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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of supplementing garlic powder on the performance of the Sahiwal calves(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2023) Sorang, Zara Kaku; Baruah, Dilip KumarThe present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing garlic powder on the performance of Sahiwal calves. Twelve healthy Sahiwal calves of both sexes of similar age and body weight were allocated to two experimental groups, control (T0) and treatment (T1) with six animals in each group. Calves of both groups were fed with a standard basal diet consisting of concentrate, green fodder, and paddy straw. While in the treatment group, garlic powder was supplemented @ 250 mg/kg body weight along with concentrate feed. The experiment was conducted as a feeding trial for eight fortnights and a digestibility trial thereafter for five days in the two experimental groups. The average initial and final body weights in the 8th fortnight of the calves were 81.81±0.34 and 81.46±0.35 kg and 148.75±0.40 and 153.84±0.38 kg respectively in T0 and T1 groups. Analysis of the variance of the data revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) in average body weight in the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. The overall fortnightly body weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the treatment group (603±17.00 g) than in the control group (558±17.00 g) of calves. The fortnightly body weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in the treatment group than in the control group from the 1st to 8th fortnight. The overall average daily DM intake was 2.98±0.06 kg in the control group (T0) and 2.97±0.07 kg in the treatment group (T1). Feeding of garlic powder in treatment (T1) had no significant effect on dry matter intake all fortnights. Also, analysis of variance results revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference between the average values of DM intake between control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. The average FCR values were 6.10±0.07 and 5.26±0.08 in 1st fortnight 4.88±0.05 and 4.73±0.06 in the 8th fortnight in control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups respectively. On an overall basis, FCR values were 5.42±0.06 and 4.96±0.04 respectively in the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. Analysis of variance revealed that there was a highly significant (P<0.01) effect of supplementation of garlic powder on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the experimental animals. Further, the C.D. test revealed that the FCR in the treatment (T1) group was significantly reduced from the 2nd fortnight to the 8th fortnight compared to the control (T0) group. The overall mean values of the conformation traits in the control group (T0 ) and treatment group (T1) groups respectively were: 74.53±2.12 and 79.31±2.41 cm for body length; 86.40±1.74 and 90.80±1.91 cm for chest girth as well as 78.22±2.00 and 82.18±2.10 cm for height at wither. All the conformation traits revealed a highly positive correlation with body weight. Analysis of variance of conformation traits showed highly significant (P<0.01) difference between the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups respectively. The overall mean values of the physiological parameters in the T0 and T1 groups respectively were as: respiration rate, 28.61±0.21 and 28.79±0.14 breath per minute; pulse rate, 72.20±0.07and 72.20±0.07 beats per minute and rectal temperature, 101.36±0.04 and 101.30±0.03 oF. Analysis of the variance of the data revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference in respect of the three parameters between the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. The blood biochemical and hematological parameters like. serum glucose, serum total protein, RBC and hemoglobin were within the normal range for Sahiwal calves in both the control and treatment groups. Serum glucose data did not reveal any significant ii difference (P>0.05). while serum total protein, RBC and Hemoglobin showed highly significant (P<0.01) difference between control and treatment group. The average digestibility coefficient (%) in T0 and T1 groups respectively were: 67.73±0.12 and 73.41±0.14 for dry matter (DM); 71.08±0.2 and 76.28±0.14 for organic matter (OM); 66.73±0.25 and 71.76±0.14for crude protein (CP); 66.50±0.17 and 72.69±0.08 for ether extract (EE); 63.97±0.27 and 72.37±0.18 for crude fibre (CF) and 73.40 ±1.06 and 79.26±0.73 for nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Analysis of the data revealed significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility of the organic nutrients in garlic powder supplemented treatment (T1) group than control (T0) group. The economic analysis of the cost of feeding the experimental calves revealed the following: total DM consumption per calf was 357.19 and 356.02 kg, cost of per kg feed (DM) was Rs. 15.42 and 15.42, and the cost of feed per group was Rs. 5532.87 and 5489.90 , the total cost of garlic powder Rs. 0.00 and Rs. 300 , the net cost of feed per day per calf was Rs. 5532.87 and Rs. 5789.90 , net feed cost per dayper calf Rs. 46.12 and 48.25, weight gain per calf was 30.00 and 32.65 kg, and finally cost of feeding per kg gain was Rs. 184.42 and 177.33 in control (T0) and treatment (T1) respectively. From the results, it was observed that the total cost of feeding was a little higher in the treatment group than in the control group. However, the total body weight gain was higher in the treatment group (T1) than in the control group (T0) which resulted in a lower cost of feeding per kg weight gain in the treatment than in the control group. The present study revealed that the supplementation of garlic powder at dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight in the Sahiwal calf ration is beneficial in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body confirmation traits, hematological parameters, blood biochemicals , digestibility coefficient (%) and economic of feedingThesisItem Open Access Shelf life of raw cow milk in different temperatures(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Sarkar, Subarna; Saharia, JitendraAn experiment was conducted to investigate the shelf life of raw cow milk of organised and unorganised farms of Khanapara, Guwahati during summer and winter seasons. A total of 24 milk samples were collected aseptically from pooled milk of the unit after thorough mixing of all the milk with sterile plunger produced in the unit and brought to the laboratory for analysis maintaining the cold chain. The milk samples were subjected to qualitative and physio-chemical assessment and microbiological assessment. The milk samples of the organized farm had significantly higher overall average percentage of fat (4.03±0.13 and 3.56±0.18), SNF (9.37±0.05 and 8.65±0.18), protein (3.60±0.02 and 3.38±0.08), lactose (5.38±0.04 and 4.99±0.10), and ash (0.77±0.01 and 0.69±0.01) content in organised farm than in unorganized farm. It was observed that fat, protein, lactose were higher in winter than in summer season. Specific gravity was higher in organised farm than in unorganised farm (1.0331±0.0026 and 1.0311±0.0062) while season had no effects. Freezing point depression is non-significant in respect of both farms (0.64±0.00 and 0.58±0.02) and seasons(0.59±0.01 in summer and 0.62±0.01 in winter).Rapid platform tests namely (i) organoleptic evaluation (colour, taste, smell )were found to be normal both in organised and unorganised farms in both the seasons, (ii) COB, Alcohol test were negative both in respect of farms and seasons and (iii)Resazurin test results of milk were more superior and acceptable in unorganised and winter season compare to organised farm and summer season. Physio-chemical parameters e.g. pH (6.90±0.05 and 6.73±0.06) and titratable acidity (0.17±0.01% and 0.16±0.00%) was nonsignificant in respect of farms, while pH (6.66±0.03 in summer and 6.97±0.04 in winter) and titratable acidity (0.18±0.01 in summer and 0.16±0.01 in winter) were significantly (P<0.01) lower and higher respectively in summer that indicating higher microbial load in summer. The MBRT results of milk was graded as excellent in winter and good in summer season in both organised and unorganised farm.TVC and coliform count in milk was significantly (P<0.01) higher in organised farm and in summer season in different periods compared to unorganised farm and winter season. The results revealed that the milk collected from organised farm in both the seasons contained higher SNF, fat, protein, lactose and ash but the microbiological quality of milk of unorganised farm was superior to that of organised farm.ThesisItem Open Access Study on the indigenous knowledge system on pig rearing adopted by the Rabha community of Assam(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Rabha, Sayashree; Sarma, Naba KumarA study on the indigenous knowledge system on pig rearing adopted by the Rabha community of Assam was conducted for which farmers from two districts namely Kamrup and Goalpara were selected having atleast 2 pigs. The study was carried out to know the socio-economic status of the pig farmers, managemental practices adopted by them and the use value of pig in the socio-cultural life of the Rabha farmers. Majority of the farmers involved in pig rearing were females (58.67 %), 67.00 % belonged to the middle age group (29-52 years), 60.00 % had high school level of education, 83.33 % of the pig farmers had medium family size (3-5 members) and majority (65.33 %) were agri-farmers. About 71.33 % of the farmers had medium land holding (0.90-4.00 acres) and 91.00 % reared 2-6 numbers of pigs. The average total annual income of the pig farmers was Rs.103700.00±3180.84 and average annual income from piggery was Rs.49670.00±2484.26 Share of piggery to the total income of farmer was 47.89 %. Extensive system of rearing (78.33 %) along with tethering (52.67 %) was predominant and pigs were fed Indigenous or locally available feedstuff (92.67 %). Majority of the pig farmers reared cross breed pigs (85.00 %), followed by non-descript pigs (14.00 %) for fattening purpose (86.66 %). Natural service (87.33 %) was mostly practiced for breeding with average litter size at birth 10.3±0.38 and at weaning 9.13±0.35. About 41.33 % farmers did not take any disease preventive and treatment measures, only 77.33 % of the farmers did castration of piglets, 7.67 % took special care of pregnant and farrowing sows, 46.33 % carried out deworming and 15.33 % vaccinated their pigs. Only 15.00 % of the farmers acquired piggery management training. Majority of the pig farmers (74.33 %) sold their pigs directly to agent or wholesaler at the age of 6 months and above (73.00 %) and 51.00 % bought their piglets from local markets, 58.00 % of the farmers sold pigs due to urgency of money. The average age of pigs at the time of marketing was 234.98±4.7 days, average sale price of piglet was Rs.3560.33±14.50, pig was Rs.13834.00±326.00 and pork per kg was Rs.313.53±1.22. Major constraint faced by the farmers was lack of finances for purchasing of new animals, feed, building pig sty or farm etc. (39.33 %). Majority of the farmers reared pigs as financial security during emergency (70.33 %). About 38.00 % reared pigs for social occasions, 14.00 % reared for the Baikho festival and 3.33 % reared for wedding rituals. It was also found that only 37.67 % of the farmers thought that piggery could be taken up as a primary occupation.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Assam hill goat reared on periodically disinfected floor(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Das, Santana; Haque, AdibA study was carried out to see the performance of Assam Hill Goat reared on disinfected floors. A total number of 18 Assam Hill Goats (9 males and 9 females) were selected and divided into 3 groups; each consists of 6 goats of an equal number of males and females which were intensively housed. The 3 groups were randomly assigned to the following treatments, viz. floor without any disinfectant treatment (T1), floor treated with sodium hypochlorite (T2) and floor treated with calcium oxide i.e. quicklime (T3). The fortnightly average initial body weight of the selected goats of T1, T2 and T3 groups were 6.01 ± 0.16, 6.23 ± 0.16 and 6.21 ± 0.17 kg respectively and the corresponding value for the same groups at 6th fortnight were 10.45 ± 0.17, 11.93 ± 0.23 and 11.38 ± 0.22 kg respectively. Statistical analysis of the data exhibited significant differences among the groups from the 4th to 6th fortnight (P<0.05). Goats reared on a floor treated with sodium hypochlorite showed higher body weight followed by calcium oxide treated floor during the entire experimental period, however, the difference appeared to be non-significant up to 3rd fortnight. The critical difference test reveals that there was a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups but no significant difference could be observed between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. The body weight gains of goats for T1, T2 and T3 groups in the 1st fortnight figured as 0.52 ± 0.09, 0.60 ± 0.08 and 0.57 ± 0.08 kg and the corresponding values for the same 3 groups in the 6th fortnight were recorded as 1.14 ± 0.11, 1.54 ± 0.10, and 1.37 ± 0.10 kg respectively. The average daily body weight gain of goats for T1 was 0.035 ± 0.005 kg, T2 was 0.040 ± 0.006 kg and T3 was 0.038 ± 0.005 kg in the 1st fortnight and the corresponding values for the same groups in the 6th fortnight were recorded as 0.076 ± 0.007 kg, 0.100 ± 0.006 kg, and 0.091 ± 0.006 kg respectively. The fortnightly body weight gain and daily body weight gain manifested a significant difference (P<0.05) statistically in 6th fortnight. The critical difference test reveals that there was a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups but found no significant difference between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. The average dry matter intake of goats in T1, T2 and T3 were 4.05 ± 0.113, 4.48 ± 0.120 and 4.37 ± 0.117 kg in the 1st fortnight respectively and the corresponding values for the same 3 groups in the 6th fortnight were recorded as 6.59 ± 0.101, 7.51 ± 0.174, and 7.34 ± 0.163 kg respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) from 4th to 6th fortnight and the critical difference test revealed a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups but could not exhibit any significant difference between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. The feed conversion ratios for T1, T2 and T3 goats in the 1st fortnight figured as 7.80 ± 0.18, 7.38 ± 0.17 and 7.65 ± 0.18 and the corresponding values for the same 3 groups in the 6th fortnight were 5.80 ± 0.12, 4.88 ± 0.10 , and 5.36 ± 0.11 respectively. The feed conversion ratio was found to be highly significant (P<0.01) from 4th to 6th fortnight. This revealed that feed was more efficiently utilized for growth by the goats reared on sodium hypochlorite treated floor (T2). The critical difference test reveals that there was a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups in 4th fortnight but no such differences could be seen between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. But from 5th fortnight onwards there was a significant difference among all the three groups. The incidence rate of diarrhea of goats was recorded as 40% for T1, 18% for T2 and 40% for T3 in the 1st fortnight. No incidence of diarrhea was observed from 4th fortnight onwards in all the groups. The data expressed that the overall diarrhea incidence rate was higher in T1 goats intermediate in T3 and lowest in T2. The parasitic infestation of goats was recorded as 83% in T1, 66% in T2 and 83% in T3 groups in the 1st fortnight. The data further reveals that the overall parasitic infestation of goats was found to be lowest in T2 goats followed by T3 and T1.ThesisItem Open Access Growth performance of crossbred calves fed molasses and probiotics supplemented diet(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2020) Ahmed, Sanidur; Bordoloi, Jyoti PrasadThe present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding molasses and probiotics on the growth performance of crossbred dairy calves. Twelve healthy crossbred calves of both sexes of similar age and body weight were allocated to two experimental groups, control (T0) and treatment (T1) with six animals in each group. Calves of both groups were fed with a standard basal diet consisting of concentrate, green fodder, and paddy straw along with Molasses @ 3% of DM requirement and multi-strain probiotics @10 gm/animal/day daily in the treatment group. The experiment was conducted as a feeding trial for six fortnights and a digestibility trial thereafter for five days in the two experimental groups. The average initial and final body weight in the 6th fortnight of the calves were 89.500±7.843 and 89.500±8.290 kg and 110.667±7.932 and 119.500±7.178 kg respectively in T0 and T1 groups. Analysis of variance of the data did not reveal any significant difference (P>0.05) in average body weight in the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. The overall mean daily body weight gain is 0.357±0.019 kg in the treatment group (T1) which was significantly (P<0.01) higher than the control group which is 0.252 ± 0.013 kg. In respect of different fortnights, the Average daily gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher from the 4th to 6th fortnight. Similarly, the overall fortnightly body weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the treatment group (5.000 ± 0.270 kg) than in the control group (3.556 ± 0.171 kg) of calves. The fortnightly body weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in the treatment group than in the control group from the 2nd to 6th fortnight. The overall mean values of the conformation traits (cm) in the control group (T0 ) and treatment group (T1) groups respectively were: 97.17± 1.21 and 99.08 ±1.15 cm for body length; 111.69 ±1.12 and 112.64± 1.06 cm for chest girth as well as 100.23± 0.90 and 100.85 ±0.86 cm for height at wither. All the conformation traits revealed a highly positive correlation with body weight. Analysis of variance of conformation traits showed no significant (P>0.05) difference between control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups respectively. The overall average daily DM intake was 2.76 ± 0.09 kg in the control group (T0) and 2.84 ± 0.09 kg in the treatment group (T1). Feeding of Molasses and multistrain probiotics had a positive effect on dry matter intake in the treatment group and it was higher than the control group in all fortnights. However, analysis of variance results revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference between the average values of DM intake between control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. The overall mean values of the feed-eating time were 243.21±0.58 min. in the control (T0) and 240.42±0.54 min. in the treatment (T1) group. Analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant (P<0.05) difference between overall average feed-eating time in the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. The feed-eating time was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in the treatment group (T1) from the 2nd to 6th fortnight. The average FCR values were 11.77 ± 0.79 and 10.89 ± 1.00 in 1st fortnight and 10.74 ± 0.39 and 6.39 ± 0.68 in the 6th fortnight in control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups respectively. On an overall basis, FCR values were 10.89 ± 0.24 and 8.35 ± 0.40 in the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. Analysis of variance revealed that there was a highly significant (P<0.01) effect of supplementation of Molasses and probiotics ii on the feed conversion ratio(FCR) of the experimental animals. Further, the C.D. test revealed that the FCR in the treatment (T1) group was significantly reduced from the 3rd fortnight to the 6th fortnight compared to the control (T0) group. The overall mean values of the physiological parameters in the T0 and T1 groups respectively were as: respiration rate, 26.17 ± 0.09 and 26.45 ± 0.11 breath per minute; pulse rate, 72.04± 0.13 and 72.00 ±0.12 beats per minute and rectal temperature, 101.07± 0.11 and 100.95± 0.11(oF). Analysis of the variance of the data revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference in respect of the three parameters between the control (T0) and treatment (T1) groups. . The blood biochemical and hematological parameters like. serum glucose, serum total protein, and hemoglobin were within the normal range for crossbred calves in both the control and treatment groups and the data did not reveal any significant difference (P>0.05). The average digestibility coefficient (%) in T0 and T1 groups respectively were: 67.47±0.26 and 73.33±0.44 for dry matter (DM); 70.37±1.55 and 76.17±0.44 for organic matter (OM); 66.67±0.73 and 71.67±0.44 for crude protein (CP); 66.40±0.49 and 72.63±0.27 for ether extract (EE); 63.97±0.27 and 72.37±0.18 for crude fibre (CF) and 73.40 ±1.06 and 79.26±0.73 for nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Analysis of the data revealed significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility of the organic nutrients in molasses and probiotics fed treatment (T1) group than control (T0) group. The economic analysis of the cost of feeding the experimental calves revealed the following: (i) average daily cost of feed consumption (on DM basis) per calf was Rs. 42.53 and Rs. 49.06, (ii) average net cost of feed consumption (on DM basis) per calf were Rs. 3572.81 and Rs. 4121.04, (iii) cost of feeding per kg body weight gain was Rs. 167.50 and Rs. 137.37 in control (T0) and treatment (T1) respectively. From the results, it was observed that the total cost of feeding was a little higher in the treatment group than in the control group. However, the total body weight gain was higher in the treatment group (T1) than in the control group (T0) which resulted in a lower cost of feeding per kg weight gain in the treatment than in the control group.ThesisItem Open Access Productive performance of Sahiwal cows subjected to different levels of herbal supplements(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Kalita, Manmi; Saharia, JitendraA study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of herbal supplements on productive performance of Sahiwal cows. Fifteen healthy Sahiwal cows of similar age and body weight were allocated to three experimental groups namely T0, T1 and T2 with five animals in each group. T0 was fed with balance ration (concentrate mixture, para grass and paddy straw) as per requirement, T1 group was supplemented with 25 gms of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum graecum) along with balance ration and T2 was fed with 50gms of fenugreek seeds along with balance ration. It was observed that overall mean daily dry matter intake (kg/day) in T0, T1 and T2 were 10.01±0.02, 10.24±0.03 and 10.22±0.08 respectively. Analysis of data on dry matter intake showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between control and treatment groups respectively. Furthermore, non-significant differences was found in DMI/100kg body weight between the control and treatment groups. The average digestibility coefficient (%) of DM in T0, T1 and T2 groups was: 71.12±0.27, 73.58±0.26 and 74.72±0.22); 72.97±0.08, 73.78±0.06 and 75.34±0.09 for organic matter (OM); 67.89±0.11, 65.54±0.05 and 68.48±0.07 for crude protein (CP); 70.70±0.05, 70.98±0.09 and 72.06±0.08 for ether extract (EE); 48.80±0.37, 50.04±0.29 and 56.24±0.28 for crude fibre (CF) and 77.14±0.15, 77.35±0.04 and 78.13±0.09 for nitrogen free extract (NFE) respectively. Analysis of the data revealed significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility of the nutrients in herbal supplement (fenugreek seeds) fed treatment groups than control group. The overall mean for milk yield (kg)in the experimental cows were 7.00±0.05, 7.56±0.08 and 7.99±0.10 respectively in T0(control), T1 and T2 groups. Feeding of fenugreek found to have positive effect in the treatment groups. Highly significant differences in milk yield was found (p<0.01) between treatment groups. Also, Milk efficiency was significantly higher (p<0.01) in treatment groups compared to control. However, there was no significant effect of fenugreek seeds in the duration of peak milk and lactational milk yield of the experimental cows. Milk composition like total fat(%), solid-not-fat(%), lactose(%), protein(%), ash(%), specific gravity was within the normal range. However highly significant difference (p<0.01) was observed in fat, SNF, lactose, protein and ash content. The blood constituents like blood glucose and total serum protein were within the normal value among the treatment groups and showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between the treatment groups. Daily cost of feeding per cow per day were Rs. 182.20, Rs. 192.20 and Rs. 195 in T0(control), T1 and T2 respectively. Cost of feeding per kg milk yield was Rs. 26.02, Rs. 25.15 and Rs. 24.40 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The benefit cost ratio was found to be higher in treatment groups than in control group. Based on the results of the present study it could be concluded that feeding of fenugreek seed at the level of 50gms daily along with the normal diet increased performance in terms of milk yield, milk composition and digestibility of nutrients. However, there was no significant effect in duration of peak milk yield, lactational milk yield and blood constituents.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers(2022) Hazarika, Chandrika; Mili, Dulal ChandraThe aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers. Eighteen crossbred heifers of above 1 year of age (16-18 months) of similar body weight were selected and were divided equally into three groups namely Control (T0) , Treatment 1 (T1) and Treatment 2 (T2), each group consisting of six animals . All the heifers in the experimental group were fed with a basal diet of concentrate, para grass and paddy straw, along with a supplementation of 1.5gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T1 and 3gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T2 group respectively. The experiment was conducted for a period of 3 months (90 days) from 1st January to 31st March,2022. The average initial and final body weight at the 6th fortnight of the heifers were 188.18 ±1.07, 188.32 ±0.89 and 188.61 ±0.79 and 216.41 ±1.18 , 218.55 ±1.19 and 220.65 ±1.33 kg in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The results of the analysis of variance of data did not reveal any significant difference (P>0.05) of average body weight in control and different treatment groups. The overall mean daily gain of body weight found in T0, T1 and T2 groups were 0.31 ±0.03 , 0.35 ±0.06 and 0.36 ±0.07 kg respectively. A significant difference (P<0.05) of overall ADG was observed in T1 and T2 compared to T0 . The one way ANOVA revealed that the body weight in heifers increased significantly from 4th to 6th fortnight . Similarly, a significant increase (P<0.05) in overall fortnightly gain in body weight was observed in T2 (5.31 ±0.10)and T1 (4.94 ±0.12)kg on comparision to T0 (4.56 ±0.04)kg . The overall mean values of the body conformation traits (cm) in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively were found to be as : 116.60 ±0.27 , 116.76 ±0.29 and 117.66 ±0.24 cm in. body length, 136.96 ±0.12 , 137.29 ±0.99 and 137.69 ±0.13 cm for heart girth, and 112.04 ±0.22, 112.51 ±0.20 and 113.17 ±0.21 cm for height at wither. The conformation traits revealed a highly positive correlation with body weight. A linear increase in body measurements were observed in all the three experimental groups from 1st to 6th fortnight, along with the body weight. Analysis of data showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the three traits between T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The overall mean daily feed intake was found to be 4.66 ±0.03, 4.68 ±0.03 and 4.72 ±0.02 kg/day in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Supplementing the diets of the treatment groups with S. cerevisiae (1.5gm/head/day and 3gm/head/day in T1 and T2 respectively) showed a higher increase in feed intake compared to T0. However, no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in the average values of daily feed intake amongst T0, T1 and T2 groups. The average FCE values were 12.04 ±0.21 ,12.22 ±0.30 and 11.58 ±0.35 in the 1st fortnight and 12.03 ± 0.32, 10.93 ±0.25 and 10.28 ±0.23 in the 6th fortnight. Overall mean FCE values in were 12.18 ±0.08, 11.45 ±0.22 and 10.93 ±0.19 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. Results of analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effect of supplementation of S.cerevisiae on feed conversion efficiency of the experimental animals. A post hoc test revealed that the FCE in T2 and T1 group was significantly higher from 3rd to 4th fortnight compared to T0 group. All the blood parameters estimated under the haemato-biochemical parameters were found within the normal physiological range in the experimental heifers. The overall mean of RBC of heifers were calculated as 6.44±0.11, 6.48±0.05 and 6.51± 0.07 ii m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of TLC count in different groups during the entire experiment were 7.26±0.09, 7.28±0.09 and 7.29± 0.09 m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of PCV% in different groups during the entire experiment were 26.74±0.15, 26.75±0.16 and 26.79±0.17 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of glucose (mg/dl) in different groups during the entire experiment were 54.76 ±0.53, 54.92±0.65 and 55.31±0.63 mg/dl in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively .The overall mean of total protein were 6.74± 0.07, 6.75 ± 0.40 and 6.78 ± 0.07 (g/dl) in the entire experiment in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively Results of the analysis showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the initial and final estimates of blood parameters in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The analysis of economics of feeding the experimental heifers revealed that the average daily cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs.71.11, Rs. 72.38 and Rs. 74.27 , average net cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs. 6400.04, Rs. 6514.81 and Rs.6684.87, and the cost of feeding per kg body weight gain were Rs. 226.71, Rs.215.50 and Rs.208.64 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The higher total body weight gain in T1 and T2 than T0 resulted in lower cost of feeding per kg weight gain in the treatment groups than in the control group. On further calculation , a benefit over control (T0) of Rs.11.21 and Rs.17.82 in T1 and T2 were found.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Hazarika, Chandrika; Mili, Dulal ChandraThe aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers. Eighteen crossbred heifers of above 1 year of age (16-18 months) of similar body weight were selected and were divided equally into three groups namely Control (T0) , Treatment 1 (T1) and Treatment 2 (T2), each group consisting of six animals . All the heifers in the experimental group were fed with a basal diet of concentrate, para grass and paddy straw, along with a supplementation of 1.5gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T1 and 3gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T2 group respectively. The experiment was conducted for a period of 3 months (90 days) from 1st January to 31st March,2022. The average initial and final body weight at the 6th fortnight of the heifers were 188.18 ±1.07, 188.32 ±0.89 and 188.61 ±0.79 and 216.41 ±1.18 , 218.55 ±1.19 and 220.65 ±1.33 kg in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The results of the analysis of variance of data did not reveal any significant difference (P>0.05) of average body weight in control and different treatment groups. The overall mean daily gain of body weight found in T0, T1 and T2 groups were 0.31 ±0.03 , 0.35 ±0.06 and 0.36 ±0.07 kg respectively. A significant difference (P<0.05) of overall ADG was observed in T1 and T2 compared to T0 . The one way ANOVA revealed that the body weight in heifers increased significantly from 4th to 6th fortnight . Similarly, a significant increase (P<0.05) in overall fortnightly gain in body weight was observed in T2 (5.31 ±0.10)and T1 (4.94 ±0.12)kg on comparision to T0 (4.56 ±0.04)kg . The overall mean values of the body conformation traits (cm) in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively were found to be as : 116.60 ±0.27 , 116.76 ±0.29 and 117.66 ±0.24 cm in. body length, 136.96 ±0.12 , 137.29 ±0.99 and 137.69 ±0.13 cm for heart girth, and 112.04 ±0.22, 112.51 ±0.20 and 113.17 ±0.21 cm for height at wither. The conformation traits revealed a highly positive correlation with body weight. A linear increase in body measurements were observed in all the three experimental groups from 1st to 6th fortnight, along with the body weight. Analysis of data showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the three traits between T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The overall mean daily feed intake was found to be 4.66 ±0.03, 4.68 ±0.03 and 4.72 ±0.02 kg/day in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Supplementing the diets of the treatment groups with S. cerevisiae (1.5gm/head/day and 3gm/head/day in T1 and T2 respectively) showed a higher increase in feed intake compared to T0. However, no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in the average values of daily feed intake amongst T0, T1 and T2 groups. The average FCE values were 12.04 ±0.21 ,12.22 ±0.30 and 11.58 ±0.35 in the 1st fortnight and 12.03 ± 0.32, 10.93 ±0.25 and 10.28 ±0.23 in the 6th fortnight. Overall mean FCE values in were 12.18 ±0.08, 11.45 ±0.22 and 10.93 ±0.19 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. Results of analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effect of supplementation of S.cerevisiae on feed conversion efficiency of the experimental animals. A post hoc test revealed that the FCE in T2 and T1 group was significantly higher from 3rd to 4th fortnight compared to T0 group. All the blood parameters estimated under the haemato-biochemical parameters were found within the normal physiological range in the experimental heifers. The overall mean of RBC of heifers were calculated as 6.44±0.11, 6.48±0.05 and 6.51± 0.07 m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of TLC count in different groups during the entire experiment were 7.26±0.09, 7.28±0.09 and 7.29± 0.09 m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of PCV% in different groups during the entire experiment were 26.74±0.15, 26.75±0.16 and 26.79±0.17 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of glucose (mg/dl) in different groups during the entire experiment were 54.76 ±0.53, 54.92±0.65 and 55.31±0.63 mg/dl in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively .The overall mean of total protein were 6.74± 0.07, 6.75 ± 0.40 and 6.78 ± 0.07 (g/dl) in the entire experiment in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively Results of the analysis showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the initial and final estimates of blood parameters in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The analysis of economics of feeding the experimental heifers revealed that the average daily cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs.71.11, Rs. 72.38 and Rs. 74.27 , average net cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs. 6400.04, Rs. 6514.81 and Rs.6684.87, and the cost of feeding per kg body weight gain were Rs. 226.71, Rs.215.50 and Rs.208.64 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The higher total body weight gain in T1 and T2 than T0 resulted in lower cost of feeding per kg weight gain in the treatment groups than in the control group. On further calculation , a benefit over control (T0) of Rs.11.21 and Rs.17.82 in T1 and T2 were found.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of Assam hill goat reared under bamboo and wooden house(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Begum, Armina Sultana; Bora, J RThe experiment was carried out at Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Byrnihat, Guwahati, Assam under the supervision of the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022 for a period of three months from February to May,2022 to study the performance of Assam Hill goat reared under different house. Twelve (6 male and 6 female) healthy Assam Hill goats; approximately two to three months old were randomly divided into two groups ( Group I and Group II) consisting six animals in each group. During the experimental period, the kids were sheltered in group in an elevated (4 ft.) two different types of house i.e. elevated bamboo and wooden house of the Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Byrnihat. All experimental kids were managed intensively under the same feeding managemental care. The feed were offered as 1/3rd concentrate ration on DM basis with 2/3rd roughages in both the groups. The average initial and final body weight of kids in bamboo and wooden house were 5.92 ± 0.15 and 9.62 ± 0.13 kg and 5.85 ± 0.22 and 8.55 ± 0.17 kg respectively. The overall body weight of kids was found to be 7.69±0.20and 7.20±0.15 kg respectively. The fortnightly body weight have no significant difference in 1st, 2nd and 3rd fortnight, however in 4th fortnight it was found to be significant difference (P<0.05) between the groups. The body weight in 5th and 6th fortnight was recorded highly significant (P<0.01); on the other hand in overall, it showed insignificant difference between the groups. The overall fortnightly body weight gain were found to be 0.617 ± 0.02 and 0.450 ± 0.01 kg in group I and group II respectively. The overall daily body weight gain was recorded as 41.11 ± 1.17 and 30.00±0.91 g. The total body weight gain from 1st to 6th fortnight period were 3.7±0.04 and 2.7±0.12 kg in respective group. The body weight gain in every fortnight and daily body weight gain showed insignificant difference in 1st fortnight while in 2nd and 3rd fortnight had significant (P<0.05) differences and in 4th, 5th, 6th and overall were highly significant (P<0.01) among the groups. The total body weight gain was found to be highly significant (P<0.01). The overall average feed intake in Group I and Group II were 1.84±0.026 and 1.71±0.018 kg, respectively. Feed intake was found to be highly significant difference (P<0.01) at every fortnight and overall among the Group I and II. The overall average feed conversion efficiency in group I and group II were 7.01 ± 0.20 and 9.12 ± 0.31 respectively. There was no significant differences in feed conversion efficiency at 1st ,2nd and 3rd fortnight among the group I and group II while in 4th and 5th fortnight showed the significant (P<0.05) difference. There was highly significant (P<0.01) difference recorded in 6th fortnight and overall in feed conversion efficiency between the groups. On calculation of production economy, the cost of production per kid was Rs 433.83 and 396.00 in Group I and II, respectively. The cost of feeding per kg of live weight gain recorded as Rs. 117.25 and 146.67, in the respective groups.
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