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2021 - 20224
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2020 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Diagnosis and treatment of spinal affections in dogs and cats
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Das, Shantishree; Singh, Chandan Kumar
    A total of 3130 dogs and 533 cats were presented in the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology and Surgery Out Patient Department (SOPD), Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara during the period from 1st November 2021 to 31st July 2022. Overall incidence of spinal affections 0.73 percentage and 1.68 percentage was recorded in dogs and cats respectively. Incidence of spinal affections in male dogs (65.22 percentage) and in female cats (66.66 percentage) was highest. Non-descript dogs (30.43 percentage) and cats (88.88 percentage) were found to highly prone to spinal affections. Motor vehicle accident (30.43 percentage) and dog bites (44.44 percentage) was found to be the prime cause of spinal trauma in dogs and cats respectively. Thoracolumbar region was found to be at highest risk. Out of the total spinal affection cases presented, 13 dogs and 5 cats were taken under current study. The animals were evaluated clinically on the basis of physiological, Orthopedic and neurological examination. Survey and contrast radiography was taken for confirmation of the spinal affections. After confirmation, 7 dogs and 2 cats were treated conservatively out of which 2 dogs (28.57 percentage) and 1 cat (50 percentage) showed neurological recovery, whereas, 6 dogs and 3 cats were treated surgically (with pedicle screws, spinal stapling and hemilaminectomy) out of which 1 dog (16.66 percentage) and 2 cats (66.67 percentage) showed neurological recovery followed by physiotherapy using TENS, infrared light and hot fomentation. At 20th day post-treatment there was an insignificant rise in ALP concentration of dogs and cats which could be due to inflammatory phage of healing, osteoblastic activity and administration of the steroids. The mean value of LDH concentration was found to be highly significant. CSF was collected via cisternal tap and evaluated chemically, macroscopically and microscopically. Neutrophils were observed in high number at the reporting time. Animals reported within 24 hours of affection with intact deep pain reflex showed better recovery. So, earlier the case presented, better is the recovery.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Diagnosis of canine heart diseases with special reference to transthoracic echocardiography
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Das, Rimjhim; Kalita, Dwijen
    A total of 14050 dogs were registered; out of which 88 dogs were suspected for heart diseases based on clinical manifestations and 38 dogs with overall incidence rate of 0.27% were diagnosed with various heart diseases based on thoracic radiography, electrocardiography and two-dimensional, M-mode and colour-flow Doppler echocardiography. The incidence of cardiac affections were found to be highest in Labrador Retriever (39.47%), male dogs (63.15%), age group of >6-9 years (31.57%). Radiographically 20 dogs were diagnosed with cardiac affections and found Pleural effusion with highest occurrence (23.68%), followed by left sided cardiomegaly (21.05%) and right sided cardiomegaly (7.89%). Electrocardiographically 30 dogs were diagnosed positive for cardiac affections with highest occurrence of Sinus bradycardia (23.68%) followed by P-mitrale (18.42%), ventricular hypertrophy and pericardial effusion (7.89% each), 1st degree AV block, Ppulmonale and myocardial disease (5.26% each), ventricular septal enlargement and atrial fibrillation (2.63% each). However, transthoracic echocardiography was taken as gold standard diagnostic modality with which 38 dogs were diagnosed positive for heart diseases. The most frequently diagnosed cardiac disease using 2D-mode, M-mode were Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) (47.36%), Left atrial (LA) enlargement (15.78%), Pericardial effusion, Left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) hypertrophy (7.89%) and Right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy(5.26%). With Doppler mode echocardiography the occurrence of Mitral valve insufficiency was found to be highest (65.78%) followed by Tricuspid valve insufficiency (52.63%) and aortic valve insufficiency (10.52%). The haematological parameters i.e. TEC, TLC, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and Hb and biochemical parameters i.e. SGPT, SGOT, BUN, Creatinine, Total protein, albumin, sodium and potassium revealed non-significant (p>0.05) role in diagnosis of cardiac affections in dogs. However, serum calcium and non-specific LDH appeared to be significantly (p≤0.05) influenced by occurrence of heart disease and both the parameters were found reliable for diagnosis of heart diseases. The serum Ca and non specific LDH can be used together in combination to improve the efficacy of diagnosis for cardiac affections. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of thoracic radiography was found to be 58.82%, 76.19% and 65.45% respectively upon taking echocardiography as gold standard diagnostic method. Whereas, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of electrocardiography was found to be 81.08 %, 60% and 76.60% respectively. Based on the present study electrocardiography was found to be more efficient in diagnosis of heart diseases for dogs in comparison to thoracic radiography. However, transthoracic echocardiography using two-dimensional, m-mode and colour-doppler has been found to be the most efficient diagnostic modality in diagnosis of heart diseases in dogs as 43.18% (n=38) were diagnosed positive out of 88 suspected cases for heart disease presented during the study period.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Ultrasound guided epidural analgesia for perioperative pain management in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy operation
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Mahanta, Bindiya; Nath, Parsha Jyoti
    The current study aimed at assessing the efficacy of Morphine and Buprenorphine as perioperative analgesics administered epidurally via a US guided lumbosacral approach in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Eighteen healthy female Pariah dogs of 1-4 years of age were selected that presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology and Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups viz. Group A, Group B, Group C with 6 animals in each group. The animals of Group A and Group B were administered Morphine @ 0.1mg/kg b.wt and Buprenorphine @4μg /kg b.wt single dose epidurally under ultrasonographic guidance before the start of the operation. The animals of Group C were kept as control for the study without any analgesic till the end of observation period. Ultrasonographic visualization of epidural space was done by using the ultrasound probe in sagittal position. The lumbosacral intervertebral space could be accurately identified using ultrasonography. Successful deposition of analgesic into the epidural space was possible in animals of different body conditions. The physiological parameters were recorded at 0min, 15mins, 30mins, 45mins, 60mins, 75mins, 90mins and 120mins post epidural administration. The heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature and mean arterial pressure had significant variation (p<0.01) between the groups whereas oxygen concentration expressed significant variation between time intervals. All physiological parameters were found to be within physiological reference range in the study. The assessment of pain was done by using Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale- Short Form (CMPS-SF). The pain assessment was done preoperatively and postoperatively at 0 min, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The CMPS-SF scores showed a significant (p<0.01) increase from baseline scores in the post operative period in all the groups at 3 hours postoperatively which gradually declined towards the end of the observation period. The animals in treatment groups had significantly lower pain scores postoperatively than the animals in the control group. The haematological and biochemical parameters were studied preoperatively and postoperatively at 0 min, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume varied non-significantly between different groups but changed significantly between time intervals. Total erythrocyte count increased significantly 12 hours post-operatively. Blood glucose and plasma cortisol concentration varied significantly (p<0.01) at 3 hours post operatively in all groups. The blood glucose levels of Group A and Group B were lower compared to Group C. The cortisol levels of Group B and Group C were comparable in the initial post-operative phase which declined gradually towards the end. The blood glucose levels expressed an increasing trend while the cortisol levels presented a decreasing trend towards the end of the study period in Group C. Alkaline Phosphatase levels expressed non-significant variation in the observation period in all groups. From the study it could be concluded that, ultrasonographic detection aided in identification of lumbosacral epidural space and deposition of analgesics which helped produce long lasting analgesia with Morphine providing better analgesia in the initial post-operative phase, which was comparable to buprenorphine for providing long lasting analgesia.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SURGICAL AFFECTIONS IN FREE RANGING AND CAPTIVE WILDLIFE OF ASSAM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ELEPHANTSSURGICAL AFFECTIONS IN FREE RANGING AND CAPTIVE WILDLIFE OF ASSAM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ELEPHANTS
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2021-03) DONNELLY, GAYLE HUGH; Sarma, Kushal Konwar
    In the present study, data was recorded regarding the surgical affections encountered in free-ranging and captive wildlife of Assam, with special reference to Asian elephants and the incidence was calculated according to species, place, age and sex. A systematic record of the treatment schedule followed was maintained and samples were collected from elephants to conduct bacteriological, haematological and biochemical studies. A total of 674 wild animals were studied for the presence of surgical affections. Of these, 149 animals were found to be affected, therefore reflecting the incidence of surgical affections in wild animals at 22.11 per cent. The incidence of surgical affections in mammalian and avian species was relatively similar at 22.30% and 23.08%, respectively and the incidence in reptilian species was much lower at 11.77%. Among all mammals, the highest incidence of surgical affections was seen in Asiatic Lion, Golden Cat, Pig-tailed Macaque and Capped Langur at 100%. Surgical affections were also noted in other species such as Four-horned Antelope (88.34%), Golden Langur (71.43%), Blue Bull (70%), Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (62.50%), Jungle Cat (57.15%), Black Panther (50%), White Tiger (50%), Stump-tailed Macaque (42.86%), Hoolock Gibbon (42.86%), Bengal Tiger (33.34%), Asian Elephant (29.52%), Slow Loris (28.58%), Asiatic Brush-tailed porcupine(25%), Small Indian Civet (25%), Common Leopard (21.74%), Common Palm Civet (14.29%), Jackal (11.12%), Himalayan Black Bear (10%), Sambar Deer (7.57%), Indian Mouse Deer (6.67%), Barking Deer (6.56%) and Leopard Cat (5.27%). In Aves, the incidence of surgical affections was highest in Slender-billed Vulture (100%), followed by Lesser Adjutant Stork (80%), Egyptian Vulture (50%), Indian Pied Hornbill (50%), Greater Adjutant Stork (36.37%), Emu (33.34%), Indian Peafowl (25%), Himalayan Griffon Vulture (9.09%), and Great White Pelican (3.85%). Whereas, in reptilian species, the incidence was 14.28% in Common Indian Monitor 10% in Indian Soft-shelled Turtle species. The occurrence of surgical affections was higher in males (24.81%) as compared to females (21.69%). Among all species, 12 types of surgical affections were seen, with the highest incidence in open wounds (16.77%), followed by leg/foot affections (1.93%), cutaneous myiasis (1.48%), closed wounds (1.48%), fracture (0.89%), ocular affections (0.59%), growths (0.3%), paraphimosis (0.3%), navel ill (0.3%), umbilical hernia (0.15%), posterior paralysis (0.15%) and postpartum bleeding (0.15%). When considering cases of only Asian elephants, a total of 166 elephants were examined under the present study, and the total incidence of surgical affections was 29.52%. Concerning spatial distribution, the incidence of surgical affections among 103 captive - Forest Department elephants and 22 free-ranging wild elephants was 22.34% and 18.19%, respectively. The highest incidence of surgical affections was noted in the 41 captive privately owned elephants - 53.66%. When considering age, the highest incidence of surgical affections was seen in the age group 31 - 40 years (84.21%), followed by the age group 41 - 50 years (71.43%) which constituted working Elephants. The overall sex-wise incidence of surgical affections was noted to be higher in females (67.35%) than males (32.66%). Individually, however, the higher incidence was noted in captive male elephants belonging to the Forest Department (26.20%) and free-ranging wild male elephants (30.77%). Conversely, in the case of captive privately owned elephants, a higher incidence of surgical affections was recorded in females (56.76%). Among affected Asian Elephants, seven types of surgical affections were recorded. In reference to types of surgical affections, the highest incidence was seen in cases of open wounds (43.37%) followed by closed wounds (10.84%), leg /foot affections (10.84%), ocular affections (3.61%), paraphimosis (1.2%), growths (1.2%) and umbilical hernia (1.2%). Standard therapeutic regimens adopted in all cases of surgical affections yielded positive results. The duration of treatment was highest in Asiatic Lion (Pantheraleoleo) at an average of 58 days, followed by Asian Elephant (Elephasmaximus) at 27 days. All other species required 1-15 days of treatment depending upon the severity of surgical affection. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella and Enterobacter species were the most commonly isolated species. Out of 24 Staphylococcus isolates, 15 were coagulase positive. The Antibiotic sensitivity pattern indicated the highest effectiveness of Ceftriaxone and Tazobactam and Enrofloxacin, followed by Ciprofloxacin. The haematological profile reflected elevated levels of neutrophils and monocytes, and a decrease in haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and lymphocyte levels. Serum chemistry indicated a mild increase in SGPT, Total Bilirubin, Glucose values and a significant increase in BUN.