Theses

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 14

Open Access
An economic analysis of sprinkler irrigation in Southern Haryana
(CCS HAU, Hisar, 2022-08) Indu; Sanjay Kumar
The present study was undertaken to know the economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system. The study also focused on the economic analysis of crops grown under sprinkler irrigation system in the study area and constraints faced by farmers in adoption of sprinkler irrigation system. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. For collection of primary data, a multistage sampling method was used which includes a sample of 120 farmers from Bhiwani and Rewari districts of Haryana. The secondary data regarding total number of sprinkler sets installed was taken from Department of Agriculture and Farmer‟s Welfare. In order to determine the economic viability of sprinkler irrigation system, standard project worth measures were used. Overall average cost of installation of sprinklers was found to be ₹ 151384.59. Working cost was observed to be ₹ 15886.17. The benefit cost ratio was found to be 3.30 with a payback period of 3 years. Net present worth worked out to be ₹ 384795.22 while internal rate of return was found to be 57.99 per cent. Net returns to the tune of ₹ 325393.00, 126162.47, 18665.70, 22902.23 were obtained for tomato, onion, wheat and mustard crop respectively in Rewari district. Whereas, it was ₹ 295486.90, 84799.84, 18547.61 and 19364.07 for the respective crops in Bhiwani district. Farmers received a B:C ratio of 2.49 and 2.24, 1.59 and 1.40, 1.21 and 1.21, 1.34 and 1.27 in Rewari and Bhiwani districts for tomato, onion, wheat and mustard crop respectively. As far as adoption of sprinkler irrigation system was concerned, 82 per cent farmers gave rank one to heavy initial investment for installation as the major problem perceived. Other constraints faced by the farmers in its adoption was irregular supply of electricity in the area, low efficiency of sprinklers due to high wind velocity, high rate of interest for loans, clogging of nozzles due to impurities.
Open Access
An economic analysis of super seeder technology of wheat cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-07) Raveena Bishnoi; Vijay Kumar
The research was carried out in the Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana in 2021–2022 to examine the economic analysis of super seeder technology of wheat cultivation in Haryana. In the analysis comparative economics of wheat super seeder technology against conventional tillage technique was done in the study area. For the same purpose Karnal and Kaithal districts were chosen purposively on the basis of land used in paddy-wheat cropping pattern. Despite the fact that preparatory tillage was proven to be more expensive in CT, after that the farmers are bound to follow CT. While the proportion of fixed costs in the overall cost of the super seeder technology was found to be higher than that of the conventional tillage for growing wheat, whereas the proportion of variable costs was higher in conventional tillage. However, compared to super seeder technology, the cost of fertilizer and plant protection was more in conventional tillage. The total cost of cultivation was found to be higher in conventional tillage technology of wheat as compared to the total cost incurred in super seeder technology of wheat cultivation. It was found Rs.108490.45 & Rs. 101604.11 in Haryana state as a whole, respectively. Net Returns per hectare was found higher in the case of super seeder technology than conventional tillage technology in both of the districts it was found Rs.18724.44 and Rs.7688.95 per hectare from super seeder and conventional techniques, respectively. The SST approach was proven to be more profitable because the SST approach produced more main product per hectare than the CT method. Economic viability of the super seeder Machine in production of wheat crop, the benefit-cost ratio was found 1.52, breakeven hectares was computed 50.01 ha, breakeven hours was estimated 81.50 hours, net present value of Rs. 18718.03 and a payback period of 2.08 years. The study's findings showed that the input-output relationship of wheat cultivation in Haryana, the elasticity of production was decreasing return to scale, indicating that resources were overutilized in conventional tillage technology, whereas the elasticity of production was increasing return to scale in the case of the super seeder technology, indicating that the resources were under-utilized. Weed infestation and the non-effectiveness of weedicide were the major constraints on CT, whereas in SST problems of the less germination was the major constraints. However, the high cost of super seeder was the main constraint in super seeder machine.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana.
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-08) Aarti; Aarti; Gulab Singh; Gulab Singh
The present study was carried out with the objectives to work out costs and returns in cultivation of cluster bean, to study the economics of cluster bean processing units and to identify various constraints faced by farmers and processers in production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. The study was based on primary data. Bhiwani and Mahendargarh districts were consciously selected based on the highest area under cluster bean from Southern Haryana. From both districts, four blocks (two blocks from each district) were selected purposively i.e., Bahal and Kairu block from Bhiwani district and Kanina and Satnali block from Mahendargarh district. From each selected block, two villages were selected randomly. Finally, 10 farmers were selected randomly from each village and finally 80 farmers from all the selected eight villages were interviewed to gather all the desired information. The per hectare cost of cluster bean cultivation was found to be Rs. 40241 and Rs.44553 in Bhiwani and Mahendargarh district, respectively. On an average, the per hectare yield, gross returns and net returns obtained from the cultivation of cluster bean in Bhiwani district were 10.82 quintals, Rs.49002 and Rs.8758, respectively. The corresponding figures for Mahendargarh district were worked out to be 11.02 quintals, Rs.52732 and Rs.8178, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost cluster bean cultivation was worked out to be 1.21 and 2.34, respectively for Bhiwani & 1.18 and 2.32 for Mahendargarh district. On an average total cost of processing guar into guar gum was worked out to be Rs. 6408.78 per quintal of output. Cluster bean processing plants incurred a profit of Rs.204 per quintal on average basis during the year 2020-21 with gross and net returns of Rs.6484.42 lakh and Rs.200.35 lakh, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost was worked out to be 1.03 and 1.04 for processing units of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. Results of survey undertaken to know the problem faced by the farmers in production and by processors in processing of cluster bean revealed that the problem of weed (Amaranthus sp. and Digera muricata), high cost of labour, high cost of plant protection chemicals, problem of bacterial leaf blight disease, problem of infestation of aphids in the crop, scarcity of labour and non-availability of quality seeds and improved varieties were the serious constraints faced by farmers in the production cluster bean in the study area and inconsistent and insufficient supply of raw material, High cost of fuel, high losses during transport from farm to factory, Shortage of power, Under-utilization of installed capacity and high sales tax and lack of government price polices were the serious constraints faced by the processers in the processing of cluster bean seeds in the study area.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana.
(CCSHAU Hisar, 2022-08) Aarti; Gulab Singh
The present study was carried out with the objectives to work out costs and returns in cultivation of cluster bean, to study the economics of cluster bean processing units and to identify various constraints faced by farmers and processers in production and processing of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. The study was based on primary data. Bhiwani and Mahendargarh districts were consciously selected based on the highest area under cluster bean from Southern Haryana. From both districts, four blocks (two blocks from each district) were selected purposively i.e., Bahal and Kairu block from Bhiwani district and Kanina and Satnali block from Mahendargarh district. From each selected block, two villages were selected randomly. Finally, 10 farmers were selected randomly from each village and finally 80 farmers from all the selected eight villages were interviewed to gather all the desired information. The per hectare cost of cluster bean cultivation was found to be Rs. 40241 and Rs.44553 in Bhiwani and Mahendargarh district, respectively. On an average, the per hectare yield, gross returns and net returns obtained from the cultivation of cluster bean in Bhiwani district were 10.82 quintals, Rs.49002 and Rs.8758, respectively. The corresponding figures for Mahendargarh district were worked out to be 11.02 quintals, Rs.52732 and Rs.8178, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost cluster bean cultivation was worked out to be 1.21 and 2.34, respectively for Bhiwani & 1.18 and 2.32 for Mahendargarh district. On an average total cost of processing guar into guar gum was worked out to be Rs. 6408.78 per quintal of output. Cluster bean processing plants incurred a profit of Rs.204 per quintal on average basis during the year 2020-21 with gross and net returns of Rs.6484.42 lakh and Rs.200.35 lakh, respectively. The B:C ratio and B:C ratio over variable cost was worked out to be 1.03 and 1.04 for processing units of cluster bean in Southern Haryana. Results of survey undertaken to know the problem faced by the farmers in production and by processors in processing of cluster bean revealed that the problem of weed (Amaranthus sp. and Digera muricata), high cost of labour, high cost of plant protection chemicals, problem of bacterial leaf blight disease, problem of infestation of aphids in the crop, scarcity of labour and non-availability of quality seeds and improved varieties were the serious constraints faced by farmers in the production cluster bean in the study area and inconsistent and insufficient supply of raw material, High cost of fuel, high losses during transport from farm to factory, Shortage of power, Under-utilization of installed capacity and high sales tax and lack of government price polices were the serious constraints faced by the processers in the processing of cluster bean seeds in the study area.
Open Access
Export and Import Performance of Major Fruits and Dry Fruits in India vis – a – vis Afghanistan
(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University hisar, 2022-11) Sediqullah Zahid; Sediqullah Zahid; Bishnoi, Dalip Kumar; Bishnoi, Dalip Kumar
The Study was carried out in India and Afghanistan during the year 2019-2022. The study was based on the secondary data collected from various published and unpublished sources. Secondary data related to export and import of major fruits and dry fruits were collected from the year 2010 to 2019. Grape and Cashewnut had the highest export among all major fresh and dry fruits exported from India, respectively. Whereas, Apple and Cashewnut had the highest import among all major fresh fruits imported to India. Similarly, Grape and Raisin had the highest export among all major fresh as well as dry fruits exported from Afghanistan. While, Banana and Dates had the highest import among all imported fresh and dry fruits to Afghanistan. Grapes and Mango had the absolute highest relative comparative advantage of export among all other major fruits for India. In the case of dry fruits, India had the absolute comparative advantage in the export of cashew nuts and dried figs during the period 2010 to 2019. Similarly, Afghanistan had highest relative comparative advantage in export of Apricot and Dried fig among all the fresh and dry fruits, respectively. Insufficient storages and transportation facilities, excess uses of pesticides and insufficient institutional support, inadequate infra-structure facilities, lack of standards for post-harvest processing, inefficient size of operation, variability in supply and quality, insufficient or inappropriate distribution and storage facilities, poor market access, lack of appropriate management of water resources, shortage of farms and research centres, lack of credit facilities, non-stability in political situation, lack of technical knowhow, lack of professional staff especially in agricultural sector, geographical location (land lock country), lack of incentives for investors, civil conflicts and security crisis, lack of training and communication facilities, grading and sorting facilities, security issues and misunderstanding of the free market economy were observed some major constraints in both the nations .
Open Access
A study on the effect of custom hiring centres on paddy and wheat cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Rawal, Sagar; Ashok Kumar
The study was done in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana which was selected on the basis of highest per cent change in farm power availability since the inception of Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM). For the study, data were collected from 80 farmers for wheat during agricultural year 2019-20 and paddy during agricultural year 2020-21. It was found that farmers hiring machines from Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) found a reduction in operational costs by 10.52 per cent in paddy and 10.26 per cent in wheat compared to farmers hiring machinery from private machine providers. Further, study revealed that increase in net returns of farmers hiring from CHCs was about 27.06 per cent in paddy and 26.19 per cent in wheat compared to hiring machinery from private sources. In case of resource use efficiency analysis machine labour was found to be most efficiently utilised resource under CHCs. Non-availability of all the machines especially the combine harvesters was found to be most severe constraint faced by farmers hiring machinery from CHCs. While, farmers hiring machineries from private sources, most important constraint was of difficult availability of machines at peak season. For CHC’s owners, most severe one was problem of idle machinery especially turbo happy seeder. In case of private farm machinery owners, the most severe constraint was of high initial cost of investment. Hence, the study suggested the need to increase the CHC number, subsidies for heavy machinery like combine harvester and awareness among farmers regarding CHCs and benefits of using machines like turbo happy seeder in the study area.
Open Access
An Economic Analysis of Laser Land Levelling Practice in Haryana
(CCSHAU,HiSAR, 2020) Dinesh Kumar; Dalip Kumar Bishnoi
The Study was carried out in Karnal and Sirsa district of Haryana in 2019-2020. These districts were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under paddy-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping patterns, respectively. 120 respondents were selected randomly. Results revealed that total cost of cultivation of all the crops under study was found higher under LLL as compared to CLL while gross returns, net returns and B-C ratio were found higher under CLL as compared to LLL, showing its profitability. Major benefits of using LLL were in reducing irrigation time per irrigation and per crop season and increasing water productivity. But, reduction in irrigation time and net benefits of using LLL were higher in paddy-wheat (Karnal) compared to cotton-wheat (Sirsa) cropping system. Also, study showed that machine hours and yield were increased while use of all other inputs were reduced under LLL vis-à-vis CLL showing resource conserving potential. Results of Bisaliah decomposition model showed that major change in productivity was due to technological change (positive impact) as compared to input use (negative impact). Regression analysis showed that by adopting LLL resource use efficiency of irrigation and fertilizer can be improved significantly while that of other inputs varies from crops under study. Major constraints found in adoption were non-availability of machine due to sorter window between two seasons, orthodox mindset and high cost of levelling. Also, study revealed role of fellow farmers and friends in diffusion of technology and of private players in providing service. It was found that LLL is not biased towards large farmers and is a scale neutral technology. Therefore, study suggested to increase machines under custom hiring by cooperatives societies, farmers cooperatives and Department of Agriculture, Government of Haryana, so that constraints related to high cost of levelling and non-availability of machine during peak season could be resolved.
Open Access
Performance and functioning of Electronic National Agricultural Market (e-NAM) in Haryana: An economic analysis
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-08) Baljit Kaur; Kundu, K.K.
The present study was carried out with the objectives to analyse the impact of e-market on prices received by farmers and market arrivals, functioning of e-markets in Haryana from the stakeholders’ perspectives and also process innovation, lessons learned from electronic trading to e-NAM in Haryana, constraints in the diffusion of e-NAM and to suggest the policy measures. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. A total of 30 markets with 15 e-NAM linked markets as treatment (e-NAM) and another 15 as control (non-e-NAM) were selected for data collection. In the present study samples of 10 Farmers and 5 traders from each e-market and five each farmers and traders from each non-e-market were selected randomly. Similarly, the secondary data were collected for the year 2014-2019 for e-NAM and 2010-2019 for non-e-NAM selected markets from agmarknet website for collecting the information on arrival and prices from selected mandis. The tools and techniques employed in the analysis of gathered data were Absolute change, comparative change, average, Difference in-difference (DID) approach, price volatility. The outcomes of study revealed that the increase in prices was more in the e markets (treatment group) compared to non-e-markets (control group) for all three commodities wheat, paddy and potato. There is increase in arrivals of potato in the e-markets as compared to non-e-markets. However there is decrease in arrivals of wheat and paddy in e-markets after the implementation of e-NAM in the selected markets. Through the difference in difference technique the e-NAM impact was observed as 27.96, 47.86 and 107.19 per cent increase for wheat, paddy and potato respectively. The similar figures for arrivals of these commodities were 57.36, -28.86 and 92.04 indicating decline in arrivals for paddy through e-NAM platform; while increase in arrival was observed for wheat and potato. About 95 per cent of the farmers told that proper cleaning facilities are available at the mandi. Only 29 per cent of the farmers reported availability of sorting facility, 20 per cent reported availability of grading facility, 100 per cent and 79 per cent reported proper weighing and assaying facility respectively at the selected e-NAM mandis.mandis. The trader cum commission agent response about cleaning (85%) sorting (17%) grading (16%) weighing hundred percent assaying (61%) bid management (73%) e-auction (59%) and grain storage (51%) were aware about these facilities in the e-NAM selected markets. The time taken for online payments received by the farmers takes more than 20 days (57.3%) followed by 10 to 20 days (28%) and 2 to 10 days (15%). The similar figures for traders were 24, 45 and 31 per cent respectively. Both the farmers and traders cum commission agents reported that there is no online payment on the same day. Majority of the farmers were aware of e-auctions (86%) and computer entry at the gate (92%) in the e-markets, but in the non e-NAM markets, 36 per cent of the farmers knew about e-markets functioning and process. Overall, 70.7 per cent of farmers, 32 per cent of traders cum commission agents said the e-market concept is good and were satisfied with the e-NAM. Majority of the traders cum commission agents (68 %) did not favour e-markets, but majority of the farmers were in its favour. None of the farmers and trader cum commission agent informed that they got timely payment. All of the traders highlighted no proper dissemination of information, 80 per cent of traders reported complexity of sale process, 14.7 per cent reported the lack of trained personnel to help them with e-NAM, 85.3 percent of traders faced delay in online payments, and 80 per cent & 60 per cent of traders reported for unavailability of adequate assaying laboratory. About 89.3 per cent of respondent traders faced difficulties in getting license for trading. The increase in prices was more in the e-NAM markets compared to non-e-NAM markets. There is increase in arrivals of potato in the e-NAM markets as compared to non-e-NAM markets. However there is decrease in arrivals of wheat and paddy in e-NAM markets after the implementation of e-NAM in the selected markets. Most preferred medium of crop sale by farmers during post e-NAM period is commission agents. Almost all sampled farmers preferred e-NAM platform to sell the crops in post e-NAM period. Most of the farmers were satisfied with the e-NAM concept but traders cum commission agents did not favour it. None of the farmer or trader reported timely payments in e-NAM system. The findings of the study also revealed constraints by different stakeholders and suggestions for improvement in the functioning of e-NAM in Haryana.
Open Access
An economic analysis of spring maize cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-09) Mandeep Kumar; Pannu, R.S.
The present study was conducted in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana during 2019- 20 with a view to study the cost and returns of spring maize in relation to its competing crops, to work out the resource use efficiency of spring maize vis-à-vis competing crops and to identify the constraints in the production of spring maize cultivation. 80 farmers were selected using multi-stage purposive sampling technique from the identified districts. The outcome of the study revealed that the total cost of cultivation was highest for marigold i.e. ₹ 183411 ha-1, followed by spring maize (₹ 83350 ha-1), sunflower (₹ 76297 ha-1) and least for summer mungbean i.e. ₹ 59721 ha-1. Further, the per hectare gross returns obtained from marigold, spring maize, sunflower and summer mungbean were ₹ 462250, ₹ 108029, ₹ 91526 and ₹ 85744, respectively. Furthermore, the net returns realized from marigold (₹ 278838 ha-1) was highest followed by summer mungbean (₹ 26023 ha-1), spring maize (₹ 24679 ha-1) and sunflower (₹ 15229 ha-1). Moreover, it was worth to mention that B:C ratio was found highest for marigold (2.52) tracked by summer mungbean (1.40), spring maize (1.30) and least for sunflower (1.20) in the study area. In case of spring maize, chemical fertilizers and seed were the most efficiently utilized resources in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts, respectively whereas irrigation was found to be least efficiently utilized resource in both the districts. Further, in case of summer mungbean, seed and machine labour exhibited highest resource use efficiency in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts, respectively whereas chemical fertilizers was found to be least efficient resource in selected districts. Furthermore, in case of marigold and sunflower, seed was used to the maximum extent of its efficiency whereas machine labour came out to be least efficiently utilized resource in both the districts. In addition to this, the decreasing returns to scale have been observed for spring maize in specified districts. However, summer mungbean, marigold and sunflower cultivation in both the districts exhibited increasing returns to scale. High wage rate of labour, damage to the standing crop by wild animals, higher cost of seed, incidence of insect-pests and diseases, non-procurement of maize produce by government agencies, low market price realization due to high moisture content etc., are the some of the major constraints faced by spring maize growers.

Theses

Browse

Thesis Type

Type

Author

Date

Subject

Search Results