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20221
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Subject: Veterinary Parasitology × Author: Deka, Neelakshi × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Efficacy of selected herbal preparations against gastrointestinal nematodes with special reference to haemonchus contortus in goats
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Deka, Neelakshi; Phukan, Sulekha Choudhury
    The present study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of goats in and around the undivided Kamrup district of Assam and to estimate the anthelminthic efficacy of the three selected indigenous herbal plants viz., Butea frondosa (Polakh), Carica papaya (Omita) and Corchorus fascicularis (Morapat) by in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation in goats naturally infected with gastro-intestinal nematodes. The study was conducted for a period of one-year w.e.f. October 2020 to September 2021 in Kamrup Rural and Metro districts of Assam. A total of 576 faecal samples were collected for the study. Faecal examination by Flotation Technique and Modified McMaster Method was carried out and overall prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematodes was recorded to be 63.89 %. Month-wise prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematode was also recorded where July month recorded the highest prevalence of 91.84 percent and February recorded the lowest prevalence of 31.81 percent. Monsoon season recorded the highest prevalence of 84.28 percent and winter season recorded the lowest prevalence of 35.06 percent. Among the three breeds of goat examined during the present study, Assam Hill goats recorded highest prevalence of 69.80 percent. The 6 months to 1 year age-group animals showed highest prevalence of 76.42 percent and female animals (doe) recorded the highest prevalence of 76.34 percent. The positive faecal samples were put in faecal culture for development of nematode larvae which revealed Haemonchus sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Strongyloides sp. larva in the study area. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed for molecular identification of Haemonchus contortus which showed a distinct band at 265 bp. Three types of leaf extract viz., ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of each of three plants were prepared. The percent yield of ethanolic extract of B. frondosa, C. papaya and C. fascicularis was found to be 11.02, 7.81 and 13.72 % (w/w) respectively. For hydroethanolic extract the percent yield was found to be 12.81, 15.19 and 19.60 % (w/w) respectively and the percent yield of aqueous extract was found to be 16.02, 35.28 and 32.87 % (w/w) respectively. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extract of leaves of B. frondosa, C. papaya and C. fascicularis revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides and triterpenes. Acute toxicity studies with ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of B. frondosa, C. papaya and C. fascicularis did not show any behavioural change or gross abnormality within 48 hours @ 2000 mg/kg body weight in mice. The extracts were considered to be safe up to a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg. Three different concentrations viz., 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml was used for all the nine leaf extracts prepared from the three plants. Among the three plants studied in in-vitro trial, B. frondosa was observed as the best plant having in-vitro anthelminthic efficacy. Based on the findings of the in-vitro studies, the hydroethanolic extract of B. frondosa was selected to undergo in-vivo evaluation in goats naturally infected with Haemonchus sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Strongyloides sp. using two doses, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. At 250 mg/kg body weight, the percent efficacy was 80.18 % and 72.79 % on Day 7 and 14 respectively, and at 500 mg/kg body weight the percent efficacy was 69.46 % and 73.12 % on Day 7 and 14 post-treatment respectively. The pulverized leaves of B. frondosa was also incorporated in urea-molasses-block (MUMB, Herbal Anthelminthic) and fed to goats naturally infected with Haemonchus sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Strongyloides sp. The anthelminthic efficacy upon feeding of medicated urea molasses block (MUMB, Herbal Anthelminthic) incorporated with B. frondosa was found to have 88.16 % and ii 86.34 % efficacy on Day 7 and 14 post-treatment respectively. Ivermectin was used as the standard anthelminthic drug which gave 96.90 % and 93.79 % efficacy on Day 7 and 14 post-treatment respectively. Haemato-biochemical studies of treated goats under the in-vivo trial showed significant improvement in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count in groups fed with hydroethanolic extract of leaves of B. frondosa and MUMB (incorporated with B. frondosa) from Day 0 pre-treatment to Day 28 post-treatment. Total protein and albumin concentration improved significantly in groups treated with hydroethanolic extract of B. frondosa. Aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase was found to improve significantly in groups treated with hydroethanolic extract of leaves of B. frondosa and MUMB (incorporated with B. frondosa) from Day 0 pre-treatment to Day 28 post-treatment. B. frondosa leaf extract and MUMB was found to possess significant in-vitro and in-vivo anthelminthic activity and improved the haemato-biochemical parameters substantially during the present study. This indicates that B. frondosa has the potential to be used as herbal anthelminthic. MUMB with herbal incorporation can be recommended to be used for the control of gastro-intestinal nematodosis in goats. This indicates that the extract of leaves of B. frondosa is a potent and effective herbal anthelminthic. Incorporation of the herbal leaves as powder form in medicated urea molasses block (MUMB, Herbal Anthelminthic) can be used for the control of gastro-intestinal nematodes in goats. The conventional use of synthetic anthelminthics has led to the development of anthelminthic resistance in goat farms not only in Assam but also India and the world as a whole. Therefore, newer anthelminthics need to be developed to overcome the problem of anthelminthic resistance and control of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of goat.