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ThesisItem Open Access Effects of housing management on dairy cow productivity(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, 2022) Deka, Raj Jyoti; Baruah, Dilip KumarThe experiment was carried out from January to December, 2021 on different types of housing systems adopted for dairy farming viz. i) Institutional Housing (IH) adopted at institutional level following all the scientific approaches at Instructional Livestock Farm (Cattle) under the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 and ii) Traditional Housing (TH) adopted by progressive dairy farmers of Amerigog area in Kamrup (M) District of Assam. The experiment was carried out with a total of 36 (Thirty Six) lactating dairy animals (crossbred cows) keeping 18 numbers of animals each under IH (Institutional Housing) and TH (Traditional Housing) management systems. Furthermore, each group was sub-divided into three groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 with 6 (Six) animals in each treatment group. The 6 (Six) animals per group was selected on the basis of apparently similar in parity, physiological status and preceding lactation yield. Two different treatments were applied in two different IH and TH management system with one group as control in each housing management system i.e. IH and TH. The T0 was considered as the control without treatment and was managed under existing (regular) management system. The T1 was supplemented with dry yeast powder (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the recommended dose @3.0 gm per cow as probiotics over regular management system and the T2 was supplemented with dry yeast powder (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with the recommended dose @3.0 gm per cow as probiotics over regular management system and modification of the micro climate for more air circulation by fixing dairy fan (side fan). The highest maximum temperature (33.83±0.28 0C) was recorded in the month of August and the lowest minimum temperature (12.66±0.37 0C) was recorded in the month of January during the year in both G1 & G2. The mean monthly lowest outdoor temperature (O Temp.) was recorded as 18.10 ± 0.22 0C and 18.16±0.22 0C in the morning and 22.06±0.38 0C and 22.14±0.38 0C in the afternoon during the month of January in G1 and G2 respectively. The highest outdoor temperatures were 31.17±0.43 0C and 31.28±0.43 0C in the morning and 32.38±0.62 0C and 32.33±0.59 0C in the afternoon during the month of September in the G1 and G2 respectively. The mean monthly highest wind speed (Km/hr.) were 3.07±0.62 both in G1 and G2 in the month of April and 2.58±0.68 and 2.47±0.69 in G1 and G2 in the month of March in morning and afternoon respectively. The lowest mean wind speed (Km/hr.) were 0.21±0.21 both in G1 and G2 in the month of February and 0.13±0.09 and 0.17±0.07 in G1 and G2 in morning and afternoon respectively. The lowest mean monthly wet bulb temperatures (WB Temp.) in the morning were 15.17±0.21 and 15.23±0.23 0C in the month of January both in G1 and G2 respectively. However highest mean monthly morning WB Temp. were recorded as 26.89±0.16 0C in the month of August in G1 and 26.75±0.23 0C in the month of September in G2. The mean relative humidity (RH) in percentage were 87.26±1.00 as highest in the month of January and 69.63±1.78 as lowest in the month of April in G1 and 88.90±0.93 as highest in the month of January and 63.27±0.82 as lowest in the month of November in the morning in G2. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there is highly significant (P<0.01) difference in DB Temp., RH and THI among the two different housing management viz. institutional housing (G1) and traditional housing (G2). Whereas, there were no significant differences in O Temp., WB Temp. and WS among G1 and G2. But there were highly significant (P<0.01) differences between the months in O Temp., WB Temp., WS, DB Temp., RH and THI. The overall mean body surface temperature (ST) comprising of all the four seasons were 36.44±0.06 & 36.44±0.06 0C in T0, 36.41± 0.10 & 36.41± 0.10 0C in T1 and 36.32±0.08 & 36.32±0.08 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. The overall mean rectal temperature (RT) comprising of all the four seasons were 38.18±0.14 & 38.18±0.14 0C in T0, 37.96± 0.27 & 37.96± 0.27 0C in T1 and 37.72±0.18 & 37.72±0.18 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. Whereas, the ST were recorded as 38.29±0.13 & 38.51±0.10 in T0, 38.09±0.21 & 38.32±0.15 in T1 and 37.85±0.23 & 37.94±0.24 in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in the G2. The overall mean respiration rate (RR) comprising of all the four seasons were 23.97±0.26 & 23.97±0.2614 0C in T0, 23.80± 0.21 & 23.80± 0.21 0C in T1 and 23.64±0.15 & 23.64±0.15 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. Whereas the RR were recorded as 25.13±0.34 & 25.67±0.61 in T0, 24.52±0.30 & 24.65±0.34 in T1 and 23.99±0.18 & 24.20±0.20 in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in the G2. The overall mean pulse rate (PR) comprising of all the four seasons were 57.42±0.22 & 57.42±0.22 0C in T0, 57.08± 0.21 & 57.08± 0.21 0C in T1 and 56.97±0.13 & 56.97±0.13 0C in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in G1. Whereas the PR were recorded as 57.99±0.24 & 58.16±0.25 in T0, 57.64±0.24 & 57.85±0.31 in T1 and 57.39±0.22 & 57.64±0.21 in T2 in the morning and afternoon respectively in te G2. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are significant differences (P<0.01) between the G1 and G2 in respect of surface temperature, rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate. There were non-significant differences (P>0.05) between morning and afternoon in respect of ST, RT, RR and PR. However, there were highly significant differences (P<0.01) were recorded between the seasons in respect to ST, RT, RR and PR. Highest ST were observed in S1 (36.57±0.04 0C) followed by S3, S2 and S1. The total leukocyte count (TLC) were recorded in percentage (%) as 22.57±1.67, 18.30±1.51 and 15.75±1.38, 15.13±0.87, 13.55±1.40 and 12.79±0.89, 23.66±0.96, 21.46±0.94 and 15.44±1.42, 24.02±1.42, 25.76±3.10 and 17.47±0.80 in treatment groups T0, T1 and T2 and during the seasons viz. S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively in institutional housing (IH). Whereas, the TLC were 19.73±3.19, 19.35±3.12 and 18.36; 18.14±3.11, 15.00±1.68 and 13.93±2.87; 21.61±3.53, 18.36±2,29 and 20.08±2.00; 24.81±3.44, 20.13±2.52 and 19.90±1.29 in treatment groups T0, T1 and T2 and during the seasons viz. S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively in traditional housing (TH). The analysis of variance revealed that there are non-significant differences in TLC and DLC irrespective of housing management i.e. IH and TH. However, highly significant differences (P<0.01) were observed in TLC, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and monocyte count among the seasons irrespective of IH and TH. But no significant differences were recorded among the treatment group. The overall mean RBC in percentage in T0, T1 and T2 were 5.51±0.38, 6.06±0.36 and 5.94±0.43 in IH and 5.06±0.26, 4.89±0.27 and 4.98±0.29 in TH. The overall mean PCV in percentage in T0, T1 and T2 were 24.72±1.39, 26.63±1.41 and 27.16±1.45 in IH and 24.85±1.65, 24.49±1.53 and 24.50±1.56 in TH. The overall mean Hb in percentage in T0, T1 and T2 were 9.55±0.36, 10.19±0.42 and 10.23±0.42 in IH and 9.98±0.57, 9.57±0.44 and 9.71±0.39 in TH. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are significant differences (P<0.01) between IH and TH in regards to RBC and PCV, whereas no significant difference was observed between IH and TH in terms of Hb content of blood. But, highly significant (P<0.01) differences were observed between the seasons in RBC, PCV as well as Hb concentration. Moreover, non significant differences were also observed among the treatment groups in terms of RBC, PCV and Hb content of blood. The overall mean cortisol level (nmol/L) in T0, T1 and T2 were 34.60±5.73, 28.56±6.58 and 21.11±3.32 in IH and 31.74±4.28, 27.60±6.12 and 21.90±2.67 in TH. The overall mean T3 level (nmol/L) in T0, T1 and T2 were 1.51±0.07, 1.41±0.07 and 1.29±0.05 in IH and 1.49±0.11, 1.43±0.09 and 1.29±0.05 in TH. The overall mean T4 level (nmol/L) in T0, T1 and T2 were 42.69±7.92, 37.20±7.57 and 34.88±6.99 in IH and 45.48±7.26, 38.77±6.94 and 34.47±5.79 in TH. The analysis of variance revealed that there were non-significant (P>0.05) between the IH (G1) and TH (G2) in terms of the hormonal parameters viz. Cortisol, T3 and T4. But highly significant (P<0.01) differences have been observed among the seasons in terms of Cortisol and T4. The level of T3 is not significant (P>0.05) between interaction of the seasons. Moreover, highly significant (P<0.01) levels of Cortisol and T3 were recorded among the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2, where, T4 level was significant (P<0.05) among the treatment groups. The mean daily milk yield (Lt.) were recorded as 6.66± 0.97, 6.61± 0.77 and 8.84± 1.13 in IH (G1) and 8.99± 1.08, 9.08± 1.00 and 9.98± 0.66 in TH (G2) in the treatment groups viz. T1, T2, T3 respectively. The analysis of variance indicated that there were highly significant (P<0.01) differences in average daily milk yield between G1 (IH) and G2 (TH), where, average daily milk yield highest (9.35±0.29) in G2 (TH). Highly significant differences (P<0.01) were also observed among the treatment group viz. T0, T1 and T2. Highest (9.40±0.36) mean daily milk was observed in T2. The mean daily milk per month were also highly significant (P<0.01). The mean fat percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 4.62±0.15, 4.92±0.03 and 5.02±0.07 in IH and 4.58±0.14, 4.96±0.06 and 5.11±0.12 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean solids not fat (SNF) percentage (%) were recorded as 8.73±0.03, 8.80±0.04 and 8.81±0.03 in IH and 8.77±0.03, 8.83±0.03 and 8.84±0.02 in TH in the treatment groups i.e. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean total solids (TS) percentage (%) were recorded as 13.34±0.19, 13.49±0.17 and 13.46±0.18 in IH and 13.32±0.20, 13.53±0.17 and 13.48±0.18 in TH in the treatment groups i.e. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean protein percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 3.44±0.02, 3.48±0.02 and 3.69±0.16 in IH and 3.47±0.02, 3.50±0.01 and 3.75±0.18 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean lactose percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 4.45±0.01, 4.44±0.00 and 4.45±0.02 in IH and 4.46±0.02, 4.45±0.01 and 4.49±0.03 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean ash percentage (%) in the collected milk samples were recorded as 0.78±0.00, 0.79±0.00 and 0.79±0.00 in IH and 0.78±0.00, 0.79±0.00 and 0.79±0.00 in TH in the treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean laying and standing time (hrs.) were 16.78± 0.10 and 3.24± 0.09, 16.91± 0.09 and 3.09± 0.09 and 17.19± 0.08 and 2.81± 0.08 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S1; 16.70± 0.12 and 3.33± 0.10, 16.83± 0.09 and 3.17± 0.09 and 17.12± 0.09 and 3.02± 0.15 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S2; 15.95± 0.23 and 4.05± 0.23, 16.05± 0.18 and 3.95± 0.18 and 16.71± 0.14 and 3.42± 0.25 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S3 and 16.13± 0.18 and 4.37± 0.49, 16.20± 0.19 and 3.80± 0.19 and 16.63± 0.17 and 3.37± 0.17 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in IH during the S4. Furthermore, the mean laying and standing time (hrs.) in TH were 16.82± 0.11and 3.17± 0.07, 17.00± 0.12 and 3.00± 0.12 and 17.28± 0.11 and 2.72± 0.11 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S1; 16.64± 0.13 and 3.39± 0.11, 16.67± 0.16 and 3.33± 0.16 and 17.04± 0.10 and 3.09± 0.14 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S2; 16.05±0.22 and 3.95±0.22, 16.05±0.18 and 3.95±0.18 and 16.73±0.14 and 3.41± 0.25 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S3 and 16.24± 0.13 and 3.76± 0.13, 16.26± 0.15 and 3.74± 0.15 and 16.70± 0.13 and 3.44± 0.23 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively during the S4. The mean Barn Used Pattern (BUP) in terms of Cow Comfort Index (CCI) and Stall Standing Index (SSI) have been recorded as 81.95 & 18.74 and 82.19 & 17.84 in T0; 82.49 & 17.51 and 82.48 & 17.53 in T1 and 84.56 & 15.78 and 84.69 & 15.83 in T2 in two different housing system i.e. IH (G1) and TH (G2) respectively. The analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the barn used pattern of cows between the housing system, seasons and treatment groups viz. T0, T1 and T2. But there were highly significant differences (P<0.01) in CCI and SSI (laying and standing position).ThesisItem Open Access Performance of crossbred hampshire pig fed on poultry by-products(2022) Roy, Nanda Kumar; Mili, Dulal ChandraAn experiment was conducted to study the effects of the inclusion of poultry by-product meal in the ration of pig replacing the fish meal at different levels viz. 50% and 100% on the growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, haemato-biochemical profile, carcass characteristics and meat quality, and cost of feeding in Crossbred Hampshire pigs. A total of Eighteen (18) weaned Crossbred Hampshire pigs (9 castrated male and 9 female) with an average age of 8 weeks and average body weight of 11.11±0.02 kg were selected from an institutional pig farm (30-Sow Teaching Unit) under the Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22. The trial was conducted for 150 days, from 15th October 2021 to 14th March 2022. The piglets were divided into three treatment groups depending upon the nearness of body weight and age in such a manner that each treatment will consist of six pigs(3 male and 3 female in each group) viz. groups C, T1, and T2. The animals under T1 group were provided with Standard conventional feed with 2.5% inclusion of poultry by-product meal replacing 50% of fish meal. However, the animals of T2 group were provided with Standard conventional feed with 5% inclusion of poultry by-product meal replacing 100% fish meal. The control group was provided with standard conventional feed without the inclusion of poultry by-products. The experimental rations were prepared as per BIS-2005. The average initial body weights (kg) of weaned piglets of all experimental groups were not significant (P≥0.01) different among the groups which ranged from 11.08±0.28 kg to 11.13±0.11 kg. The average final body weights (kg) of pigs in different groups in the finisher stage were 69.86±0.63, 71.02±0.49, and 72.08±0.38 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively at the end of the 10th fortnight of the experimental period. The overall average daily gains (kg) during the experimental period were 0.390±0.01, 0.398±0.01, and 0.405±0.01 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. The overall body weight gains (kg) during the experimental period were 58.73±0.62, 59.90±0.45, and 60.99±0.4 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that there were non-significant differences in the final body weight (kg), ADG (kg) and overall body weight gain (kg) of pigs in different treatments and control groups during the experiment. The overall Average daily feed intake (DM basis) during the experimental period was 1.392 ± 0.01 kg, 1.382 ± 0.01 kg, and 1.353 ± 0.01 kg for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. The overall average feed intakes (fresh basis) during the experimental period were 232.044±1.38 kg, 230.351±2.23kg, and 225.523±2.64 kg for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant differences in the overall daily feed intake and total feed intake (DM basis) of pigs among the different treatment and control groups under the experiment. The overall Average feed conversion efficiency (fresh basis) during the experimental period was 3.92±0.21, 3.78±0.18, and 3.66±0.13 for C, T1, and T2 groups respectively where non-significant differences existed between different treatment and control groups under the experiment. The average daily changes in body length in the C, T1 and T2 groups were 0.37 ± 0.02, 0.37 ± 0.01, and 0.38 ± 0.03 respectively. The average daily changes in height at withers in the C, T1, and T2 groups were 0.27 ± 0.00, 0.27 ± 0.00, and 0.28 ± 0.00 respectively. The average daily changes in Heart girth in the C, T1 and T2 groups were 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, and 0.38 ± 0.02 respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that there is no significant differences existed between the different treatment and control groups. Higher body length, height at withers, and Heart girth were observed in the T2 group followed by T1 and C groups. The coefficient of correlation of linear body measurements with the body weight of crossbred Hampshire pigs was found to be positively correlated. Non-significant differences in Hb, WBC, RBC, and HCT levels were recorded during different periods between different treatment and control groups that indicate the poultry by-product inclusion did not influence the hematological profile in Crossbred Hampshire pigs. In the Blood biochemical parameters, the concentration of Serum globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, Ca, and P levels were found within the normal physiological range in all experimental groups. There was a significant difference in respect of serum total protein and albumin at the mod of the experiment. The Live weight (kg), Slaughter weight (kg), Hot Carcass weight (kg), chilled Carcass weight (kg), Hot dressing percentage (%), chilled dressing percentage (%), Carcass length (cm), Back fat thickness (cm), and Loin eye area (cm2) showed non-significant difference among different groups. Wholesale cuts (ham, bacon, loin, picnic, Boston butt, and jowl) showed non-significant differences among the groups. The edible and inedible offal also did not differ significantly (P>0.01). The proximate composition of L. dorsi muscle revealed non-significant differences in moisture, CP, EE, and total ash content among the groups. In relation to Physico-chemical properties, WHC (cm2) and pH values of L. dorsi muscle of crossbred Hampshire pigs revealed non-significant (P>0.05) differences among the different treatment and control groups. On the sensory evaluation of pork, colour, flavor, juiciness, texture, and overall acceptability of pork showed no difference among the experimental groups. Texture profile and colour profile also revealed no significant difference between different treatments and Control group. During the grower stage, feed cost (Rs.) per kg gain was 96.29 for the C group, 93.59 for T1, and 87.92 for the T2 group, while during the finisher stage the feed cost (Rs.) per kg gain was 138.17, 132.80 and 129.29 in for C, T1 and T2 respectively. The highest profit (in terms of feed cost/kg gain) was observed in the T2 group followed by T1 and in comparison to the Control group. Thus it can be concluded that the inclusion of poultry by-products up to 5% level in the pig ration replacing fish meal may be recommended in terms of growth and economic production without any adverse effect on general performance.
