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Subject: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology × Author: CHHAKCHHUAK, ROSANGZUALI × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EVALUATION OF BALANCED ANAESTHESIA IN PIGS (Sus scrofa domesticus)
    (Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2013-07) CHHAKCHHUAK, ROSANGZUALI; Sarma, Kushal Konwar
    Thirty (30) clinically healthy weaned mixed breed male piglets (2 to 3 months of age weighing 7 to 14 kg) were used for the experiment and randomly divided into five (5) anaesthetic groups (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) consisting of six (6) piglets in each group. The anaesthetic combinations were administered intramuscularly in quick succession as follows :- Group I : Xylazine-Ketamine @ 2 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg b. wt. IM, respectively. Group II : Medetomidine-Ketamine @ 80 µg/kg and 15 mg/kg b. wt. IM, respectively. Group III : Azaperone-Ketamine @ 4 mg/kg and15 mg/kg b. wt. IM, respectively. Group IV : Acepromazine-Ketamine @ 0.1 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg b. wt IM, respectively. Group V : Triflupromazine-Ketamine @ 2 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg b. wt. IM, respectively. The various observations of the present research work could be summarized as follows: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS • Induction time was shortest in Group II and longest in Group I. Groups III, IV and V exhibited similar intermediate induction time. • The duration of anaesthesia, initial recovery and absence of righting reflex was the longest in Group II followed by Group IV, Group I, Group III and Group V, respectively. • The clinical recovery was the longest in Group II followed by Group I, Group IV, Group III and Group V, respectively. • The induction was smooth and rapid, and recovery uneventful in all the anaesthetic combination groups. • Analgesia was excellent in Group II, good in Groups I and III, and fair in Groups IV & V. • Muscle relaxation was maximum and of the longest duration in Group II piglets. • Moderate to profuse salivation was observed in Groups III, IV and V. • The palpebral reflex, pupillary light reflex and corneal reflex were present with varying intensity during the entire study period in all groups, except in Group II. • In Groups I, II and III, the pedal and pin-prick reflexes were abolished at certain period of observation during the study whereas it remained positive with varying degree during the entire period of observation in Groups IV and V. • Muscle tremor, occasional limb paddling and mild opisthotonus condition were observed in Groups III, IV and V, but were absent in Groups I and II. • The eyeball position was central with negative palpebral reflex at 30th and 45th minutes of observation in Group II piglets indicating a deep plane of surgical anaesthesia. • Breathing pattern indicated light to medium plane of surgical anaesthesia in Groups IV and V, medium to deep plane of surgical anaesthesia in Groups I and III, and deep plane of surgical anaesthesia in Group II. • Vocalization (grunting) was observed with varying degree and at different time in all the anaesthetic groups. • Urination was absent in all piglets, except in 3 animals of Group II. PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS • Rectal temperature – Except for an initial rise from baseline value in Group II, there were steady decline in all the groups till the end of the study period. Cardio-respiratory parameters • Heart rate and pulse rate decreased in all groups, except in Group V. • Systolic Pressure decreased in Groups I, III, IV and V, except in Group II. • Diastolic Pressure, MAP and RTV decreased in all the anaesthetic groups. • Respiration rate increased in all groups, except in Group III. • RMV decreased in Groups I, II & III, whereas it increased in Groups IV and V. • SPO2 increased in Groups I & II, whereas it decreased in Groups III, IV & V. • Mild cardiac and respiratory depression was observed during anaesthesia in all the anaesthetic groups. HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL FINDINGS • There were transient intermittent fluctuations within physiological limits for the different haemato-biochemical parameters in all the anaesthetic groups studied under the experiment which indicated that there was no marked adverse effect of the drug combinations used on the general status of the piglets during the study period. HORMONAL ANALYSIS • In Groups I, II and III, the cortisol levels decreased at 30th minute and subsequently increased towards base values at the end of the observation period. In Groups IV and V, the cortisol levels increased at 30th minute and subsequently decreased at the end of study period. The serum cortisol values showed transient fluctuations within their physiological limits in all the anaesthetic groups during the experiment indicating that there might not be any serious alteration in the basal metabolic rate and stress level in the body. This could be summarized as that the physiological homeostasis was maintained in the anaesthetized piglets. The clinical, physiological, haemato-biochemical and hormonal parameters in all the five anaesthetic combination groups were variable, but well within the physiological limits and almost all the parameters returned to their pre-anaesthetic values towards the end of the study period. Conclusion : On the basis of score card, as Group II scored the highest it can be concluded that Medetomidine-Ketamine combination (@80µg/kg & 15mg/kg body weight IM, respectively) administered intramuscularly in quick succession produced the best balanced anaesthesia in post-weaned piglets characterized by adequate Central Nervous System (CNS) depression, excellent analgesia and complete muscle relaxation. This was followed by Azaperone-Ketamine, Xylazine-Ketamine, Acepromazine-Ketamine and Triflupromazine-Ketamine combinations, respectively. The sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant properties of both Azaperone and Xylazine in combination with Ketamine were comparable.