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Open Access
STANDARDIZATION OF ORGANIC NUTRIENT DOSE AND PLANTS PER POLE IN DRAGON FRUIT
(2023) SAHU, MUKESH KUMAR; Hazarika, Bikash
The present investigation was carried out in the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the period of 2021-2023 to study the “Standardization of organic nutrient dose and plants per pole in dragon fruit”. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications, consisting of two factors i.e. nutrient level and number of plants per pole. The four levels of nutrient during first year were N1 (FYM @ 15kg + VC @ 5kg + RP @ 200gm + PSB @ 100gm), N2 (FYM @ 15kg + EC @ 5kg), N3 (FYM @ 15kg + MOC @2kg + RP @ 200gm + PSB @ 100gm) and N4 (FYM @ 15kg + MOC @ 2kg + EC @ 2kg) were applied and during second year N1 (FYM @ 20kg + VC @ 10kg), N2 (FYM @ 20kg + EC @ 10kg), N3 (FYM @ 20kg + MOC @ 4kg) and N4 (FYM @ 20kg + MOC @ 4kg + EC @ 4kg) were maintained along with three different number of plants per pole i.e., P1 (two plants), P2 (three plants), P3 (four plants) were selected. The treatment consist of twelve different treatment combinations i.e. T1 (P1N1), T2 (P1N2), T3 (P1N3), T4 (P1N4), T5 (P2N1), T6 (P2N2), T7 (P2N3), T8 (P2N4), T9 (P3N1), T10 (P3N2), T11 (P3N3) and T12 (P3N4), respectively. The results of the experiments revealed that effect of different treatments showed statistically significant effects on plant growth, quality, biochemical analysis and soil parameters. However, the maximum plant growth parameters viz., plant height (cm), flower per pole (nos.), fruit per pole (nos.) and yield (t/ha) were recorded in the treatment T9 i.e. application of FYM @ 15kg + VC @ 5kg + RP @ 200gm + PSB @ 100gm during first year and application of FYM @ 15kg + EC @ 10kg during second year with four plants per pole. While, minimum plant height (cm) was observed in T12 i.e. application of FYM @ 15kg + MOC @ 2kg + EC @ 2kg during first year and FYM @ 20kg + MOC @ 4kg + EC @ 4kg with four plants per pole and minimum number of flower per pole (nos.), fruit per pole (nos.) and yield (t/ha) were recorded in the treatment T3 i.e. P1N3 (application of FYM @ 15kg + MOC @2kg + RP @ 200gm + PSB @ 100gm during first year and application of FYM @ 20kg + MOC @ 4kg during second year with two plants per pole, respectively. There was no significant difference among different treatment combinations for biochemical parameters like reducing sugar, total sugar, total soluble sugar, ascorbic acid and titratable acidity (%) of fruits. The maximum TSS value (15.36 and 15.80 °Brix), ascorbic acid (7.80 and 8.26 %) and titratable acidity (0.078 and 0.067 %) were recorded in the treatment T1 (P1N1), during both the years. The highest B:C ratio 5.73 was found in treatment T9 (P3N1) followed by 5.11 in T11 (P3N3).
Open Access
Effect of different growing media on growth, quality and yield of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) under vertical farming system
(2023) Medhi, Marjana; Hazarika, D. N.
The present investigation entitled “Effect of different growing media on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) in vertical planting system” was conducted during 2022-23. The experiment was conducted for the assessment of three objectives: (a) to study the effect of different growing media on growth, yield and quality of strawberry in vertical system, (b) to standardize suitable growing medium for cultivation of strawberry in vertical system and (c) to study the occurrences of disease. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 3 replications and 14 treatments i.e. growing media of different components and ratio. Each treatment consisted of 10 plants and accordingly 420 plants of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn were collected for conducting the experiment. Among the treatments, the highest plant height (22.47cm), plant spread (29.71cm), number of leaves per plant (19.37), leaf length (5.96 cm), leaf breadth (5.42 cm), days to first flowering after planting (47.97days) and the lowest root length (17.15cm) and crop duration (160.83 days) was recorded under T1 (Soil + vermicompost @ 1:1). The lowest plant height (17.82cm), number of leaves per plant (15.21) and plant spread (25.61 cm), leaf length (5.15cm), leaf breadth (5.11cm), number of crowns per plant (3.18), days to first flowering after planting (37.50days), days to maturity after fruit set (35.30 days) and highest root length (18.82 cm) were recorded in T5 (Soil + vermiculite @ 1:3) and T8 (Soil + Perlite @ 1:3), respectively. T14 (Soil + Cocopeat + perlite + vermiculite @ 1:1:1:1) recorded the longest crop duration (173.87days). The highest fruit length (4.79cm), fruit weight (23.66g), non-reducing sugars (2.50%), anthocyanin content (27.77mg/100g) and lowest titratable acidity (0.46%) were recorded under T5 (Soil + vermiculite @ 1:3). The highest fruit diameter (4.48 cm), number of fruits per plant (21.31), fruit production (502.82g/plant), yield (558.69 q/ha), TSS (8.05°Brix), total sugars (7.82%), reducing sugars (5.34%) and ascorbic acid content (39.97mg/100g) were observed under T8 (soil + Perlite @ 1:3). The lowest fruit length (3.22 cm), fruit diameter (3.10cm), no. of fruits per plant (12.44), fruit weight (17.33g), fruit production (285.69 g/plant), TSS (6.15°Brix), total sugars (6.92%), non- reducing sugars (1.81%), ascorbic acid content (36.15mg.100g) and reducing sugars (4.68%) were recorded under T1 (soil + vermicompost @ 1:1) and T2 (soil + cocopeat @ 1:1) respectively. Among the different parameters of soil, T8 (soil + perlite @ 1:3) recorded the highest pH (6.62) and lowest nitrogen (324.16kg/ha) and phosphorus (23.15kg/ha) content and lowest bulk density (0.41g/cm3). Plants grown in T14 (soil + cocopeat + perlite + vermiculite @ 1:1:1:1) recorded the highest water holding capacity (88.05%) and potassium content (358.80 kg/ha) and the lowest water holding capacity (56.65%), highest nitrogen (345.32 kg/ha) content and bulk density (0.91 g/cm3) was recorded in T1 (soil + vermicompost @ 1:1). The highest electrical conductivity (2.10 dS/m) and organic carbon (1.56%) were recorded in T10 (soil + vermicompost + perlite @ 1:1:1) and T11 (soil + vermicompost + cocopeat @ 1:1:1), respectively. Diseases namely, foot rot, pestalotia leaf spot, angular leaf spot and cercospora leaf spot were recorded during the vegetative phase whereas diseases like grey mould and phytopthora fruit rot were recorded during different stages of fruit development. The B:C ratio was found to be maximum (1.76) in T7 (soil + perlite @1:1).
Open Access
EFFECT OF PRE-HARVEST APPLICATION OF NAA, Ca, AND B ON FRUIT DROP, YIELD, AND QUALITY OF THAILAND BER (Ziziphus mauritiana)
(2023) PASWAN, KARISHMA; Saikia, Ananta
The present study was carried out to investigate the beneficial effects of the pre-harvest spray of NAA, calcium, and boron on fruit drop, yield, and quality of Thailand ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, AAU, Jorhat-13 during 2022-2023. The spraying with NAA @ 20 ppm + B @ 0.5%) resulted maximum fruit set (4.68%), lesser fruit drop (53.28%), the highest yield (18.12 kg/tree). CaCl2@ 1% spray gave maximum shelf life (13.5 days) with the minimum PLW. The highest B: C ratio (1.81) was found in NAA @ 20 ppm + B @ 0.5 % application based on the economics of cultivation indicating that spraying of NAA 20 ppm in combination with B 5% is the most profitable approach for minimizing fruit drop and maximizing production.
Open Access
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME CITRUS GERMPLASM OF ASSAM
(2023) Saikia, Kareena; Borthakur, Pritom K.
Ten genotypes representing each of the five groups of Citrus were collected from AAU-Citrus and Plantation Crops Research Station, Tinsukia and Regional Research Centre for Citrus (CCRI, ICAR), Biswanath Chariali. Morphological characterization of fruits was carried out as per the descriptors developed for Citrus by IPGRI (1999), Rome, Italy and the results indicate the presence of significant variability among genotypes. Biochemical characterization revealed that moisture content ranged from 92.51% to 84.30% in the pulps and from 83.32% to 70.20% in the peels. Juice pH, TSS and titratable acidity ranged from 3.90 to 2.60, 11.40 to 5.30 ̊Brix, and 0.97% to 4.71% respectively in different genotypes. The ash content varied from 2.83% to 5.96% in the pulps and from 2.53% to 5.69% in the peels. Similarly, the reducing sugar in the juice varied from 2.06% to 6.72% and non-reducing sugar varied from 0.48% to 4.15%. The total sugar percentage ranged from 9.36%-2.54% in the juice. The crude protein content was found to be high and ranged from 5.60%-9.16% in the pulps and 5.60%-13.83% in the peels. Organic acid and water-soluble vitamins were quantified using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and it was revealed that citric acid was present in the maximum amount followed by malic acid. Among the water-soluble vitamins, the thiamine concentration was found to be the highest. Quantification of the minerals was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that both major and minor minerals were present in significant amounts in both the peel and pulp of the Citrus species. The essential oil content (%) was estimated and it was found to range from 0.26% to 0.83% in the fresh peel of the Citrus genotypes. Analysis of the essential oil that was carried out by Triple Quadrupole Gas-Chromatograph Mass-Spectroscopy (TQGC-MS/MS) showed the presence of D-limonene, α-pinene, ß-pinene, γ -terpinene, α-terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, linalool as the major compounds. Aromatherapeutic, antioxidant, antifungal and insect-repellent compounds such as eucalyptol, thymol, geraniol and nerol were also reported in certain species.
Open Access
EFFECT OF EDIBLE COATING IN ASSAM LEMON (Citrus limon Burm.) DURING STORAGE
(2023) Das, Juman; Choudhury, Shahida
The Northeast region of India is a rich treasure of different Citrus species. Assam lemon is one of the important Citrus species and it is indigenous to Assam. The main storage problems of lemon fruits are browning & shrinking of peel, loss of green colour, loss of firmness, and reduced juice content. Providing non-hazardous edible coating would permit the possibility to reach the distant markets in fresh form. Use of CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) as exterior coating along with Sodium Benzoate and Bees Wax coating can increase the shelf life of Assam Lemon. The present investigation was carried out in the Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the year 2022 -2023 with the objectives to evaluate the effect of edible coating on the qualitative changes of Assam lemon during storage and to find out the suitable edible coating treatment for shelf life extension. The treatments includes combination of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, propylene glycol, sodium benzoate viz., To (Control), T₁ (1% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol), T₂ ( 3% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol), T₃ (5% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol), T₄ (1% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol + Sodium Benzoate 500 ppm), T₅ (3% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol + Sodium Benzoate 500 ppm), T₆ (5% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol + Sodium Benzoate 500 ppm), T₇ (Bees wax 1%), T₈ (Bees wax 2%). The fruits were stored in corrugated fibre boxes. Physical, biochemical and sensory evaluation was done at every 5 days interval. Different observations recorded were physiological loss in weight (%), fruit weight (g), specific gravity, juice content (%), peel browning (%), days to colour change, TSS (0Brix), titrable acidity (%), TSS/acid ratio, reducing sugar (%), non-reducing sugar (%), total sugar(%), ascorbic acid (mg/100 ml ), pectin (%), chlorophyll (mg/g), colour, texture and microbial analysis (log cfu/ml).The highest juice content was recorded in T₅(39.59%),the highest TSS was recorded in T₅(6.270Brix), the highest specific gravity was observed in T₆(1.02), the highest titratable acidity was recorded in T₅(3.42%) on 25th day of storage. The results of the experiment revealed that the application of treatments had significant effect on various biochemical parameter of lemon fruit during storage. The treatment T₅ (3% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol + Sodium Benzoate 500 ppm) showed better results followed by T₆ (5% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol + Sodium Benzoate 500 ppm) during storage. T₅ treatment (3% CMC + 2% Propylene Glycol + Sodium Benzoate 500 ppm) was superior as an edible coating and retained better quality with extended storage life as compared to all other treatment.
Open Access
Performance of Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas L.) genotypes for yield and yield attributing characters
(2023) VINOD, DOKKA VARA; Alam, Sheriful
The present investigation was carried out with the principle objective to study the variability, heritability, character association and path analysis for morphological and quality parameters in orange-fleshed sweet potato genotypes at an Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the year 2022-2023. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all the morphological and quality characters viz., vine length (cm), internodal length (cm), vine weight per plant (g), fresh weight of whole plant (g), dry weight of whole plant (g), plant dry matter content (%), fresh weight of tuber (g), dry weight of tuber (g), tuber dry matter content (%), length of the tuber (cm), diameter of tuber (cm), number of tubers per plant, marketable tuber yield per plant (g), marketable tuber yield per hectare (t/ha), total soluble solids (°Brix), total carotenoids (mg/100g), starch content (%), total sugars (%), reducing sugars (%), non-reducing sugars (%) and shelf life (days). High PCV, GCV and high heritability in conjunction with high genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed for morphological parameters viz., vine length (cm), internodal length (cm), vine weight per plant (g), fresh weight of whole plant (g), dry weight of whole plant (g), fresh weight of tuber (g), dry weight of tuber (g), diameter of tuber (cm), number of tubers per plant, marketable tuber yield per plant (g), marketable tuber yield per hectare (t/ha) and quality parameters like total carotenoids (mg/100g), starch content (%), total sugars (%), reducing sugars (%), non-reducing sugars (%) and shelf life (days) indicates the preponderance of additive gene action governing the inheritance of these characters and offers the best possibility of improvement through simple selection procedures. Correlation study revealed that yield can be improved by selecting genotypes having more vine weight per plant, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant, fresh weight of tuber, dry weight of tuber and diameter of tuber. The highest positive direct effects on marketable tuber yield per plant was shown by fresh weight of whole plant, plant dry matter content, dry weight of tuber and diameter of tuber. The highest negative direct effects were exhibited by vine weight per plant, dry weight of whole plant, tuber dry matter content and number of tubers per plant. Characters having high positive direct effects along with positive significant correlation with marketable tuber yield per plant can be directly selected and simultaneously the characters which show high positive indirect effects can also be selected for the improvement of yield.
Open Access
ORGANIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.)
(2023) KALITA, BOISHALI; Sarma, Ira
A field experiment was conducted during 2022 at the experimental farm, Department of Horticulture, AAU, Jorhat to standardize the organic nutrient requirements and to study the effect of organic nutrients on fruit quality of cucumber. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of seven treatments in three replications. The treatments were T0: Control, T1: FYM 10t/ha, T2: FYM 5t/ha, T3: FYM 5t/ha+ Microbial consortium, T4:Vermicompost 5t/ha, T5:Vermicompost 2.5t/ha and T6: Vermicompost 2.5t/ha + Microbial consortia. The highest plant height (1.94m) was recorded in the treatment T4 which was at par with treatment T6 with a value of 1.93m at 30 days after sowing (DAS). At first flowering the highest plant height (3.44m) was obtained in the treatment T6 and was at par with the treatment T3, T5, T4 and T1 with values 3.38m, 3.32m, 3.31m and 3.23m, respectively.The highest internodal length (12.03cm and 12.27cm) at 30DAS and at first flowering were recorded in T0. Maximum number of primary branches (2.70 and 4.70) at 30DAS and at first flowering was exhibited by the treatments T1 and T6, respectively. Minimum days for appearance of first male flower (47.33), first female flower (54.33) and the lowest node for appearance of first female flower (6.45) were observed in the treatment T6. The highest male flowers per plant (99.00) were found in T2, whereas female flowers per plant (13.98) and male-female flower ratio (8.34) were the maximum in the treatment T1. Minimum number of days to first fruit harvest (66.33) was recorded in T6. The highest fruits per plant (10.92) and fruit set percentage (94.82) were exhibited by the treatment T4. Maximum fruit length (23.10cm) and fruit weight (267.67g) were obtained in T4 however, maximum fruit diameter was observed in T4 and T1 with a value of 7.50cm. Fruit volume (304.91cc) and shelf life (8.17 days) of fruits were recorded maximum in T4. The highest fruit yield per plant (2.92kg), fruit yield per plot (26.28kg) and total yield (243.33q/ha) were recorded in T4. Among the quality parameters moisture content (96.58%) was maximum in T1 and vitamin C content (4.63mg/100g) was maximum in T1 and T4. The highest ash (0.82%), protein (8.40%) and carbodydrates (1.07%) content were recorded in the treatment T4 however, the crude fibre content (0.72%) was found maximum in T3. The highest total chlorophyll content (1.05mg/100g) of fruit peel was obtained in T3. Among the soil parameters soil pH (4.88) in T1, organic carbon (0.92%) in T4 and microbial biomass carbon (296.60 μgg-1 soil 24 hr-1) in T6 were found maximum. Available N (283.93kg/ha), available P (50.01 kg/ha) and available K (162.97kg/ha) after harvest were maximum in the treatment T4. The highest net return (Rs. 594067.00) was obtained in the treatment T4 with a benefit cost ratio of 2.31. However, the highest benefit cost ratio was exhibited by the treatment T1 (2.83) with a net return of Rs. 566033.00 due to lower cost of FYM in T1.
Open Access
EFFECT OF PLANTING GEOMETRY AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF YARD LONG BEAN (Vigna unguiculata ssp.sesquipedalis)
(2023) Sharma, Bedanta; Kachari, Manisha
A field experiment was conducted during 2022-2023 at the experimental farm, Department of Horticulture AAU, Jorhat to study the effect of planting geometry and the impact of nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of yard long bean (variety Red Ribbon). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) consisting of two factors viz., spacing and nutrient dose with three replications. The two spacing were S1 (60 cm × 45 cm) and S2 (60 cm × 30 cm) with five nutrient doses of T0 (control), T1 (15:35:20 kg NPK/ha + 4 t FYM/ha), T2 {15:35:20 kg NPK/ha + 2 t vermicompost/ha + biofertilizer (rhizobium + PSB)}, T3 (25:50:30 kg NPK/ha + 4 t FYM/ha) and T4 {25:50:30 kg NPK/ha + 2 t vermicompost/ha + biofertilizer (rhizobium + PSB)}. The treatments brought significant influences on the various parameters except a few. The growth parameters like number of branches (21.76), number of leaves/plant (87.00), number of pickings (9.73) days to initiation of 50 % flowering (35.49) and days to first picking (43.89) performed their best in the spacing S1 whereas the maximum vine length (198.39 cm) was observed in S2. The maximum values for yield attributing parameters like length of pod (39.60 cm), girth of pod (2.13 cm), weight of green pod (10.60 g), number of pods per plant (42.42), pod yield per plant (0.35 kg) and for quality and biochemical parameters like carbohydrate (7.99 %), protein (2.97 g/100g), fibre content (3.04 %) and anthocyanin content (26.53 mg/100g) were observed in the spacing S1 whereas the maximum pod yield per plot (3.66 kg) and pod yield per hectare (169.48 q) were observed in S2. In case of nutrient dose, the maximum vine length (223.00 cm), number of branches (24.00), number of leaves per plant (106.00), number of pickings (10.50), length of pod (43.17 cm), girth of pod (2.23 cm), weight of green pod (11.00 g), number of pods per plant (47.88), pod yield per plant (0.44 kg), pod yield per plot (4.33 kg) and pod yield per hectare (200.62 q) were observed in the nutrient dose T4 with T3 being at par in many of the parameters. The maximum carbohydrate content (8.11 %), protein content (3.11 g/100g) and anthocyanin content (29.31 mg/100g) were observed in nutrient dose T4 while the maximum ascorbic acid content (9.98 mg/100g), fibre content (3.43 %) and ash content (0.66 %) were observed in T3. The maximum values for soil parameters like organic carbon (0.64 %), available N (253.2 kg/ha), available P (39.7 kg/ha) and available K (141.0 kg/ha) were observed in T4 whereas the maximum soil pH (5.23) was observed in T0. The interaction of both the factors also brought significant influences on the parameters with the parameters like number of branches (25.00), number of leaves per plant (107.67), number of nodes (73.67), number of pickings (10.67), length of pod (45.33 cm), girth of pod (2.37 cm), pod yield per plant (0.46 kg), carbohydrate content (8.23 %) and protein content (3.23 g/100g) performing the best in the treatment interaction T4S1 while vine length (228.00 cm), pod yield per plot (4.96 kg) and pod yield per hectare (229.63 q) recorded their maximum values in T4S2. Computation of economics of production revealed that the maximum gross return (Rs. 918518.52) and net return (Rs. 704693.52) were also observed in T4S2 but the highest B:C ratio (3.53) was observed in T3S2.
Open Access
Crop Regulation in lemon var. Assam lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm.) by pruning
(2023) Goswami, Anwesha; Hazarika, D. N.
The present investigation entitled "Crop regulation in lemon var. Assam lemon (Citrus limon L Burm)” by pruning" was conducted during 2022-2023 at the ICR farm for field experimentation and in the laboratory for qualitative analysis of fruits in the Department of Horticulture, Biswanath College of Agriculture, AAU, Biswanath Chariali with three objectives: (a) to study the effect of pruning on growth, yield and quality of Assam lemon, (b) to study the effect of time of pruning on growth, yield and quality of Assam lemon and (c) to make the fruits available during the lean period particularly during November to February. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 3 replications and 12 treatments. Each treatment consisted of two plants and accordingly 72 plants were selected for conducting the experiment. Pruning considered as treatments were carried out from 1st May, 2022 to 15th October, 2022 at 15 days interval. The results revealed that both the pruning and time of pruning significantly influenced the vegetative growth and production of Assam lemon fruits. Among the treatments, the highest increase in plant height (18.82%) and number of laterals (4.62) per primary shoot was observed in T1 (pruned on 1stMay). Leaf production per terminal shoot was highest (19.33) in T2 (pruned on 15 May) closely followed by T1 (19.22). Shortest duration (18.66 days) for new shoots emergence after pruning was recorded in T6 (pruned on 15th July) while longest period (26.50 days) was observed in plants pruned on 15th October (T12) but the plants under this treatment produced first flower buds within shortest period (43.83 days) from the date of pruning. Days required to attain maturity of fruits from flower bud emergence was lowest (141.5 days) in plants pruned on 1st May (T1). Average number of hermaphrodite flowers (96.09) male flowers (96.70) and total number of ((192.79) were highest in T12 (pruned on 15th October) and plants under this treatment also recorded the highest fruit set (58.44%), fruit retention (92.01%), average number of fruits per plant per month (51.55) and number of fruits per plant per year (360.85). These values were found to be the lowest in plants pruned in May (T1 and T2). Plants pruned on 1st May (T1) recorded the highest values of fruit weight (168.33g), volume of fruit (184.83cc) and fruit length (9.21cm) while thinnest peel (2.95mm) and the highest pulp-peel ratio were recorded in T12 (pruned on 15th October). Among the treatments, T12 (pruned on 15th October) was found to be efficient in terms of quality like highest juice content (35.66 %), TSS (6.330Brix) and ascorbic acid (37.95 mg/100ml) contents. From the present investigation, it was evident that mature fruits could be harvested from November onwards from the plants pruned during May-June. Though total production was lower in these plants as compared to the plants pruned during October (recommended practice) but because of higher prices per fruit during lean period (Nov-Feb), the benefit: cost ratio was also higher than the plants pruned during October from which fruits were harvested from April onwards.

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