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ThesisItem Open Access ANIMAL HUSBANDRY INDUCED MARKETING AND MARKET LED EXTENSION IN ASSAM(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) KHUMAN, L. SANATHOI; BORGOHAIN, A.The study focused on the present scenario of animal husbandry induced marketing and to ascertain the status of market led extension in Assam. The research work was carried out in the three different markets namely Guwahati, North Lakhimpur and Dibrugarh of state of Assam where 35 traders or producer cum traders and 70 consumers were interviewed from each market along with 35 each market operators in the 2nd phase at various seasons and times of the year including the major events and happenings to estimate the variations caused and hence making a sample size of 420 respondents. The relevant data to fulfill these objectives were collected through a pretested, reliable and valid interview schedule. The study revealed that average age of trader and consumer was 35.48 and 43.32 years with average family size of 4.29 and 3.55 numbers. Majority of trader and consumer had nuclear family type with educational level of middle and graduate level, major occupation as business and service, average annual income of Rs. 9,41,327 and Rs. 3,67,358, social participation of 1 and 1.25. ‘Average daily income from selling the livestock and poultry produce and products’ among trader was Rs. 17,055, experience in market was 11.5 years, played the role of salesman in the market. Average price of livestock and poultry price among trader in piglet was Rs.2,556 in milk per lit. was Rs.52 (Fresh), Rs.48-52 (Purabi, AMUL & Sudha), Paneer Rs.400/kg, Egg was Rs.6 (Table), Rs.10 (Local) & Rs.5 (Quail), Chicken was Rs200/kg (Broiler), Rs. 366/kg (Local) & Rs.467/duck, Pork Rs.260/kg and Chevon Rs.531/kg. Among consumer, in milk was Rs. 53/lit, Curd Rs.112/kg, Paneer Rs.411/kg, Egg Rs.6, Chicken Rs.206/kg (Broiler), Rs.350/kg (Local), Pork Rs. 257/kg and Chevon Rs.501/kg. In regards to to ‘Marketing fluctuations in quantum and profit of livestock and poultry produce and products’ among the trader, increase and decrease in sale of milk was 181 and 180 percent, 103 and 100 percent in piglet, 215 and 211 percent in egg, 359 and 211 percent in chicken, 256 and 256 percent in pork and 284 and 274 percent in chevon. In case of ‘Types of livestock and poultry produce and products sold and reason for selling’ among traders, average number of piglet sold was 10 numbers with reason for selling being family business and high profit, while in case of milk it was 68 lit., chicken 64 kg, pork 149 kg, chevon 18 kg and egg was 1094 numbers and reason for selling being family business. In ‘Time for marketing for marketing of livestock produce and products’ among trader in case of piglet was 8-10 am, milk 4-6 pm, paneer, pork and chevon was 8-10 am, egg 4-6 pm and chicken 6 pm and after, while among consumers, in case of milk was 6-8 am, curd and chevon was 8-10 am, paneer 10-12 am and egg, chicken and pork was 6 pm and after and consumer mainly purchased for self rearing and consumption. Regarding, ‘Source of pprocurement of livestock and poultry produce and products’ among trader they always procured from middleman, vendor and wholesaler while mostly procured from farmer and occasionally procured from own farm, while among consumer, always procured from vendor and seller while occasionally from farmer. In case of to ‘Mode of transportation and distance taken for the livestock and poultry produce and products to reach the market’ among traders, the average distance and time required in piglet was 9.5 km and 0.3 hr, milk 14 km and 0.57 hr, egg 22 km and 0.82 hr, chicken 48.33 km and 2 hr, pork 29.67 km and 1.1 hr, chevon 47 km and 1.18 hr while mode of transportation were autovan, carrier van, tempo, bike. Major marketing channel present in the market was producer-wholesaler-retailer- consumer while minor marketing channel was producer-vendor-retailer-consumer. Both trader and consumer opined that middleman got the maximum benefit from the market. Both trader and consumer ranked 1st to ‘quality’ on basis of ‘Consumers’ preferences while purchasing the livestock and poultry produce and products’, while 2nd rank was ‘price’ in trader and ‘quantity’ and ‘cleanliness’ in consumer while 3rd was ‘availability on time’ in trader and ‘price’ in consumers. In regards to ‘Trustworthiness of the marketers’ in case of milk trader most trusted wholesaler while consumer most trusted producer, in paneer and pork trader trusted producer and consumer trusted seller, in curd consumer trusted producer, in egg trader trusted wholesaler and consumer trusted seller, in case of chicken and chevon, trader trusted vendor and consumer trusted seller while in piglet trader trusted producer. In regards to ‘Nature of amount of daily sale’, among average sale, local and outside sale, it was observed that in case piglet, it was 10, 5 and 5 numbers, milk was 68, 53 and 15 lit., in chicken was 64, 53 and 11 kg, in chevon was 18, 17 and 1 kg and egg was 1094, 993 and 101 numbers. In case of ‘market demand’ 86 percent of the total demand was served by local population while rest 14 percent was served by outside population. While in case of ‘Occasional/Seasonal variations in demand’ in milk, the demand increased during Lakshi Puja and Saraswati Puja, in piglet and chicken it was Winter, in pork it was Winter, Bihu and New year and in egg no such season, festival or occasion was reported. In regards to ‘Ancillary benefits and development from establishment of the market extent while transportation, quality of produce and products, local production, consumption rate, increase in nos. of employees, road and communication, regularity in supply and boost to local produces benefitted and developed to a moderate extent while among consumer opined that transportation, quantum of people, local production, consumption rate, market hours, increase in nos. of employees, regularity in supply and boost to local produces benefitted and developed to a large extent meanwhile banking, quality of produce and products, environment improvement, investment in market, road and communication, boost to local produces, government initiatives, association of NGOs & local bodies benefitted and developed to a moderate extent while price stability benefitted and developed to a least extent. In regards to ‘Additional livelihood activities promoted by livestock and poultry market’ among traders believed that ‘vegetable seller’ and among consumers believed that transport was promoted by livestock and poultry marketing. In ‘Presence of livestock and poultry market in the area’ both trader and consumer opined that livestock and poultry marketing was present in the area. While in case of ‘Creation of livestock and poultry market in the area’, majority of the trader agreed but consumer opined negatively to the statement. In regards to ‘Trend of livestock and poultry market’ according to trader was economic affluent while in consumer it was cosmopoliteness. The average value for ‘benefits of market led extension to the primary stakeholders’ among trader was 18.93 and majority were clubbed under medium group. In relational analysis it was observed that ‘age’, ‘family size’, ‘educational status’ and ‘experience in market’ were positively and highly significantly (P<0.01) correlated to Benefits of market led extension to the primary stakeholders. Further details were observed through multiple regression analysis where it was revealed that age, educational status and experience in market were found to be positively and significantly affected benefits of market led extension to the primary stakeholders.ThesisItem Open Access ECOPROSPECTING LOCAL CATTLE TO NAVIGATE CULTURAL VALUES IN LOWER ASSAM(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-01) HUSSAIN, LIAKOT; Borgohain, A.Agriculture is the mainstay of the rural people for earning their livelihood and animal husbandry is a subsidiary occupation. Rain fed agro-ecosystem has a distinct place in Indian agriculture, occupying more than 50% of the cultivated area, contributing 44% of the food grains and supporting 40% of the human and 65% of the livestock population. Animal husbandry acts as the buffer in crop failure by providing the subsidiary income to the farming communities by sale of milk, meat, egg, hide, manure and sometimes living animals. The country among the largest population of cattle and buffaloes in the world and all the breeds are admired for their heat tolerance and inherent resistance to so many diseases including ability to thrive under different climatic condition. The contribution of livestock sector to the national economy in terms of GDP is 4.11 per cent and 25.60 per cent of total contribution of the agricultural sectors to GDP (19th Livestock Census, 2012). India with about 190 million cattle (as per 19th Livestock Census, 2012) has 14.50 per cent of the world cattle population of this 151 million are indigenous. Indigenous cattle are robust and resilient and are particularly suited to the climate and environment of their respective breeding tracts. Indigenous cattle can be improved with organized breeding programs, cultivated pastures, and silos for storage. Because stronger oxen would pull the plough faster, they could work multiple plots of land, allowing farmers to share their animals. Fewer healthy, well fed cows could provide Indians with more milk. Ecosystem, animal husbandry and sustainability have an inclusive relationship with far reaching impact on world civilization and cultural evolution. The draught bullocks are a main source of farm power for small farmer to certain extent for medium farmers and for certain operation with large farmer. Livestock sector not only provides essential proteins and nutritious human diet through milk, egg, meat etc. but livestock also provides raw materials and byproducts such as hides and skins, blood, bone, fat etc. which have huge economic importance. Women in the North East have a different status. Rural women form the most important productive work force in the economy of majority of the developing nations including India. Agriculture, the single largest production endeavor in India, contributing around 17.00 per cent of GDP, is increasingly becoming a female activity. The demand for meat and meat products is more in Assam and other North- Eastern States because of the higher tenancy towards non-vegetarian foods of the inhabitants of this region. Marketing comprises of the economic activities involving the movement of the produce from the point of production to the point of consumption. Apparently, it is known that local cattle are raised for purposes like drafting, ploughing, cart pulling, fertilizer, social-economic security and milk production for household consumption. But there might be some other unseen and unknown reasons as well. Therefore, to have an empirical study on utility pattern of indigenous cattle rearing by the farmers of lower Assam, the study on “Ecoprospecting Local Cattle to Navigate Cultural Values in Lower Assam’’ was undertaken. Keeping the topic of the study and its objectives in view, the present study was carried out in the ten lower Assam districts of the state namely, South Salmara- Mankachar, Dhubri, Goalpara, Bongaigaon, Baksa, Chirang, Barpeta, Nalbari, Darrang and Udalguri. From each of the selected district, two blocks were randomly selected and from where Twenty Five (25) local cattle rearing farmers representing each block were chosen as respondents. Thus, a total of 500 local cattle rearing farmers (fifty from each selected district) formed the sample size for the present investigation. By and large a random sampling technique was followed for the study. A pre-tested, reliable and valid interview schedule was used for data collection by the researcher personally and the responses were collected on the interview schedule comprising of independent and dependent variables. Based on the data collected and the results obtained the conclusions were drawn and findings were expressed.
