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Open Access
Shelf life of raw cow milk in different temperatures
(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Sarkar, Subarna; Saharia, Jitendra
An experiment was conducted to investigate the shelf life of raw cow milk of organised and unorganised farms of Khanapara, Guwahati during summer and winter seasons. A total of 24 milk samples were collected aseptically from pooled milk of the unit after thorough mixing of all the milk with sterile plunger produced in the unit and brought to the laboratory for analysis maintaining the cold chain. The milk samples were subjected to qualitative and physio-chemical assessment and microbiological assessment. The milk samples of the organized farm had significantly higher overall average percentage of fat (4.03±0.13 and 3.56±0.18), SNF (9.37±0.05 and 8.65±0.18), protein (3.60±0.02 and 3.38±0.08), lactose (5.38±0.04 and 4.99±0.10), and ash (0.77±0.01 and 0.69±0.01) content in organised farm than in unorganized farm. It was observed that fat, protein, lactose were higher in winter than in summer season. Specific gravity was higher in organised farm than in unorganised farm (1.0331±0.0026 and 1.0311±0.0062) while season had no effects. Freezing point depression is non-significant in respect of both farms (0.64±0.00 and 0.58±0.02) and seasons(0.59±0.01 in summer and 0.62±0.01 in winter).Rapid platform tests namely (i) organoleptic evaluation (colour, taste, smell )were found to be normal both in organised and unorganised farms in both the seasons, (ii) COB, Alcohol test were negative both in respect of farms and seasons and (iii)Resazurin test results of milk were more superior and acceptable in unorganised and winter season compare to organised farm and summer season. Physio-chemical parameters e.g. pH (6.90±0.05 and 6.73±0.06) and titratable acidity (0.17±0.01% and 0.16±0.00%) was nonsignificant in respect of farms, while pH (6.66±0.03 in summer and 6.97±0.04 in winter) and titratable acidity (0.18±0.01 in summer and 0.16±0.01 in winter) were significantly (P<0.01) lower and higher respectively in summer that indicating higher microbial load in summer. The MBRT results of milk was graded as excellent in winter and good in summer season in both organised and unorganised farm.TVC and coliform count in milk was significantly (P<0.01) higher in organised farm and in summer season in different periods compared to unorganised farm and winter season. The results revealed that the milk collected from organised farm in both the seasons contained higher SNF, fat, protein, lactose and ash but the microbiological quality of milk of unorganised farm was superior to that of organised farm.
Open Access
Study on the indigenous knowledge system on pig rearing adopted by the Rabha community of Assam
(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Rabha, Sayashree; Sarma, Naba Kumar
A study on the indigenous knowledge system on pig rearing adopted by the Rabha community of Assam was conducted for which farmers from two districts namely Kamrup and Goalpara were selected having atleast 2 pigs. The study was carried out to know the socio-economic status of the pig farmers, managemental practices adopted by them and the use value of pig in the socio-cultural life of the Rabha farmers. Majority of the farmers involved in pig rearing were females (58.67 %), 67.00 % belonged to the middle age group (29-52 years), 60.00 % had high school level of education, 83.33 % of the pig farmers had medium family size (3-5 members) and majority (65.33 %) were agri-farmers. About 71.33 % of the farmers had medium land holding (0.90-4.00 acres) and 91.00 % reared 2-6 numbers of pigs. The average total annual income of the pig farmers was Rs.103700.00±3180.84 and average annual income from piggery was Rs.49670.00±2484.26 Share of piggery to the total income of farmer was 47.89 %. Extensive system of rearing (78.33 %) along with tethering (52.67 %) was predominant and pigs were fed Indigenous or locally available feedstuff (92.67 %). Majority of the pig farmers reared cross breed pigs (85.00 %), followed by non-descript pigs (14.00 %) for fattening purpose (86.66 %). Natural service (87.33 %) was mostly practiced for breeding with average litter size at birth 10.3±0.38 and at weaning 9.13±0.35. About 41.33 % farmers did not take any disease preventive and treatment measures, only 77.33 % of the farmers did castration of piglets, 7.67 % took special care of pregnant and farrowing sows, 46.33 % carried out deworming and 15.33 % vaccinated their pigs. Only 15.00 % of the farmers acquired piggery management training. Majority of the pig farmers (74.33 %) sold their pigs directly to agent or wholesaler at the age of 6 months and above (73.00 %) and 51.00 % bought their piglets from local markets, 58.00 % of the farmers sold pigs due to urgency of money. The average age of pigs at the time of marketing was 234.98±4.7 days, average sale price of piglet was Rs.3560.33±14.50, pig was Rs.13834.00±326.00 and pork per kg was Rs.313.53±1.22. Major constraint faced by the farmers was lack of finances for purchasing of new animals, feed, building pig sty or farm etc. (39.33 %). Majority of the farmers reared pigs as financial security during emergency (70.33 %). About 38.00 % reared pigs for social occasions, 14.00 % reared for the Baikho festival and 3.33 % reared for wedding rituals. It was also found that only 37.67 % of the farmers thought that piggery could be taken up as a primary occupation.
Open Access
Performance of Assam hill goat reared on periodically disinfected floor
(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Das, Santana; Haque, Adib
A study was carried out to see the performance of Assam Hill Goat reared on disinfected floors. A total number of 18 Assam Hill Goats (9 males and 9 females) were selected and divided into 3 groups; each consists of 6 goats of an equal number of males and females which were intensively housed. The 3 groups were randomly assigned to the following treatments, viz. floor without any disinfectant treatment (T1), floor treated with sodium hypochlorite (T2) and floor treated with calcium oxide i.e. quicklime (T3). The fortnightly average initial body weight of the selected goats of T1, T2 and T3 groups were 6.01 ± 0.16, 6.23 ± 0.16 and 6.21 ± 0.17 kg respectively and the corresponding value for the same groups at 6th fortnight were 10.45 ± 0.17, 11.93 ± 0.23 and 11.38 ± 0.22 kg respectively. Statistical analysis of the data exhibited significant differences among the groups from the 4th to 6th fortnight (P<0.05). Goats reared on a floor treated with sodium hypochlorite showed higher body weight followed by calcium oxide treated floor during the entire experimental period, however, the difference appeared to be non-significant up to 3rd fortnight. The critical difference test reveals that there was a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups but no significant difference could be observed between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. The body weight gains of goats for T1, T2 and T3 groups in the 1st fortnight figured as 0.52 ± 0.09, 0.60 ± 0.08 and 0.57 ± 0.08 kg and the corresponding values for the same 3 groups in the 6th fortnight were recorded as 1.14 ± 0.11, 1.54 ± 0.10, and 1.37 ± 0.10 kg respectively. The average daily body weight gain of goats for T1 was 0.035 ± 0.005 kg, T2 was 0.040 ± 0.006 kg and T3 was 0.038 ± 0.005 kg in the 1st fortnight and the corresponding values for the same groups in the 6th fortnight were recorded as 0.076 ± 0.007 kg, 0.100 ± 0.006 kg, and 0.091 ± 0.006 kg respectively. The fortnightly body weight gain and daily body weight gain manifested a significant difference (P<0.05) statistically in 6th fortnight. The critical difference test reveals that there was a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups but found no significant difference between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. The average dry matter intake of goats in T1, T2 and T3 were 4.05 ± 0.113, 4.48 ± 0.120 and 4.37 ± 0.117 kg in the 1st fortnight respectively and the corresponding values for the same 3 groups in the 6th fortnight were recorded as 6.59 ± 0.101, 7.51 ± 0.174, and 7.34 ± 0.163 kg respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) from 4th to 6th fortnight and the critical difference test revealed a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups but could not exhibit any significant difference between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. The feed conversion ratios for T1, T2 and T3 goats in the 1st fortnight figured as 7.80 ± 0.18, 7.38 ± 0.17 and 7.65 ± 0.18 and the corresponding values for the same 3 groups in the 6th fortnight were 5.80 ± 0.12, 4.88 ± 0.10 , and 5.36 ± 0.11 respectively. The feed conversion ratio was found to be highly significant (P<0.01) from 4th to 6th fortnight. This revealed that feed was more efficiently utilized for growth by the goats reared on sodium hypochlorite treated floor (T2). The critical difference test reveals that there was a significant difference between T1 and T2 groups in 4th fortnight but no such differences could be seen between T1 and T3 as well as T2 and T3 groups. But from 5th fortnight onwards there was a significant difference among all the three groups. The incidence rate of diarrhea of goats was recorded as 40% for T1, 18% for T2 and 40% for T3 in the 1st fortnight. No incidence of diarrhea was observed from 4th fortnight onwards in all the groups. The data expressed that the overall diarrhea incidence rate was higher in T1 goats intermediate in T3 and lowest in T2. The parasitic infestation of goats was recorded as 83% in T1, 66% in T2 and 83% in T3 groups in the 1st fortnight. The data further reveals that the overall parasitic infestation of goats was found to be lowest in T2 goats followed by T3 and T1.
Open Access
Productive performance of Sahiwal cows subjected to different levels of herbal supplements
(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022-09) Kalita, Manmi; Saharia, Jitendra
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of herbal supplements on productive performance of Sahiwal cows. Fifteen healthy Sahiwal cows of similar age and body weight were allocated to three experimental groups namely T0, T1 and T2 with five animals in each group. T0 was fed with balance ration (concentrate mixture, para grass and paddy straw) as per requirement, T1 group was supplemented with 25 gms of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum graecum) along with balance ration and T2 was fed with 50gms of fenugreek seeds along with balance ration. It was observed that overall mean daily dry matter intake (kg/day) in T0, T1 and T2 were 10.01±0.02, 10.24±0.03 and 10.22±0.08 respectively. Analysis of data on dry matter intake showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between control and treatment groups respectively. Furthermore, non-significant differences was found in DMI/100kg body weight between the control and treatment groups. The average digestibility coefficient (%) of DM in T0, T1 and T2 groups was: 71.12±0.27, 73.58±0.26 and 74.72±0.22); 72.97±0.08, 73.78±0.06 and 75.34±0.09 for organic matter (OM); 67.89±0.11, 65.54±0.05 and 68.48±0.07 for crude protein (CP); 70.70±0.05, 70.98±0.09 and 72.06±0.08 for ether extract (EE); 48.80±0.37, 50.04±0.29 and 56.24±0.28 for crude fibre (CF) and 77.14±0.15, 77.35±0.04 and 78.13±0.09 for nitrogen free extract (NFE) respectively. Analysis of the data revealed significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility of the nutrients in herbal supplement (fenugreek seeds) fed treatment groups than control group. The overall mean for milk yield (kg)in the experimental cows were 7.00±0.05, 7.56±0.08 and 7.99±0.10 respectively in T0(control), T1 and T2 groups. Feeding of fenugreek found to have positive effect in the treatment groups. Highly significant differences in milk yield was found (p<0.01) between treatment groups. Also, Milk efficiency was significantly higher (p<0.01) in treatment groups compared to control. However, there was no significant effect of fenugreek seeds in the duration of peak milk and lactational milk yield of the experimental cows. Milk composition like total fat(%), solid-not-fat(%), lactose(%), protein(%), ash(%), specific gravity was within the normal range. However highly significant difference (p<0.01) was observed in fat, SNF, lactose, protein and ash content. The blood constituents like blood glucose and total serum protein were within the normal value among the treatment groups and showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between the treatment groups. Daily cost of feeding per cow per day were Rs. 182.20, Rs. 192.20 and Rs. 195 in T0(control), T1 and T2 respectively. Cost of feeding per kg milk yield was Rs. 26.02, Rs. 25.15 and Rs. 24.40 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The benefit cost ratio was found to be higher in treatment groups than in control group. Based on the results of the present study it could be concluded that feeding of fenugreek seed at the level of 50gms daily along with the normal diet increased performance in terms of milk yield, milk composition and digestibility of nutrients. However, there was no significant effect in duration of peak milk yield, lactational milk yield and blood constituents.
Open Access
Effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers
(2022) Hazarika, Chandrika; Mili, Dulal Chandra
The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers. Eighteen crossbred heifers of above 1 year of age (16-18 months) of similar body weight were selected and were divided equally into three groups namely Control (T0) , Treatment 1 (T1) and Treatment 2 (T2), each group consisting of six animals . All the heifers in the experimental group were fed with a basal diet of concentrate, para grass and paddy straw, along with a supplementation of 1.5gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T1 and 3gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T2 group respectively. The experiment was conducted for a period of 3 months (90 days) from 1st January to 31st March,2022. The average initial and final body weight at the 6th fortnight of the heifers were 188.18 ±1.07, 188.32 ±0.89 and 188.61 ±0.79 and 216.41 ±1.18 , 218.55 ±1.19 and 220.65 ±1.33 kg in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The results of the analysis of variance of data did not reveal any significant difference (P>0.05) of average body weight in control and different treatment groups. The overall mean daily gain of body weight found in T0, T1 and T2 groups were 0.31 ±0.03 , 0.35 ±0.06 and 0.36 ±0.07 kg respectively. A significant difference (P<0.05) of overall ADG was observed in T1 and T2 compared to T0 . The one way ANOVA revealed that the body weight in heifers increased significantly from 4th to 6th fortnight . Similarly, a significant increase (P<0.05) in overall fortnightly gain in body weight was observed in T2 (5.31 ±0.10)and T1 (4.94 ±0.12)kg on comparision to T0 (4.56 ±0.04)kg . The overall mean values of the body conformation traits (cm) in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively were found to be as : 116.60 ±0.27 , 116.76 ±0.29 and 117.66 ±0.24 cm in. body length, 136.96 ±0.12 , 137.29 ±0.99 and 137.69 ±0.13 cm for heart girth, and 112.04 ±0.22, 112.51 ±0.20 and 113.17 ±0.21 cm for height at wither. The conformation traits revealed a highly positive correlation with body weight. A linear increase in body measurements were observed in all the three experimental groups from 1st to 6th fortnight, along with the body weight. Analysis of data showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the three traits between T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The overall mean daily feed intake was found to be 4.66 ±0.03, 4.68 ±0.03 and 4.72 ±0.02 kg/day in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Supplementing the diets of the treatment groups with S. cerevisiae (1.5gm/head/day and 3gm/head/day in T1 and T2 respectively) showed a higher increase in feed intake compared to T0. However, no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in the average values of daily feed intake amongst T0, T1 and T2 groups. The average FCE values were 12.04 ±0.21 ,12.22 ±0.30 and 11.58 ±0.35 in the 1st fortnight and 12.03 ± 0.32, 10.93 ±0.25 and 10.28 ±0.23 in the 6th fortnight. Overall mean FCE values in were 12.18 ±0.08, 11.45 ±0.22 and 10.93 ±0.19 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. Results of analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effect of supplementation of S.cerevisiae on feed conversion efficiency of the experimental animals. A post hoc test revealed that the FCE in T2 and T1 group was significantly higher from 3rd to 4th fortnight compared to T0 group. All the blood parameters estimated under the haemato-biochemical parameters were found within the normal physiological range in the experimental heifers. The overall mean of RBC of heifers were calculated as 6.44±0.11, 6.48±0.05 and 6.51± 0.07 ii m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of TLC count in different groups during the entire experiment were 7.26±0.09, 7.28±0.09 and 7.29± 0.09 m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of PCV% in different groups during the entire experiment were 26.74±0.15, 26.75±0.16 and 26.79±0.17 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of glucose (mg/dl) in different groups during the entire experiment were 54.76 ±0.53, 54.92±0.65 and 55.31±0.63 mg/dl in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively .The overall mean of total protein were 6.74± 0.07, 6.75 ± 0.40 and 6.78 ± 0.07 (g/dl) in the entire experiment in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively Results of the analysis showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the initial and final estimates of blood parameters in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The analysis of economics of feeding the experimental heifers revealed that the average daily cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs.71.11, Rs. 72.38 and Rs. 74.27 , average net cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs. 6400.04, Rs. 6514.81 and Rs.6684.87, and the cost of feeding per kg body weight gain were Rs. 226.71, Rs.215.50 and Rs.208.64 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The higher total body weight gain in T1 and T2 than T0 resulted in lower cost of feeding per kg weight gain in the treatment groups than in the control group. On further calculation , a benefit over control (T0) of Rs.11.21 and Rs.17.82 in T1 and T2 were found.
Open Access
Effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers
(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Hazarika, Chandrika; Mili, Dulal Chandra
The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth performance of crossbred heifers. Eighteen crossbred heifers of above 1 year of age (16-18 months) of similar body weight were selected and were divided equally into three groups namely Control (T0) , Treatment 1 (T1) and Treatment 2 (T2), each group consisting of six animals . All the heifers in the experimental group were fed with a basal diet of concentrate, para grass and paddy straw, along with a supplementation of 1.5gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T1 and 3gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T2 group respectively. The experiment was conducted for a period of 3 months (90 days) from 1st January to 31st March,2022. The average initial and final body weight at the 6th fortnight of the heifers were 188.18 ±1.07, 188.32 ±0.89 and 188.61 ±0.79 and 216.41 ±1.18 , 218.55 ±1.19 and 220.65 ±1.33 kg in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The results of the analysis of variance of data did not reveal any significant difference (P>0.05) of average body weight in control and different treatment groups. The overall mean daily gain of body weight found in T0, T1 and T2 groups were 0.31 ±0.03 , 0.35 ±0.06 and 0.36 ±0.07 kg respectively. A significant difference (P<0.05) of overall ADG was observed in T1 and T2 compared to T0 . The one way ANOVA revealed that the body weight in heifers increased significantly from 4th to 6th fortnight . Similarly, a significant increase (P<0.05) in overall fortnightly gain in body weight was observed in T2 (5.31 ±0.10)and T1 (4.94 ±0.12)kg on comparision to T0 (4.56 ±0.04)kg . The overall mean values of the body conformation traits (cm) in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively were found to be as : 116.60 ±0.27 , 116.76 ±0.29 and 117.66 ±0.24 cm in. body length, 136.96 ±0.12 , 137.29 ±0.99 and 137.69 ±0.13 cm for heart girth, and 112.04 ±0.22, 112.51 ±0.20 and 113.17 ±0.21 cm for height at wither. The conformation traits revealed a highly positive correlation with body weight. A linear increase in body measurements were observed in all the three experimental groups from 1st to 6th fortnight, along with the body weight. Analysis of data showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the three traits between T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The overall mean daily feed intake was found to be 4.66 ±0.03, 4.68 ±0.03 and 4.72 ±0.02 kg/day in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Supplementing the diets of the treatment groups with S. cerevisiae (1.5gm/head/day and 3gm/head/day in T1 and T2 respectively) showed a higher increase in feed intake compared to T0. However, no significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in the average values of daily feed intake amongst T0, T1 and T2 groups. The average FCE values were 12.04 ±0.21 ,12.22 ±0.30 and 11.58 ±0.35 in the 1st fortnight and 12.03 ± 0.32, 10.93 ±0.25 and 10.28 ±0.23 in the 6th fortnight. Overall mean FCE values in were 12.18 ±0.08, 11.45 ±0.22 and 10.93 ±0.19 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. Results of analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) effect of supplementation of S.cerevisiae on feed conversion efficiency of the experimental animals. A post hoc test revealed that the FCE in T2 and T1 group was significantly higher from 3rd to 4th fortnight compared to T0 group. All the blood parameters estimated under the haemato-biochemical parameters were found within the normal physiological range in the experimental heifers. The overall mean of RBC of heifers were calculated as 6.44±0.11, 6.48±0.05 and 6.51± 0.07 m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of TLC count in different groups during the entire experiment were 7.26±0.09, 7.28±0.09 and 7.29± 0.09 m/mm3 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of PCV% in different groups during the entire experiment were 26.74±0.15, 26.75±0.16 and 26.79±0.17 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The overall mean of glucose (mg/dl) in different groups during the entire experiment were 54.76 ±0.53, 54.92±0.65 and 55.31±0.63 mg/dl in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively .The overall mean of total protein were 6.74± 0.07, 6.75 ± 0.40 and 6.78 ± 0.07 (g/dl) in the entire experiment in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively Results of the analysis showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the initial and final estimates of blood parameters in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The analysis of economics of feeding the experimental heifers revealed that the average daily cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs.71.11, Rs. 72.38 and Rs. 74.27 , average net cost of feed consumption per heifer were Rs. 6400.04, Rs. 6514.81 and Rs.6684.87, and the cost of feeding per kg body weight gain were Rs. 226.71, Rs.215.50 and Rs.208.64 in T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The higher total body weight gain in T1 and T2 than T0 resulted in lower cost of feeding per kg weight gain in the treatment groups than in the control group. On further calculation , a benefit over control (T0) of Rs.11.21 and Rs.17.82 in T1 and T2 were found.
Open Access
Performance of Assam hill goat reared under bamboo and wooden house
(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Begum, Armina Sultana; Bora, J R
The experiment was carried out at Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Byrnihat, Guwahati, Assam under the supervision of the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022 for a period of three months from February to May,2022 to study the performance of Assam Hill goat reared under different house. Twelve (6 male and 6 female) healthy Assam Hill goats; approximately two to three months old were randomly divided into two groups ( Group I and Group II) consisting six animals in each group. During the experimental period, the kids were sheltered in group in an elevated (4 ft.) two different types of house i.e. elevated bamboo and wooden house of the Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Byrnihat. All experimental kids were managed intensively under the same feeding managemental care. The feed were offered as 1/3rd concentrate ration on DM basis with 2/3rd roughages in both the groups. The average initial and final body weight of kids in bamboo and wooden house were 5.92 ± 0.15 and 9.62 ± 0.13 kg and 5.85 ± 0.22 and 8.55 ± 0.17 kg respectively. The overall body weight of kids was found to be 7.69±0.20and 7.20±0.15 kg respectively. The fortnightly body weight have no significant difference in 1st, 2nd and 3rd fortnight, however in 4th fortnight it was found to be significant difference (P<0.05) between the groups. The body weight in 5th and 6th fortnight was recorded highly significant (P<0.01); on the other hand in overall, it showed insignificant difference between the groups. The overall fortnightly body weight gain were found to be 0.617 ± 0.02 and 0.450 ± 0.01 kg in group I and group II respectively. The overall daily body weight gain was recorded as 41.11 ± 1.17 and 30.00±0.91 g. The total body weight gain from 1st to 6th fortnight period were 3.7±0.04 and 2.7±0.12 kg in respective group. The body weight gain in every fortnight and daily body weight gain showed insignificant difference in 1st fortnight while in 2nd and 3rd fortnight had significant (P<0.05) differences and in 4th, 5th, 6th and overall were highly significant (P<0.01) among the groups. The total body weight gain was found to be highly significant (P<0.01). The overall average feed intake in Group I and Group II were 1.84±0.026 and 1.71±0.018 kg, respectively. Feed intake was found to be highly significant difference (P<0.01) at every fortnight and overall among the Group I and II. The overall average feed conversion efficiency in group I and group II were 7.01 ± 0.20 and 9.12 ± 0.31 respectively. There was no significant differences in feed conversion efficiency at 1st ,2nd and 3rd fortnight among the group I and group II while in 4th and 5th fortnight showed the significant (P<0.05) difference. There was highly significant (P<0.01) difference recorded in 6th fortnight and overall in feed conversion efficiency between the groups. On calculation of production economy, the cost of production per kid was Rs 433.83 and 396.00 in Group I and II, respectively. The cost of feeding per kg of live weight gain recorded as Rs. 117.25 and 146.67, in the respective groups.
Open Access
Effects of housing management on dairy cow productivity
(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Deka, Raj Jyoti; Baruah, Dilip Kumar
The experiment was carried out from January to December, 2021 on different types of housing systems adopted for dairy farming viz. i) Institutional Housing (IH) adopted at institutional level following all the scientific approaches at Instructional Livestock Farm (Cattle) under the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 and ii) Traditional Housing (TH) adopted by progressive dairy farmers of Amerigog area in Kamrup (M) District of Assam. The experiment was carried out with a total of 36 (Thirty Six) lactating dairy animals (crossbred cows) keeping 18 numbers of animals each under IH (Institutional Housing) and TH (Traditional Housing) management systems. Furthermore, each group was sub-divided into three groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 with 6 (Six) animals in each treatment group. The 6 (Six) animals per group was selected on the basis of apparently similar in parity, physiological status and preceding lactation yield. Two different treatments were applied in two different IH and TH management system with one group as control in each housing management system i.e. IH and TH. The T0 was considered as the control without treatment and was managed under existing (regular) management system. The T1 was supplemented with dry yeast powder (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the recommended dose @3.0 gm per cow as probiotics over regular management system and the T2 was supplemented with dry yeast powder (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the recommended dose @3.0 gm per cow as probiotics over regular management system and modification of the micro climate for more air circulation by fixing dairy fan (side fan). The highest maximum temperature (33.83±0.28 0C) was recorded in the month of August and the lowest minimum temperature (12.66±0.37 0C) was recorded in the month of January during the year in both G1 & G2. The mean monthly lowest outdoor temperature (O Temp.) was recorded as 18.10 ± 0.22 0C and 18.16±0.22 0C in the morning and 22.06±0.38 0C and 22.14±0.38 0C in the afternoon during the month of January in G1 and G2 respectively. The highest outdoor temperatures were 31.17±0.43 0C and 31.28±0.43 0C in the morning and 32.38±0.62 0C and 32.33±0.59 0C in the afternoon during the month of September in the G1 and G2 respectively. The mean monthly highest wind speed (Km/hr.) were 3.07±0.62 both in G1 and G2 in the month of April and 2.58±0.68 and 2.47±0.69 in G1 and G2 in the month of March in morning and afternoon respectively. The lowest mean wind speed (Km/hr.) were 0.21±0.21 both in G1 and G2 in the month of February and 0.13±0.09 and 0.17±0.07 in G1 and G2 in morning and afternoon respectively. The lowest mean monthly wet bulb temperatures (WB Temp.) in the morning were 15.17±0.21 and 15.23±0.23 0C in the month of January both in G1 and G2 respectively. However highest mean monthly morning WB Temp. were recorded as 26.89±0.16 0C in the month of August in G1 and 26.75±0.23 0C in the month of September in G2. The mean relative humidity (RH) in percentage were 87.26±1.00 as highest in the month of January and 69.63±1.78 as lowest in the month of April in G1 and 88.90±0.93 as highest in the month of January and 63.27±0.82 as lowest in the month of November in the morning in G2. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there is highly significant (P<0.01) difference in DB Temp., RH and THI among the two different housing management viz. institutional housing (G1) and traditional housing (G2). Whereas, there were no significant differences in O Temp., WB Temp. and WS among G1 and G2. But there were highly significant (P<0.01) differences between the months in O Temp., WB Temp., WS, DB Temp., RH and THI. The overall mean body surface temperature (ST) comprising of all the four seasons were 36.44±0.06 & 36.44±0.06 0C in T0, 36.41± 0.10 & 36.41± 0.10 0C in T1 and 36.32±0.08 & 36.32±0.08 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. The overall mean rectal temperature (RT) comprising of all the four seasons were 38.18±0.14 & 38.18±0.14 0C in T0, 37.96± 0.27 & 37.96± 0.27 0C in T1 and 37.72±0.18 & 37.72±0.18 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. Whereas, the ST were recorded as 38.29±0.13 & 38.51±0.10 in T0, 38.09±0.21 & 38.32±0.15 in T1 and 37.85±0.23 & 37.94±0.24 in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in the G2. The overall mean respiration rate (RR) comprising of all the four seasons were 23.97±0.26 & 23.97±0.2614 0C in T0, 23.80± 0.21 & 23.80± 0.21 0C in T1 and 23.64±0.15 & 23.64±0.15 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. Whereas the RR were recorded as 25.13±0.34 & 25.67±0.61 in T0, 24.52±0.30 & 24.65±0.34 in T1 and 23.99±0.18 & 24.20±0.20 in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in the G2. The overall mean pulse rate (PR) comprising of all the four seasons were 57.42±0.22 & 57.42±0.22 0C in T0, 57.08± 0.21 & 57.08± 0.21 0C in T1 and 56.97±0.13 & 56.97±0.13 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. Whereas the PR were recorded as 57.99±0.24 & 58.16±0.25 in T0, 57.64±0.24 & 57.85±0.31 in T1 and 57.39±0.22 & 57.64±0.21 in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in te G2. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are significant differences (P<0.01) between the G1 and G2 in respect of surface temperature, rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate. There were non-significant differences (P>0.05) between morning and afternoon in respect of ST, RT, RR and PR. However, there were highly significant differences (P<0.01) were recorded between the seasons in respect to ST, RT, RR and PR. Highest ST were observed in S1 (36.57±0.04 0C) followed by S3, S2 and S1. The total leukocyte count (TLC) were recorded in percentage (%) as 22.57±1.67, 18.30±1.51 and 15.75±1.38, 15.13±0.87, 13.55±1.40 and 12.79±0.89, 23.66±0.96, 21.46±0.94 and 15.44±1.42, 24.02±1.42, 25.76±3.10 and 17.47±0.80 in treatment groups T0, T1 and T2 and during the seasons viz. S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively in institutional housing (IH). Whereas, the TLC were 19.73±3.19, 19.35±3.12 and 18.36; 18.14±3.11, 15.00±1.68 and 13.93±2.87; 21.61±3.53, 18.36±2,29 and 20.08±2.00; 24.81±3.44, 20.13±2.52 and 19.90±1.29 in treatment groups T0, T1 and T2 and during the seasons viz. S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively in traditional housing (TH). The analysis of variance revealed that there are non-significant differences in TLC and DLC irrespective of housing management i.e. IH and TH. However, highly significant differences (P<0.01) were observed in TLC, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and monocyte count among the seasons irrespective of IH and TH. But no significant differences were recorded among the treatment group. The overall mean RBC in percentage in T0, T1 and T2 were 5.51±0.38, 6.06±0.36 and 5.94±0.43 in IH and 5.06±0.26, 4.89±0.27 and 4.98±0.29 in TH. The overall mean PCV in percentage in T0, T1 and T2 were 24.72±1.39, 26.63±1.41 and 27.16±1.45 in IH and 24.85±1.65, 24.49±1.53 and 24.50±1.56 in TH. The overall mean Hb in percentage in T0, T1 and T2 were 9.55±0.36, 10.19±0.42 and 10.23±0.42 in IH and 9.98±0.57, 9.57±0.44 and 9.71±0.39 in TH. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are significant differences (P<0.01) between IH and TH in regards to RBC and PCV, whereas no significant difference was observed between IH and TH in terms of Hb content of blood. But, highly significant (P<0.01) differences were observed between the seasons in RBC, PCV as well as Hb concentration. Moreover, non significant differences were also observed among the treatment groups in terms of RBC, PCV and Hb content of blood. The overall mean cortisol level (nmol/L) in T0, T1 and T2 were 34.60±5.73, 28.56±6.58 and 21.11±3.32 in IH and 31.74±4.28, 27.60±6.12 and 21.90±2.67 in TH. The overall mean T3 level (nmol/L) in T0, T1 and T2 were 1.51±0.07, 1.41±0.07 and 1.29±0.05 in IH and 1.49±0.11, 1.43±0.09 and 1.29±0.05 in TH. The overall mean T4 level (nmol/L) in T0, T1 and T2 were 42.69±7.92, 37.20±7.57 and 34.88±6.99 in IH and 45.48±7.26, 38.77±6.94 and 34.47±5.79 in TH. The analysis of variance revealed that there were non-significant (P>0.05) between the IH (G1) and TH (G2) in terms of the hormonal parameters viz. Cortisol, T3 and T4. But highly significant (P<0.01) differences have been observed among the seasons in terms of Cortisol and T4. The level of T3 is not significant (P>0.05) between interaction of the seasons. Moreover, highly significant (P<0.01) levels of Cortisol and T3 were recorded among the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2, where, T4 level was significant (P<0.05) among the treatment groups. The mean daily milk yield (Lt.) were recorded as 6.66± 0.97, 6.61± 0.77 and 8.84± 1.13 in IH (G1) and 8.99± 1.08, 9.08± 1.00 and 9.98± 0.66 in TH (G2) in the treatment groups viz. T1, T2, T3 respectively. The analysis of variance indicated that there were highly significant (P<0.01) differences in average daily milk yield between G1 (IH) and G2 (TH), where, average daily milk yield highest (9.35±0.29) in G2 (TH). Highly significant differences (P<0.01) were also observed among the treatment group viz. T0, T1 and T2. Highest (9.40±0.36) mean daily milk was observed in T2. The mean daily milk per month were also highly significant (P<0.01). The mean fat percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 4.62±0.15, 4.92±0.03 and 5.02±0.07 in IH and 4.58±0.14, 4.96±0.06 and 5.11±0.12 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean solids not fat (SNF) percentage (%) were recorded as 8.73±0.03, 8.80±0.04 and 8.81±0.03 in IH and 8.77±0.03, 8.83±0.03 and 8.84±0.02 in TH in the treatment groups i.e. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean total solids (TS) percentage (%) were recorded as 13.34±0.19, 13.49±0.17 and 13.46±0.18 in IH and 13.32±0.20, 13.53±0.17 and 13.48±0.18 in TH in the treatment groups i.e. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean protein percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 3.44±0.02, 3.48±0.02 and 3.69±0.16 in IH and 3.47±0.02, 3.50±0.01 and 3.75±0.18 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean lactose percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 4.45±0.01, 4.44±0.00 and 4.45±0.02 in IH and 4.46±0.02, 4.45±0.01 and 4.49±0.03 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean ash percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 0.78±0.00, 0.79±0.00 and 0.79±0.00 in IH and 0.78±0.00, 0.79±0.00 and 0.79±0.00 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean laying and standing time (hrs.) were 16.78± 0.10 and 3.24± 0.09, 16.91± 0.09 and 3.09± 0.09 and 17.19± 0.08 and 2.81± 0.08 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S1; 16.70± 0.12 and 3.33± 0.10, 16.83± 0.09 and 3.17± 0.09 and 17.12± 0.09 and 3.02± 0.15 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S2; 15.95± 0.23 and 4.05± 0.23, 16.05± 0.18 and 3.95± 0.18 and 16.71± 0.14 and 3.42± 0.25 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S3 and 16.13± 0.18 and 4.37± 0.49, 16.20± 0.19 and 3.80± 0.19 and 16.63± 0.17 and 3.37± 0.17 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S4. Furthermore, the mean laying and standing time (hrs.) in TH were 16.82± 0.11and 3.17± 0.07, 17.00± 0.12 and 3.00± 0.12 and 17.28± 0.11 and 2.72± 0.11 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S1; 16.64± 0.13 and 3.39± 0.11, 16.67± 0.16 and 3.33± 0.16 and 17.04± 0.10 and 3.09± 0.14 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S2; 16.05±0.22 and 3.95±0.22, 16.05±0.18 and 3.95±0.18 and 16.73±0.14 and 3.41± 0.25 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S3 and 16.24± 0.13 and 3.76± 0.13, 16.26± 0.15 and 3.74± 0.15 and 16.70± 0.13 and 3.44± 0.23 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S4. The mean Barn Used Pattern (BUP) in terms of Cow Comfort Index (CCI) and Stall Standing Index (SSI) have been recorded as 81.95 & 18.74 and 82.19 & 17.84 in T0; 82.49 & 17.51 and 82.48 & 17.53 in T1 and 84.56 & 15.78 and 84.69 & 15.83 in T2 in two different housing system i.e. IH (G1) and TH (G2) respectively. The analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the barn used pattern of cows between the housing system, seasons and treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2. But there were highly significant differences (P<0.01) in CCI and SSI (laying and standing position).
Open Access
Performance of crossbred hampshire pig fed on poultry by-products
(2022) Roy, Nanda Kumar; Mili, Dulal Chandra
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of the inclusion of poultry by-product meal in the ration of pig replacing the fish meal at different levels viz. 50% and 100% on the growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, haemato-biochemical profile, carcass characteristics and meat quality, and cost of feeding in Crossbred Hampshire pigs. A total of Eighteen (18) weaned Crossbred Hampshire pigs (9 castrated male and 9 female) with an average age of 8 weeks and average body weight of 11.11±0.02 kg were selected from an institutional pig farm (30-Sow Teaching Unit) under the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22. The trial was conducted for 150 days, from 15th October 2021 to 14th March 2022. The piglets were divided into three treatment groups depending upon the nearness of body weight and age in such a manner that each treatment will consist of six pigs(3 male and 3 female in each group) viz. groups C, T1, and T2. The animals under T1 group were provided with Standard conventional feed with 2.5% inclusion of poultry by-product meal replacing 50% of fish meal. However, the animals of T2 group were provided with Standard conventional feed with 5% inclusion of poultry by-product meal replacing 100% fish meal. The control group was provided with standard conventional feed without the inclusion of poultry by-products. The experimental rations were prepared as per BIS-2005. The average initial body weights (kg) of weaned piglets of all experimental groups were not significant (P≥0.01) different among the groups which ranged from 11.08±0.28 kg to 11.13±0.11 kg. The average final body weights (kg) of pigs in different groups in the finisher stage were 69.86±0.63, 71.02±0.49, and 72.08±0.38 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively at the end of the 10th fortnight of the experimental period. The overall average daily gains (kg) during the experimental period were 0.390±0.01, 0.398±0.01, and 0.405±0.01 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. The overall body weight gains (kg) during the experimental period were 58.73±0.62, 59.90±0.45, and 60.99±0.4 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that there were non-significant differences in the final body weight (kg), ADG (kg) and overall body weight gain (kg) of pigs in different treatments and control groups during the experiment. The overall Average daily feed intake (DM basis) during the experimental period was 1.392 ± 0.01 kg, 1.382 ± 0.01 kg, and 1.353 ± 0.01 kg for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. The overall average feed intakes (fresh basis) during the experimental period were 232.044±1.38 kg, 230.351±2.23kg, and 225.523±2.64 kg for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant differences in the overall daily feed intake and total feed intake (DM basis) of pigs among the different treatment and control groups under the experiment. The overall Average feed conversion efficiency (fresh basis) during the experimental period was 3.92±0.21, 3.78±0.18, and 3.66±0.13 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively where non-significant differences existed between different treatment and control groups under the experiment. The average daily changes in body length in the C, T1 and T2 groups were 0.37 ± 0.02, 0.37 ± 0.01, and 0.38 ± 0.03 respectively. The average daily changes in height at withers in the C, T1, and T2 groups were 0.27 ± 0.00, 0.27 ± 0.00, and 0.28 ± 0.00 respectively. The average daily changes in Heart girth in the C, T1 and T2 groups were 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, and 0.38 ± 0.02 respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that there is no significant differences existed between the different treatment and control groups. Higher body length, height at withers, and Heart girth were observed in the T2 group followed by T1 and C groups. The coefficient of correlation of linear body measurements with the body weight of crossbred Hampshire pigs was found to be positively correlated. Non-significant differences in Hb, WBC, RBC, and HCT levels were recorded during different periods between different treatment and control groups that indicate the poultry by-product inclusion did not influence the hematological profile in Crossbred Hampshire pigs. In the Blood biochemical parameters, the concentration of Serum globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, Ca, and P levels were found within the normal physiological range in all experimental groups. There was a significant difference in respect of serum total protein and albumin at the mod of the experiment. The Live weight (kg), Slaughter weight (kg), Hot Carcass weight (kg), chilled Carcass weight (kg), Hot dressing percentage (%), chilled dressing percentage (%), Carcass length (cm), Back fat thickness (cm), and Loin eye area (cm2) showed non-significant difference among different groups. Wholesale cuts (ham, bacon, loin, picnic, Boston butt, and jowl) showed non-significant differences among the groups. The edible and inedible offal also did not differ significantly (P>0.01). The proximate composition of L. dorsi muscle revealed non-significant differences in moisture, CP, EE, and total ash content among the groups. In relation to Physico-chemical properties, WHC (cm2) and pH values of L. dorsi muscle of crossbred Hampshire pigs revealed non-significant (P>0.05) differences among the different treatment and control groups. On the sensory evaluation of pork, colour, flavor, juiciness, texture, and overall acceptability of pork showed no difference among the experimental groups. Texture profile and colour profile also revealed no significant difference between different treatments and Control group. During the grower stage, feed cost (Rs.) per kg gain was 96.29 for the C group, 93.59 for T1, and 87.92 for the T2 group, while during the finisher stage the feed cost (Rs.) per kg gain was 138.17, 132.80 and 129.29 in for C, T1 and T2 respectively. The highest profit (in terms of feed cost/kg gain) was observed in the T2 group followed by T1 and in comparison to the Control group. Thus it can be concluded that the inclusion of poultry by-products up to 5% level in the pig ration replacing fish meal may be recommended in terms of growth and economic production without any adverse effect on general performance.

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