze the growth in the area, production, and productivity. In period-I, it is observed that there is a positive growth rate in the area for both pulses and oilseeds. In period-II, it is observed that there is a positive growth rate in the area, production, and productivity for both pulses and oilseeds. In period III, it is observed that there is a negative growth rate in the area, a positive growth rate in production and productivity for both pulses and oilseeds. . For the above period, the average compound growth rate (CGR) in major states for Bengal gram as 2.82, 1.34, and 3.5, for Black gram -0.69, 0.53, and 0.215, for Pigeon pea 0.65, 1.29, and 0.61, for Chickpea 1.27, 0.96, and 0.74, and for Green gram -0.71, 0.55, and 0.116 is observed in the area, production, and productivity. The overall growth trend analysis of Sunflower recorded 4.15, 2.05, and 3.75 annually, Soybean recorded 1.05, 0.65, and 0.25, Mustard recorded 2.35, 1.35, and 0.29, Groundnut recorded -0.38, 1.10, and 0.42, Sesame recorded -13.30, 8.18, and -5.75, and Safflower's overall growth trend analysis recorded -3.85, 2.13, and 1.15 annually in area, production and productivity-wise. There have been variations in the growth behavior of different oilseed crops over the years. Crops like groundnut, soybean, and rapeseed-mustard have seen increased production, whereas minor oilseed crops like safflower have seen a decline in area and production. Export and import data is also analyzed for both the pulses and oilseeds. Suitable policy measures are necessary to lift the oilseed economy by pushing the productivity of all major and minor oilseed crops in the major growing states. India has gained a comparative advantage in the export of pulses and a comparative disadvantage in oilseeds.
Open Access
Estimation of effective demand and economic analysis of fruit and vegetable crops in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-08) Raj Kumar; Rathee, Anil Kumar
The present investigation was carried out to study the effective demand, cost and returns, trends in arrivals and prices, marketing cost, margins, price spread and marketing efficiency through different channels and constraints faced by farmers in production, marketing and processing of fruits and vegetables. For study purpose, Sonepat, Kurukshetra, Nuh, Yamunanagar and Sirsa districts of Haryana state having the highest production under fruits and vegetables cultivation, were purposively selected. From each selected district one block for fruits (mango, kinnow, guava and ber) and one block for vegetables (potato, cauliflower, tomato and onion) were selected. From each selected block, 30 farmers were selected for each fruit and vegetable crops which constituted a total sample of 240 fruits and vegetables growers. Per capita net availability of fruits was 52.00 and 141.00 and the consumption gap was 7.28 and 108.67 grams/person/day, in Haryana and India, respectively. Similarly in case of vegetable per capita net availability was 417.32 and 272.00 and the consumption gap was 175.32 and 63.51 grams/person/day, in Haryana and India, respectively. The average total cost in establishment of mango, kinnow, guava and ber orchard in the selected districts was `28034, 127979, 77527 and 35316 per hectare and the annual operating cost `71928, 89076, 88914 and 66880 per hectare, respectively. Further the net returns were `256856, 272845, 223308 and 84338 per hectare. The benefit cost ratio obtained was equal to 1:4.02, 1:3.76, 1:3.09 and 1:2.52 under mango, kinnow, guava and ber, respectively. In case of vegetable crops net returns were `95425, 96799, 105774 and 48517 per hectare, and the benefit cost ratio obtained was equal to 1:1.53, 1:1.46, 1:1.58 and 1:1.35 under potato, cauliflower, tomato and onion, respectively. In fruits and vegetables there was inverse relationship between arrival and prices. There was a considerable negative relation in time and arrival in the market under study and there was a significant and positive relationship between time and prices. It was found that channel-V was the most efficient among all the marketing channels in the fruits crops and channel-IV was most efficient marketing channel in case of vegetable crops. The major problems faced by the farmer in the production, marketing and processing of fruits were having high cost of pesticides (90.00%), lack of knowledge of recommended fertilizer doses (86.67%), absence of minimum support prices (90.00%), too much fluctuation in prices (86.67%), higher rate of charges power and fuel (80.00%), lack of technical man power (80.00%).In case of vegetables, high cost of pesticides (90.00%), high cost of seed (86.67%), lack of cold chain facilities (90.00%), high cost of transportation (86.67%), higher rate of charges power and fuel (90.00%), lack of technical man power (83.33%) were found major constraints in production, marketing and processing of vegetables. There exists ample scope for the profitable expansion of cultivation, marketing and processing of fruits and vegetables in Haryana as well as in India. The analysis of effective demand under the present study further strengthens it.
Open Access
Role of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank in Financing in Agriculture
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019) Jitendra Kumar; Mehta, V.P
Role of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank was studied with the following objectives,to study the performance of loans, to study the behaviour and adequacy of loans,to determine the factors affecting amount of loans and to identify the constraints in getting loans and repayment.The present study was based on both primary as well as secondary data. Secondary data was collected pertaining to the year 2009-10 to 2017-18 from the annual reports of randomly selected eight branches of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank.Primary data for the year 2019 regarding utilization pattern and credit gap was collected from 160 selected respondents with the help of pre-tested schedule. The efforts made by SHGB in branch expansion, deposit mobilization, and credit deployment in weaker section of rural areas are appreciable. SHGB successfully achieved its objectives like taking banking to doorstep of farmers, providing credit without time lag and cheaper credit to weaker sections, encouraging rural savings for productive activities and bringing down the cost of accessing credit in rural areas The performance of SHGB in branch expansion, income, expenditure and profit changed over the period with CGR stood that 11, 26, 33 and 19 per cent, respectively. Moreover, credit and deposit of SHGB increased significantly over the period with a CGR of 21 and 25 per cent, respectively. After amalgamation of Haryana Gramin Gramin Bank & Gurugram Gramin Bank profit, credit and deposit of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank increasedwithapproximately twice the earlier growth rate.Farmers utilized credit either for productive purposes or for non-productive purposes. The results of utilization pattern of marginal farmers showed that under productive use, it was mainly spent for fertilizers (17.02%), labour (7.31%), and irrigation (7.29%). Whereas, small farmers used credit for productive purposes such as instruments purchase (9.31%), fertilizers (18.51%), POL (7.37%). Moreover, large farmers also mainly used loan for fertilizer purchase, instruments purchase and POL. Altogether, all farmers be it marginal, small or large, used credit primarily for purchasing fertilizers.The analysis showed that marginal and small farmers had to mainly divert credit a major portion of their credit for repayment of old debts. Share of credit used in productive purposes of loan increased with the increase land holding.Also, per hectare amount of credit diverted for other productive purposes was also noted to be negatively associated with increase in the size of holdings. Investigation of credit gap for marginal, small and large farmers was done on the basis of loan demanded by the respondent and loan advanced by the bank. It was fund that credit gap had decreased with the increase of land holding. Farmers face number of constraints in getting and repayment of loan such as more paper work, loan not available at time and repayment of old debts etc. Based these problemsit is suggested that SHGB should provide credit with minimum formalities, SHGB credit limit should be increased to fulfill the credit gapThe amount of installments repayment should be matched with the expected farm income of farmers from the agricultural operations.
Open Access
Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under protected structures in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, Ranvir Singh
The present study aims at dealing with present status of protected structures, costs and returns of vegetables in these structures, marketing pattern of vegetables and constraints related to yield and marketing of vegetables. For the present study, three districts from Haryana state were selected i.e. Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat. From each district, 60 farmers were purposively selected which constituted a total sample of 180 farmers. In Haryana, mainly three types of protected structures are found. In every structure cucumber, capsicum and tomato vegetable were grown by the farmers. The total area under different types of protected structures in Haryana during the year 2017-18 was 757.80 ha. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹732732.07/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar (1041.37q/ha). The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹1106290.79/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.56. In net house highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Karnal ₹570140.49/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was also found in Karnal 988.42 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹995040.42/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Sonepat 1.74. In walk-in-tunnel structures highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹673334.71. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar 967.84 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber under walk-in-tunnel was highest from Sonepat ₹1047062.1/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.58. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse, highest total cost was incurred on capsicum in Sonepat (₹849261.06/ha). Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal (957.53 q/ha). The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Karnal ₹1436300.03/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 2.00. In net house the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Karnal ₹642475.50/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal 766.02 q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Hisar ₹1186105.83/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.92. In walk-intunnel the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Hisar was ₹768638.83/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Sonepat 879.69q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Sonepat ₹879.69/ha. Benefitcost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.54. The finding of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹814093.89/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Karnal 864.87q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Karnal ₹1210816.37/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 1.63. In net house the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹603706.049/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Hisar 710.43q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Hisar ₹959077.76/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.59. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-III (producer to consumer) in all markets Marketing efficiency also showed that the channel III is the most efficient marketing channel. Major yield constraints in Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat were high attack of insect pest & diseases and nematode problem while irrigation and low and imbalance fertilizer was least faced problems. Major marketing constraints in all districts was lack of minimum support price and too much fluctuations in prices.
Open Access
Agricultural insurance in india vis-à-vis in Haryana: problems and prospects
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-07) Punia, Meenu; Kundu, K. K
The present investigation was carried out to study price and yield risk involved in different crops at national and state level, performance of the existing and earlier national agricultural insurance scheme, awareness and knowledge of respondent farmers towards crop insurance schemes, and problems and prospects of agriculture insurance schemes. The required secondary data on production and prices of insured crops were collected from secondary sources. Primary data pertained to Haryana state, which divides into three clusters. Multistage random sampling used and total 240 respondent farmers (120 insured and 120 non-insured) were selected for conducting the study. In case of wheat, area and production followed declining trend and became more stable after Green revolution period. But, in case of wheat at all India level, yield risk were maximum volatile and its value shot up more than 100 per cent, respectively. Further, the instability of yield in case of India rose due to frequent severe droughts during 1981-82 to 2003-04. In case of Bajra, overall risk in area was highest among all the principal crops (i.e. approx. 11%). So, in case of Haryana, gram showing the maximum overall risk in area and production (45.69% and 70.29%) among other crops. Gram has been observed to be the riskiest crop in respect of production as well as yields. This understand the need for addressing risks in farm income by devising area-specific crop insurance or other suitable mechanisms and implementation of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) in year 2016 is an important tool in addressing this issue. The study revealed that age of the respondent did not show any significant difference between borrower and non-borrower. Respondent farmers suggested for improving existed scheme and they want quick settlement of claims which is usually taking more time. Risk factors faced mostly in agriculture are drought, flood, fire etc. Overall majority of the borrower had opted the Banks/ financial institutions compulsion as the top most motivating factor for taking crop insurance i.e. 35.83 per cent. Second position was taken by the benefit of insurance (26.66%) for their motivation. No one gave others option as motivation factor. Constraints generally faced by the borrower farmer like delay in claim settlement (25.83%), inaccurate yield estimation (20.83%), inadequate implementation (20.00%), delay in claim settlement (25.83%), lack of awareness about the scheme and exclusion of a malicious damage, theft and grazed and destroyed by domestic animals etc. as 3.33 per cent. as major constraints. Further, the claim premium ratio in First Individual Approach Scheme was 8.34, indicating that for every one rupee of premium collected; the scheme paid Rs 8.34 in claims. It means high out go in the scheme. The benefits of CCIS were highly skewed towards few states and many more drawbacks found in different schemes. Under PMFBY from kharif 2016 to kharif 2017, there has been a significant increase in the number of gross premiums, claims paid and farmers benefitted: 21 per cent, 64 per cent and 29 per cent, respectively. The difference between gross premium and claim paid/compensation paid in the Kharif season has reduced and indicated a divergence in the data on the disbursement of claims and the profits made by private insurance companies. While the negative effects, the number of insured farmers has declined by 14 percent from Kharif 2016 to Kharif 2017, and the total area insured has decreased by ten percent over the span of one year. Likewise, from kharif 2017 to kharif 2018 no. of insured farmers has declined further by 4 per cent, and the total area insured has decreased by seven per cent. However, there has been a significant increase in the number of gross premiums as 45 per cent. The PMFBY has therefore failed to achieve its main targets, i.e. increasing the area and the number of farmers insured. Awareness must be created among farmers regarding different insurance schemes available to farmers, procedure for insuring the crops, methods of loss assessment and compensation determined etc. to tackle the problems.
Open Access
An economic analysis of dairy farming business in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Loura, Manju; Ghalawat, Suman
The present study was carried out with the objectives to analyze the investment, resource use pattern, profitability and turnover, to examine the extent of adoption of recommended management practices and constraints in the Dairy Farming and SWOT analysis of dairy farming in Haryana. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. The Haryana state was divided into two agro-climatic regions/zones i.e. eastern and western regions. The eastern and western regions were denoted as Zone-I and Zone-II, respectively in this study. Zone-I included the districts of Kaithal and Karnal. Zone-II comprised Sirsa and Hisar districts. From the selected districts, two blocks from each district were selected randomly for the present study. Twenty-five farmers practising dairy farming were selected randomly from each block as respondents for the study. Therefore, the total sample size for this study was 200 dairy farmers. To achieve the specific objectives, the primary data from the sample dairy farms were collected through survey method on pre-structured schedules designed for the purpose. The data were collected to work out the investment and consumption pattern in dairy production, profitability and turnover of dairy farms, adoption level of recommended management practices and constraints, SWOT analysis of dairy farming in Haryana during 2019-20. The respondents were divided into three categories i.e. small, medium and large herd size on the basis of number of milch animals. Tabular method and descriptive statistics were used by using IBM SPSS software to attain the desired objectives. The outcome of study revealed that average total variable cost per milch animal per day in Zone-I and Zone-II was ` 120.33 and 133.85, respectively. Overall total variable cost per milch animal per day in Haryana was found to be `127.09. On the other hand, average total fixed cost per milch animal per day was ` 178.56 and 173.41 in Zone-I and Zone-II of Haryana. Overall total fixed cost in Haryana was ` 175.98, whereas overall gross cost was ` 298.56 in Zone-I and ` 307.26 in Zone-II of Haryana. Overall gross cost in Haryana was ` 302.91. Milk productivity was 7.91 and 8.09 l/day/milch animal in Zone-I and Zone-II in Haryana, respectively. Overall milk productivity of Haryana was found to be 7.98 l/day/milch animal. It was also revealed that average milk price was ` 53.60 and 53.70 in Zone-I and Zone-II, respectively. Average milk price of Haryana was ` 53.65. It may also be concluded that net returns per milch animal per day in Zone-I were ` 125.67 and ` 128.30 in Zone-II of Haryana. Average net returns per milch animal per day of Haryana were ` 126.57 per milch animal per day. As far as average milk production was concerned it was found to be 72.95 t per month. Average milk production of Haryana per annum was 60.79 t. The average turnover of the dairy units in Haryana was ` 32.81 lakh. Study revealed that among all the recommended management practices animal health practices were followed by majority of the dairy farmers and the corresponding mean value was 1.75 and the rank was 1st, followed by socio-economic management practices (corresponding mean value 2.02 and rank 2nd), hygiene milking practices (corresponding mean value 2.12 and rank 3rd), animal well-being (corresponding mean value 2.23 and rank 4th), nutrition (corresponding mean value 2.56 and rank 5th), and environmental practices with corresponding mean value 2.57, were least preferred or we may say least adopted by dairy farmers hence environmental practices were given rank 6th. On the other hand, among all the constraints, financial were faced by majority of the dairy farmers and the corresponding mean value 1.69 and rank 1st. We concluded that among all the constraints financial constraints were the most important constraint, followed by constraints regarding unavailability of skilled labour (corresponding mean value 1.85 and rank 2nd), production constraints (corresponding mean value 2.45 and rank 3rd), and marketing constraints (corresponding mean value 2.73 and rank 4th). Major strength of dairy sector was high milk production, high per capita availability of milk, availability of best buffalo breed, reasonable market margins, increasing demand of milk and milk products and self-sufficiency in medicine production. Whereas weakness of dairy sector was involvement of more informal channel, quality issues, opposition to cooperatives, scattered milk production, seasonal fluctuation in milk production and lack of infrastructure and major opportunity in dairy sector was high demand of milk and milk products among youth and sports persons, increased awareness about quality products, involvement of huge investment in dairy sector, high export potential and overall positive growth in dairy infrastructure. It was revealed that major threats to dairy sector were scattered milk production, lower educational level of dairy farmers, existence of large numbers of milk vendors, excessive grazing, increase in cost of feed and high transportation charges and excretion of methane gas from dairy farms. On the basis of conclusions of the study, we may suggest that cost of feed and fodder should be minimized, credit facilities should be strengthened, training programs for adoption of good dairy practices should be organized and last but not the least infrastructure for dairy sector should be strengthened.
Open Access
Spatial and temporal crop diversification in India and their consequences on agriculture
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-02) Swamy H. M.; Sharma, U. K.
After the independence Indian agriculture focused mainly on the food security issues targeting more of food rains, but in the recent decades Indian agriculture able to meet food demand and became net food grain exporter, this was achieved from technology called green revolution, till then agriculture in India was of subsistence in nature but in the recent decades agricultural concern shifted from food grain crops to commercial or non-food grain crops to meet economic and financial demand of farmers. The results of the analysis indicated that Southern region witnessed composite entropy index value crossing 50 per cent in case of cereals (0.63) and total crop sector (0.62) during 2005-17 periods. While, Western region revealed an average of five periods composite entropy index of 0.53, 0.52 and 0.51 in case of total food grains, oilseeds and total crop sector. Northern region shown significant improvement in diversification index from 0.27 to 0.41 during 1955-65 to 1985-95. Thereafter, downfall in the diversification index was noticed. Exactly the reverse trend was seen in case of pulses and oilseeds. Commercial, fiber crops and over all crop sector revealed consistent increase in diversification index from 0.16 to 0.32, 0.21 to 0.29 and 0.40 to 0.49. In the eastern region cereals and pulses drawn the significant increase in diversification index value from 0.35 to 0.49 and 0.42 to 0.54 during study period. North eastern region all crop groups have showcased remarkable progress in terms of diversification index which was 0.24 to 0.46 in cereals, 0.01 to 0.47 in pulses, 0.24 to 0.46in total food grains, 0.06 to 0.42 in oilseeds, 0.10 to 0.19 in commercial crops, 0.12 to 0.34 in fiber crops and 0.41 to 0.43 during study period. At all India level composite entropy index for cereals, pulses, oilseeds and fiber crops have shown a slight improvement, but commercial and over all crop sector have witnessed significant improvement having diversification value of 0.22 to 0.46 and 0.42 to 0.51 for commercial and overall crop sectors, respectively. Thereby, clarifying a clear message of diversification going on towards commercial crops, at the same time maintaining area under other crops as well, this might be due to increased cropping intensity and other such factors.
Open Access
An analytical study on impact of WTO on agricultural trade in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) Kavita; Mehta, V P
The study on “An analytical study on impact of WTO on agricultural trade in India” was done with the following objectives: (1) To study the trends of agricultural trade in India during Pre and Post-WTO regime (2) To compute the terms of trade in Indian agriculture (3) To examine the comparative advantage in India‟s agricultural trade (4) To study the instability of India‟s agricultural trade and suggest appropriate policy measures for improving the agricultural trade. The present study was based on secondary data collected from the various published sources, viz., various issues of hand book of RBI, FAO Trade year Book, Statistical Abstract in India, indiastat.com, FAOSTAT etc. The data were grouped into two periods (Pre-WTO and Post-WTO) depending upon the formation of world trade organization and its effect on export and import of agricultural sector, Period-I is characterized by impact of world trade organization on agricultural trade before formation of world trade organization and ranged from 1975 to1994 and Period-II ranged from 1995 to 2015 which is the Post-WTO period. India became a member of WTO on 1st January 1995 and it was the first multilateral agreement, meant to curb unfair practices in agricultural trade and set off the process of reforms in the agricultural sector. A decreasing trend was observed in agricultural export share of India in world‟s agricultural export during pre- WTO period and an increasing trend during post-WTO period whereas India‟s import share showed reverse trend. Agricultural export share in national export has been showing decreasing trend during pre as well as post-WTO period. Similarly agricultural import share in national import has been showing decreasing trend during pre and post-WTO period. Terms of trade of agricultural sector of India in quantity as well as value terms were decline during pre-WTO period and intensified during post-WTO period. Indian agricultural sector shows trade surplus during pre-WTO period as well as post-WTO period. India has gained comparative advantage in export of cereals, pulses, spices and cash crops and comparative disadvantage in oilseeds, dairy products and eggs, meat and meat preparation whereas mixed result observed in case of fruits and vegetables export. Agricultural trade and national trade were stable during pre-WTO period as compared to post-WTO period.

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