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Open Access
Estimation of effective demand and economic analysis of fruit and vegetable crops in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-08) Raj Kumar; Rathee, Anil Kumar
The present investigation was carried out to study the effective demand, cost and returns, trends in arrivals and prices, marketing cost, margins, price spread and marketing efficiency through different channels and constraints faced by farmers in production, marketing and processing of fruits and vegetables. For study purpose, Sonepat, Kurukshetra, Nuh, Yamunanagar and Sirsa districts of Haryana state having the highest production under fruits and vegetables cultivation, were purposively selected. From each selected district one block for fruits (mango, kinnow, guava and ber) and one block for vegetables (potato, cauliflower, tomato and onion) were selected. From each selected block, 30 farmers were selected for each fruit and vegetable crops which constituted a total sample of 240 fruits and vegetables growers. Per capita net availability of fruits was 52.00 and 141.00 and the consumption gap was 7.28 and 108.67 grams/person/day, in Haryana and India, respectively. Similarly in case of vegetable per capita net availability was 417.32 and 272.00 and the consumption gap was 175.32 and 63.51 grams/person/day, in Haryana and India, respectively. The average total cost in establishment of mango, kinnow, guava and ber orchard in the selected districts was `28034, 127979, 77527 and 35316 per hectare and the annual operating cost `71928, 89076, 88914 and 66880 per hectare, respectively. Further the net returns were `256856, 272845, 223308 and 84338 per hectare. The benefit cost ratio obtained was equal to 1:4.02, 1:3.76, 1:3.09 and 1:2.52 under mango, kinnow, guava and ber, respectively. In case of vegetable crops net returns were `95425, 96799, 105774 and 48517 per hectare, and the benefit cost ratio obtained was equal to 1:1.53, 1:1.46, 1:1.58 and 1:1.35 under potato, cauliflower, tomato and onion, respectively. In fruits and vegetables there was inverse relationship between arrival and prices. There was a considerable negative relation in time and arrival in the market under study and there was a significant and positive relationship between time and prices. It was found that channel-V was the most efficient among all the marketing channels in the fruits crops and channel-IV was most efficient marketing channel in case of vegetable crops. The major problems faced by the farmer in the production, marketing and processing of fruits were having high cost of pesticides (90.00%), lack of knowledge of recommended fertilizer doses (86.67%), absence of minimum support prices (90.00%), too much fluctuation in prices (86.67%), higher rate of charges power and fuel (80.00%), lack of technical man power (80.00%).In case of vegetables, high cost of pesticides (90.00%), high cost of seed (86.67%), lack of cold chain facilities (90.00%), high cost of transportation (86.67%), higher rate of charges power and fuel (90.00%), lack of technical man power (83.33%) were found major constraints in production, marketing and processing of vegetables. There exists ample scope for the profitable expansion of cultivation, marketing and processing of fruits and vegetables in Haryana as well as in India. The analysis of effective demand under the present study further strengthens it.
Open Access
Role of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank in Financing in Agriculture
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019) Jitendra Kumar; Mehta, V.P
Role of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank was studied with the following objectives,to study the performance of loans, to study the behaviour and adequacy of loans,to determine the factors affecting amount of loans and to identify the constraints in getting loans and repayment.The present study was based on both primary as well as secondary data. Secondary data was collected pertaining to the year 2009-10 to 2017-18 from the annual reports of randomly selected eight branches of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank.Primary data for the year 2019 regarding utilization pattern and credit gap was collected from 160 selected respondents with the help of pre-tested schedule. The efforts made by SHGB in branch expansion, deposit mobilization, and credit deployment in weaker section of rural areas are appreciable. SHGB successfully achieved its objectives like taking banking to doorstep of farmers, providing credit without time lag and cheaper credit to weaker sections, encouraging rural savings for productive activities and bringing down the cost of accessing credit in rural areas The performance of SHGB in branch expansion, income, expenditure and profit changed over the period with CGR stood that 11, 26, 33 and 19 per cent, respectively. Moreover, credit and deposit of SHGB increased significantly over the period with a CGR of 21 and 25 per cent, respectively. After amalgamation of Haryana Gramin Gramin Bank & Gurugram Gramin Bank profit, credit and deposit of Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank increasedwithapproximately twice the earlier growth rate.Farmers utilized credit either for productive purposes or for non-productive purposes. The results of utilization pattern of marginal farmers showed that under productive use, it was mainly spent for fertilizers (17.02%), labour (7.31%), and irrigation (7.29%). Whereas, small farmers used credit for productive purposes such as instruments purchase (9.31%), fertilizers (18.51%), POL (7.37%). Moreover, large farmers also mainly used loan for fertilizer purchase, instruments purchase and POL. Altogether, all farmers be it marginal, small or large, used credit primarily for purchasing fertilizers.The analysis showed that marginal and small farmers had to mainly divert credit a major portion of their credit for repayment of old debts. Share of credit used in productive purposes of loan increased with the increase land holding.Also, per hectare amount of credit diverted for other productive purposes was also noted to be negatively associated with increase in the size of holdings. Investigation of credit gap for marginal, small and large farmers was done on the basis of loan demanded by the respondent and loan advanced by the bank. It was fund that credit gap had decreased with the increase of land holding. Farmers face number of constraints in getting and repayment of loan such as more paper work, loan not available at time and repayment of old debts etc. Based these problemsit is suggested that SHGB should provide credit with minimum formalities, SHGB credit limit should be increased to fulfill the credit gapThe amount of installments repayment should be matched with the expected farm income of farmers from the agricultural operations.
Open Access
Economic analysis of vegetable cultivation under protected structures in Haryana
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-09) Parveen Kumar; Chauhan, Ranvir Singh
The present study aims at dealing with present status of protected structures, costs and returns of vegetables in these structures, marketing pattern of vegetables and constraints related to yield and marketing of vegetables. For the present study, three districts from Haryana state were selected i.e. Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat. From each district, 60 farmers were purposively selected which constituted a total sample of 180 farmers. In Haryana, mainly three types of protected structures are found. In every structure cucumber, capsicum and tomato vegetable were grown by the farmers. The total area under different types of protected structures in Haryana during the year 2017-18 was 757.80 ha. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹732732.07/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar (1041.37q/ha). The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹1106290.79/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.56. In net house highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Karnal ₹570140.49/ha. Higher yield of cucumber was also found in Karnal 988.42 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber was highest from Sonepat ₹995040.42/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Sonepat 1.74. In walk-in-tunnel structures highest total cost incurred on cucumber in Sonepat was ₹673334.71. Higher yield of cucumber was found in Hisar 967.84 q/ha. The gross returns from cucumber under walk-in-tunnel was highest from Sonepat ₹1047062.1/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.58. The findings of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse, highest total cost was incurred on capsicum in Sonepat (₹849261.06/ha). Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal (957.53 q/ha). The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Karnal ₹1436300.03/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 2.00. In net house the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Karnal ₹642475.50/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Karnal 766.02 q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Hisar ₹1186105.83/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.92. In walk-intunnel the highest total cost incurred on capsicum in Hisar was ₹768638.83/ha. Higher yield of capsicum was found in Sonepat 879.69q/ha. The gross returns from capsicum was highest from Sonepat ₹879.69/ha. Benefitcost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.54. The finding of the study indicated that in naturally ventilated polyhouse the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹814093.89/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Karnal 864.87q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Karnal ₹1210816.37/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Karnal 1.63. In net house the highest total cost incurred on tomato in Hisar ₹603706.049/ha. Higher yield of tomato was found in Hisar 710.43q/ha. The gross returns from tomato was highest from Hisar ₹959077.76/ha. Benefit-cost ratio was highest recorded in Hisar 1.59. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was highest in channel-III (producer to consumer) in all markets Marketing efficiency also showed that the channel III is the most efficient marketing channel. Major yield constraints in Hisar, Karnal and Sonepat were high attack of insect pest & diseases and nematode problem while irrigation and low and imbalance fertilizer was least faced problems. Major marketing constraints in all districts was lack of minimum support price and too much fluctuations in prices.
Open Access
An analytical study on impact of WTO on agricultural trade in India
(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2019-12) Kavita; Mehta, V P
The study on “An analytical study on impact of WTO on agricultural trade in India” was done with the following objectives: (1) To study the trends of agricultural trade in India during Pre and Post-WTO regime (2) To compute the terms of trade in Indian agriculture (3) To examine the comparative advantage in India‟s agricultural trade (4) To study the instability of India‟s agricultural trade and suggest appropriate policy measures for improving the agricultural trade. The present study was based on secondary data collected from the various published sources, viz., various issues of hand book of RBI, FAO Trade year Book, Statistical Abstract in India, indiastat.com, FAOSTAT etc. The data were grouped into two periods (Pre-WTO and Post-WTO) depending upon the formation of world trade organization and its effect on export and import of agricultural sector, Period-I is characterized by impact of world trade organization on agricultural trade before formation of world trade organization and ranged from 1975 to1994 and Period-II ranged from 1995 to 2015 which is the Post-WTO period. India became a member of WTO on 1st January 1995 and it was the first multilateral agreement, meant to curb unfair practices in agricultural trade and set off the process of reforms in the agricultural sector. A decreasing trend was observed in agricultural export share of India in world‟s agricultural export during pre- WTO period and an increasing trend during post-WTO period whereas India‟s import share showed reverse trend. Agricultural export share in national export has been showing decreasing trend during pre as well as post-WTO period. Similarly agricultural import share in national import has been showing decreasing trend during pre and post-WTO period. Terms of trade of agricultural sector of India in quantity as well as value terms were decline during pre-WTO period and intensified during post-WTO period. Indian agricultural sector shows trade surplus during pre-WTO period as well as post-WTO period. India has gained comparative advantage in export of cereals, pulses, spices and cash crops and comparative disadvantage in oilseeds, dairy products and eggs, meat and meat preparation whereas mixed result observed in case of fruits and vegetables export. Agricultural trade and national trade were stable during pre-WTO period as compared to post-WTO period.
Open Access
Economic analysis of production and export of basmati rice in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Kamboj, Pardeep; Sanjay Kumar
Rice is an important food crop of India. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. Basmati rice is a unique aromatic variety grown in our country. India exports basmati rice more than fifty countries in the world. The study was based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a survey of 120 farmers growing basmati rice in the selected two districts of Haryana. The study was conducted in Karnal and Kaithal district of Haryana in 2018-19 to study the comparative economics of production of basmati rice in the state. It was revealed that farmers in Karnal and Kaithal were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under basmati rice. Even though, the cost of cultivation was found to be higher in PB-1121 (Rs. 121911/ha.) over CSR-30 (Rs. 119320/ha.) in overall basis. Gross return was found to be higher in PB-1121 (Rs. 150836/ha.) over CSR-30 (Rs. 136820/ha.) and net returns was observed in case of PB-1121 (Rs. 28925/ha.) over CSR-30 (Rs. 17500/ha.) in overall basis respectively. The area, production and productivity of basmati rice during the year 2009-10 to 2018-19 were calculated based on secondary data collected from Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), Horizon Research and Directorate of Rice Development. The results indicated that area and production of basmati rice in Haryana during the year 2009-10 to 2018-19 declined with a CAGR of negative 1.09 per cent and negative 0.59 per cent and productivity increased with positive 0.50 per cent. Similarly, in India, the area, production and productivity of basmati rice during the year 2009-10 to 2018-19 declined with a CAGR of negative 0.09 per cent, negative 2.18 per cent and negative 2.09 per cent respectively. The study attempts to analyze the basmati rice export for the period 1998-99 to 2017-18. The quantity of basmati rice exported from India was 597.76 thousand tonnes during the period 1998-99 and the same has gone up to 4056.77 thousand tonnes during the period 2017-18. The CAGR for quantity and value realization increased at 12.60 per cent and 19.45 per cent. Among the eight major basmati rice importing countries from India. Iran emerged as the largest importer of basmati rice from India, the export quantity was 877.42 thousand tonnes during the year 2017-18, constitute 21.62 per cent, followed by Saudi Arabia (19.53%), Iran (10.69%), U.A.E (10.66%), U.K (4.43%), Yemen Republic (4.13%), Kuwait (4.11%), U.S.A (3.13%) and other countries (21.83%) respectively.
Open Access
Economic Analysis of Establishment Techniques of Wheat in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Ajay Singh; Rathee, Anil Kumar
The study was conducted in Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana in 2017-18 to study the comparative economics of establishment techniques of wheat in the state. It was revealed that major farmers in Karnal and Kaithal districts were selected purposively on the basis of highest area under different types of resource conservation establishment techniques. Even though, the cost of cultivation was found to be higher in CT due to higher cost in preparatory tillage still farmers doing CT. The share of variable cost in total cost of conventional technique of wheat was higher than the conservation techniques (ZTT and THST), while the share of fixed cost in total cost of THST was found to be higher as compare to CT and ZTT. On the other hand the cost of fertilizer and plant protection were higher in conventional technique rather than zero tillage and turbo happy seeder techniques. Profitability was found to be higher in THST method. Per hectare main product was more in THST method than the other one. The result of the study displayed that in case of input output relationship of wheat cultivation in Haryana, elasticity of production was decreasing return to scale indicating resources in conventional and zero tillage techniques was over utilized but in turbo happy seeder technique elasticity of production was increasing return to scale implying that the resources were efficiently used. Maximum input energy was consumed by post irrigation, FYM application and wheat straw making operations. Though, THST of wheat was produced higher output energy as compared to ZTT and CT. Whereas, on the other side, output-input ratio were observed higher in turbo happy seeder technique as compared to zero tillage and conventional techniques indicated energy efficient technology. The constraint for production of CT were weed infestation and non adoption of seed treatment. In ZTT weed infestation, limited availability of zero tillage machine at the time of sowing and problem of germination and in THST were less effective weedicides and shortage of turbo happy seeders during sowing.
Open Access
An economic analysis of sugarcane cultivation in Haryana
(CCSHAU, 2019) Nisha; Malik, D.P.
The present study was carried out with the objectives to analyze the trend in area, production and productivity of sugarcane in India vis-a-vis Haryana, to work out costs and returns, to study resource use efficiency and to identify various factors influencing sugarcane acreage in Haryana. The study was based on primary as well as secondary data. The time-series data related to area, production and productivity of sugarcane in India as well as Haryana for the period 1971-2018 was gathered and the growth rate and trends by using linear trend equation were computed. Yamunanagar and Rohtak districts were consciously selected based on the highest area under sugarcane from eastern and western zones, respectively. One block having maximum area under sugarcane namely Radaur from Yamunanagar and Rohtak from Rohtak was selected purposively. Further three villages of each selected block were selected randomly. From each village, 20 farmers were selected randomly and finally, 120 farmers of six villages was interviewed to excerpt all desired information. Cobb-douglas production function was fitted work out the extent of efficacy of resource use. The outcomes of study revealed an increasing trend in the area, production and productivity of sugarcane at the national level with CAGRs values of 1.52, 0.84 and 2.37 per cent , respectively. Whereas, in Haryana, the trend in area indicated decreasing trend ( -0.79%) over the study period while production and productivity illustrated increasing trend with CAGRs values of 0.74 and 1.55 per cent, respectively. The per hectare cost of cultivation in planted and ratoon sugarcane in Yamunanagar was found to be Rs. 244517 and Rs. 187217, respectively. While in Rohtak district, it was computed as Rs. 210832 and Rs. 146995, respectively. In Yamunanagar, the per hectare yield, gross returns and net returns attained from the planted sugarcane were 986 quintals, Rs. 337120 and Rs. 92604, respectively. The corresponding figures for ratoon sugarcane were worked out to be 950 quintals, Rs. 322730 and Rs. 135513 respectively. Whereas, in Rohtak, the per hectare yield gross returns and net returns attained from the planted sugarcane were worked out to be 798 quintals, Rs. 274554 and Rs. 63727, respectively. The corresponding values for ratoon sugarcane were worked out to be 702 quintals, Rs. 241410 and Rs. 94415, respectively. The B:C ratio for planted and ratoon conditions was worked out to be 1.38 and 1.72, respectively for Yamunanagar & 1.30 and 1.64 respectively for Rohtak. In planted conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on machine labour and seed, whereas, in planted conditions of Rohtak, expenditure on human labour, seed, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals were found positive and statistically significant specifying inefficiency of these inputs. In ratoon conditions of Yamunanagar, expenditure on human labour, plant protection chemicals and irrigation were found to be positive and statistically significant indicating that inputs were not used efficiently whereas, in ratoon conditions of Rohtak, the inputs under-utilized were human labour, plant protection chemicals and fertilizers. Requirement of number of irrigations, labour scarcity for manual hoeing/ inter-cultural operations, non-availability of machines for harvesting of sugarcane, payment by sugar mills in installments, small size of operational land holding, the returns from sugarcane once a year etc. are some of the major constraints impelling sugarcane acreage.
Open Access
Impact Study of Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture in Haryana vis-à-vis Odisha
(CCSHAU, 2019) Mousumi Priyadarshini; Kundu, K.K.
The present investigation was aimed to study the trends in area, production and productivity of horticultural crops, to analyse the economics of various fruit crops, to study the pattern of allocation of funds for various interventions of MIDH and to identify constraints in effective implementation of MIDH. Sirsa and Hisar districts from Haryana and Balasore and Kalahandi districts from Odisha were purposively selected having highest area under cultivation of selected fruit crops. From each district 30 farmers were randomly selected thus making a total sample size of 120 farmers. The compound growth rates in area, production and productivity of kinnow in Haryana were found to be 11.69, 17.67 and 5.36 per cent respectively. Similarly in case of guava in Haryana the CGR in area, production and productivity was found to be 8.09, 15.08 and 6.46 per cent respectively. The CGR in area, production and productivity of guava in Odisha was found to be 0.20, 1.29 and1.09 per cent respectively. The CGR in area, production and productivity of banana in Odisha was found to be 0.92, 5.11 and 4.15 per cent respectively. The CGR in area under total horticultural crops in Haryana, Odisha and India was found to be 5.22, 0.87 and 2.32 per cent respectively. The CGR in production under total horticultural crops in Haryana, Odisha and India was found to be 7.97,1.65 and 4.69 per cent respectively. The CGR in productivity under total horticultural crops in Haryana, Odisha and India was found to be 2.60, 0.78 and 2.33 per cent respectively. The average total establishment cost, operational cost, NPV, IRR, B:C ratio and pay back period for kinnow in Haryana were found as `122460, `56662, `747703.64, 26.24 per cent and 7 years respectively. The average total establishment cost, operational cost, NPV, IRR, B:C ratio and pay back period for guava in Haryana were found as `95784, `56463, `751368.52, 26.41 per cent and 7 years respectively. The average total establishment cost, operational cost, NPV, IRR, B:C ratio and pay back period for guava in Odisha were found as `97804,`57093, `488638.60, 26.42 per cent and 8 years respectively. The average total cost, net return and B:C ratio of banana in Odisha were found to be `136351, `462817 and 1:3.46 respectively. Major constraints faced by fruits growers were indentified as lack of infrastructure for processing and storage, inadequate infrastructure for post harvest management, poor marketing facility, lack of good quality planting materials etc.
Open Access
Dynamics of export and import of major agricultural commodities in India
(CCSHAU, 2019) Abdul Qasim; Mehta, V.P.
India is predominantly an agricultural economy which contributes at about 14.8 percent to national GDP and Contributing 58 percent of countries employment. A study was conducted to “Dynamics of export and import of major agricultural commodities in India” with the objectives to study the trends in export and import of major agriculture commodities in India, to study analyze the growth pattern and stability in export and import of major agriculture commodities in India and to study the balance of trade of selected agricultural commodities. Secondary data was collected on quantity, value and unit value for major agricultural commodities for a period of 1990-2016. The trends analysis shows increasing trends for export of agricultural commodities except for pulses because of prohibition of pulse export, on the other hand the import of agricultural commodities also showing increasing trend except for rice and wheat has there is huge demand for these crops to meet domestic consumption requirements. In recent past export of sugar cane shown increased trend this was attributed to increase in production as there is a support prices for it. Although oilseeds export shown increase in trend in recent past country is still very much dependent on imports to meet domestic demand after following bilateral agreements. The percentage share of agricultural export is decreasing (16.88 percent to 10.94 percent) and there is moderate increase in import otherwise its fluctuating between 3 to 7 percent. India is having absolute advantage in coffee. Although, fruits and vegetable export value consistently increases during study period, but after 2000 the import value accounts more than export value meaning even though India is second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, imports are more than exports, there is a need to increase productivity, reduce harvest losses by creating infrastructure developments like cold storages, processing units, refrigeration vans, etc.

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