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Open Access
Ornamental crop as a source of food and fabric colourant
(2023) Bora, Aanmona; Kotoky, Utpal
The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory, Department of Horticulture during 2020-2022, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat to harness the dyeing properties of four locally available flower crop sources viz., Melastoma malabathricum and Gomphrena globosa for food colouring and, Calendula officinalis and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for fabric dyeing, using their semi-dried petals. The extraction condition for melastoma pigment had been standardized at 510 nm in 25:75 (v/v) ethanol: water solvent concentration with a solvent-to-solid ratio of 15:1 (ml/g) at 80°C for 75 minutes and that of gomphrena pigment at 533 nm in 0:100 (v/v) ethanol: water solvent concentration with solvent-to-solid ratio of 5:1 (ml/g) at 40°C for 105 minutes. The total anthocyanin content of melastoma pigment was found to be fairly high, about 313.88 mg/L with a reasonably low degradation index of 1.20 and tinctorial strength of 4.05. The betacyanin content of gomphrena pigment recorded 270.23mg/L with a tinctorial strength of 6.71. The degradation for both the pigments followed first order reaction kinetics and the extracted melastoma pigment recorded a rate constant of 0.001857 min-1 with half-life of 396.67 min while, the gomphrena pigment recorded a rate constant of 0.003133 min-1 with a half-life of 223.34 min, which is notably good for a natural colourant. The ten week storage study of both melastoma and gomphrena pigments was best recorded at 4°C in dark (or refrigerated condition) to obtain a half-life of 384.97 days and 92.41 days, respectively meaning greater pigment stability and longer shelf-life as compared to their storage at room temperature (30±2˚C) in dark conditions followed by light, which accelerated the pigment degradation rates and drastically reduced their half-lives. For fabric colourant both Calendula officinalis and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis pigments were standardized for extraction at 430 nm in alkaline medium (1% Na2CO3 solution) at 90 and 45 minutes, respectively. The dye absorption percentage was recorded highest for dye: material concentration of 3g/100ml in both the pigment classes. The carotenoid content in calendula pigment was estimated to 270.23 mg/L and the total anthocyanin content in hibiscus pigment resulted in 209.10 mg/L. The dyeing time for calendula pigment was standardized at 30 minutes for cotton fabric and in silk at 60 minutes while that for Hibiscus pigment it was standardized at 90 and 30 minutes for cotton and silk fabrics, respectively. With alum as mordant the standardized mordant concentration for both calendula and hibiscus pigment-dyed cotton and silk fabrics recorded optimum results at 2% while with fresh tea leaves the optimum concentration was recorded at 1%. During standardization of mordanting time, both alum based calendula and hibiscus pigment-dyed cotton fabrics resulted best at 60 minutes and were further standardized for mordanting method i.e., pre-mordanting and simultaneous mordanting methods, respectively. Similarly, for their results upon silk fabric the optimum mordanting time was recorded at 45 minutes and, further standardized with simultaneous mordanting method in silk fabrics and pre-mordanting method in cotton. With fresh tea leaves as mordant, irrespective of the dye or fabric source used, the mordanting time was standardized at 15 minutes and the optimum mordanting method was evaluated as pre-mordanting method. Among the various treatment combinations calendula pigment-dyed and alum-mordanted silk fabrics resulted best for all the physical properties tested and fastness to washing, crocking and sunlight, followed by hibiscus pigment-dyed and fresh tea leaves-mordanted silk fabrics with excellent fabric thickness property and fastness to washing, pressing and perspiration. Thus, all the four locally available ornamental crop sources viz., Melastoma malabathricum, Gomphrena globosa, Calendula officinalis and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, studied in the present investigation could be put forward as potential natural colourant sources for food and fabric dyeing.
Open Access
SOILLESS CULTURE OF TOMATO IN NATURALLY VENTILATED POLYHOUSE UNDER ASSAM CONDITION
(2023) Kumari, Varsha; Saikia, Ananta
A field experiment was conducted at the Experiment Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the year 2022 to study the possibility of cultivating tomato on soilless growing media under a naturally ventilated polyhouse. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments comprised of media containing cocopeat, vermiculite, perlite, sand and loam soil in various proportions. The study revealed that tomatoes were luxuriant on Loam soil: Sand: Vermicompost (1:1:1) medium with maximum plant height (140.68 cm), primary branches (6.19), plant fresh weight (177.90 gm), fruit weight (70.80 gm), crop duration (124.56 days), shorter duration to flowering (42.5 days), TSS (5.65 °Brix), minimum bacterial wilt infection (6.19 %) with final higher residual N, P, K contents of 2.58, 2.51, 2.64% respectively in the spent growing medium. Maximum plant dry weight (25.80 gm), fruit set (48.24%), fruits/cluster (8.36), fruits/plant (71.74), yield/plant (4.88 kg), total yield (66.26 q/500sqm), ascorbic acid (40.07 mg/100gm) and harvesting latitude (43.08 days) was recorded by Cocopeat: Sand: Vermicompost (5:2:3) medium, whereas the maximum days to first harvest (83.75 days) and blossom end rot incidence (45 %) were recorded by Cocopeat: Vermiculite: Perlite (3:1:1). Chlorophyll content (2.50 mg/100gm) and fruit volume (73.10 cc) were highest in Sand: Vermicompost (1:1). Flowers per cluster (3.91) and shelf life (12 days) were maximum in Cocopeat: Vermicompost (1:1). The economic analysis indicated that is Loam soil: Sand: Vermicompost (1:1:1) gave a maximum benefit-cost ratio of 2.20. These findings suggest that Cocopeat: Sand: Vermicompost (5:2:3) medium may be the preferred choice for optimizing growth and yield, although Loam soil: Sand: Vermicompost (1:1:1) is economically advantageous.
Open Access
RESPONSE OF ROUGH LEMON (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) GERMPLASM TOWARDS TRANSIENT WATERLOGGING CONDITIONS
(2023) Tonmoy, Tamuli; Gogoi, Bornali
The present investigation was carried out in the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the period of 2022-23 to evaluate the performance of five rough lemon germplasms under transient waterlogged conditions. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Block design with three replications consisting of five germplasm (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5), two inundation periods {I1(7 days) and I2(15 days)} and three flooding treatments {F1(75%), F2 (100%), F3 (125%)}. The germplasm were collected from different districts of Assam. The results revealed that at the end of I1, most plant biomass increased with G2 showing the highest increase. However, after end of I2, biomass reduction was observed, with G1 being the least affected. All germplasms showed higher reductions in biomass as flooding percentage increased, with F3 resulting in the maximum reduction. At the end of I1 there was an increase in root diameter except for some germplasm, root volume and number of adventitious roots. G4 showed the highest increase in root diameter, volume, and number of adventitious roots after I1 period. Root length was not affected by the inundation periods. In contrast, after I2 there was a reduction in root diameter, with G4 being least affected. However, root volume and number of adventitious roots increased for G4. Additionally, as flooding percentage increased, root diameter and growth decreased, with F3 causing the maximum decrease. Root volume and number of adventitious roots increased with increase in flooding % with F3 recording the highest increase. Chlorophyll content was negatively impacted by both inundation periods and percentage of flooding. G4 showed the least susceptibility to loss of chlorophyll at the end of 7 and 15 days. All germplasm showed reduced N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu content with the increase in inundation period and also percentage of flooding with I2 resulting in a higher reduction. G4 was the least susceptible to N, P and Zn loss overall. G5 had the least reduction in K, Cu and Mn content. Starch in leaves increased with prolonged inundation and higher flooding levels. G4 exhibited the highest content at treatment end. Conversely, starch content decreased with longer inundation and higher flooding levels. G4 was least affected at the end. Prolonged inundation and higher flooding levels led to increased leaf yellowing, wilting and leaf shedding. G4 showed the least number of yellow leaves, wilting and leaf shedding. G5 exhibited the best recovery potential among all germplasm, with the greatest root length after recovery. The plants showed better recovery after 7 days of inundation compared to 15 days. F1 resulted in the best recovery among the germplasm. From this investigation Germplasm 4 which was collected from Biswanath district (Rangamari) was found to be superior among all the germplasm in many morphological as well as physiological characters and thus G4 can be recommended for planting in waterlogging prone areas.
Open Access
IMPACT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC MANURES ON GREEN FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION OF OKRA
(2023) Dhar, Sunita; Gogoi, Sailen
The present study entitled “Impact of different organic manures on green fruits and seed production of Okra” was carried out to analyse the effect of different doses of organic manures viz., Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Vermicompost and Enriched compost alone or in combination with Microbial consortia on the growth characteristics, fruit yield and seed production. The experiment was conducted during 2022 in the Organic Block of Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13 with treatments comprising of FYM 10 t/ha (T1), FYM 5 t/ha (T2), FYM 2.5 t/ha + Microbial consortia (T3), Vermicompost 5.0 t/ha (T4), Vermicompost 2.5 t/ha (T5), Vermicompost 2 t/ha + Microbial consortia (T6), Enriched compost 2.0 t/ha (T7) and untreated control (T8) which were applied at the time of final land preparation. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Height of plants was the highest under treatment T6 (Vermicompost 2 t/ha + Microbial consortia) whereas number of leaves, leaf area, stems girth, plant fresh weight and dry weight were recorded the maximum under T7 (Enriched compost 2.0 t/ha). The fruit yield parameters such as fruit weight (14.60 g), fruit volume (18.03 cc), fruit yield per plant (202.93 g) and total yield (95.74 q/ha) were also maximum under T7 (Enriched compost 2.0 t/ha). However, the highest Net Return of 2,08,800.00 per ha from tender fruits was produced with application of Vermicompost 2 t/ha + Microbial consortia (T6) leading to the maximum Benefit: Cost ratio of 3.80. The seed yield per plant, total seed yield, seed viability percentage was higher with treatment T6 while the lowest was recorded in T8 (Untreated control). The seed vigour at harvesting time and after 3 months of storage was the highest in Vermicompost 5.0 t/ha (T4) while Vermicompost 2 t/ha + Microbial consortia (T6) could retain higher vigour till 6 months of storage. Economic analysis of using organic manures for okra seed production showed FYM 2.5 t/ha + Microbial consortia (T3) to yield maximum B: C ratio of 6.32, followed by 6.09 with sole application of FYM @ 10 t/ha (T1). Thus, it can be concluded from the present experimental analysis that plant growth and fruit yield parameters were significantly enhanced by Enriched Compost 2 t/ha (T7) but was not statistically superior to Vermicompost 2 t/ha + microbial Consortia (T6). However, computation of production economics revealed that Vermicompost 2 t/ha + microbial Consortia (T6) to be the most remunerative for tender fruit production. For organic seed production and seed quality attributing characters, fortification of 2.5 t/ha of FYM with microbial consortia (T3) proved to be most profitable.
Open Access
SHELF LIFE EVALUATION OF PROCESSED ASSAM LEMON (Citrus limon Burm.) JUICE
(2023) KASHYAP, SRISHTTY; Pathak, Purnima
Assam lemon, commonly known as “Kaji nemu” is an indigenous pride fruit of Assam. Due to the state's favorable climate, Assam lemons are readily available all round the year, with production peaking from April -September. This causes a market oversupply, which drives down the market price. Due to their physiological weight loss, these fruits are difficult store for an extended period. Moreover, fresh quality degrades along with the decrease in juice content across the storage. Therefore, focusing on juice processing Assam lemon fruit may assist to to prevent losses incurred by citrus growers as a result of the aforementioned issues. Based on this concept, the present investigation was framed and carried out to evaluate the shelf life of the processed Assam lemon juices in response to various treatments and to find out the economics of their preparation and preservation. Eight different treatments were prepared in matured (90-110 DAFS) and ripe (120-150 DAFS) lemon juices. Among the eight treatments T1 and T2 were untreated matured and ripe juice whereas T3, and T4 were treated with KMS. T5 and T6 were pasteurized and T7 and T8 were preserved by a combination of KMS and pasteurization in both matured and ripe juices, respectively. All the treatments were stored in refrigerated condition. The evaluation of the physico-chemical and sensory parameters was carried out for 180 days at intervals of 30 days while the microbial evaluation was carried out at intervals of 15 days. Regarding physico-chemical changes during storage of the Assam lemon fruit juices, samples T7 and T8 showed better results for TSS and titrable acidity which kept on increasing throughout the storage period whereas the pH and ascorbic acid kept decreasing. It was noticed that T8 had higher TSS and titratable acidity but lower pH and ascorbic acid content than that T7. The highest scores for overall acceptability, colour, mouthfeel, and taste were recorded in treatment T8 followed by T7 which showed means higher than the global mean on the initial day. The untreated, KMS-treated, as well as solely pasteurized juices, were discarded after 90, 120, and 150 days respectively after they crossed the microbial permissible limit. Highest B: C ratio was observed in treatment T2 (2.18) followed by T4 (2.16) as they had comparatively lesser treatment expenses. However, after considering the shelf life of the above treatments, they only persisted for 90 and 120 days, respectively. Interestingly, T8 had a B: C ratio of 1.78 but remained consumable for 180 days. Hence, it might be safe to establish that treatment T8 resulted in the highest shelf life with better retention of the physico-chemical and sensory parameters maintaining a decent B: C ratio. The investigation recommends that ripe Assam lemon juices given combined heat and chemical treatment can be effectively used to develop commercial Assam lemon juices with acceptable flavour and quality attributes.
Open Access
Integrated nutrient management in Amaranthus
(2023) Indurthi, Sandeep; Sarma, Ira
A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat in the year 2023 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of amaranthus. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatment combinations were T0: Control, T1: 100% RDF (60:30:20kg NPK/ha) + FYM 5t/ha, T2: 100% RDF + Vermicompost 4t/ha, T3:100% RDF+ Vermicompost 2t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter, T4: 75 % RDF +FYM 5t/ha, T5: 75 % RDF + Vermicompost 4t/ha,T6:75 % RDF + Vermicompost 2t/ha +PSB + Azotobacter,T7: 75 % RDF instant mixture with incubated vermicompost 1t/ha and T8: 100% RDF instant mixture with incubated vermicompost 1t/ha. The characters studied were plant height, plant width, total leaves per plant, fresh weight of individual leaf, dry weight of individual leaf, weight of leaves per plant, weight of stem per plant, plant weight, leaf to stem ratio, stem girth, number of branches per plant, days to harvest, leaf yield, stem yield and crop yield per hectare. Among the treatments, the treatment T8 recorded maximum plant height (47.08cm, 66.62cm and 85.85cm), plant width (23.73cm, 33.80cm and 44.75cm) at 30DAS, 45DAS and at harvest, respectively. Maximum number of leaves (78.00) was exhibited by T8 and was at par with treatment T3 (77.77). The highest fresh weight (0.99g) and dry weight (0.23g) of individual leaf were recorded by the treatment T8. Maximum weight of leaves (68.42g/plant), weight of stem (90.17g/plant), plant weight (158.59g/plant) and leaf to stem ratio (0.76) was exhibited by T3. Among different treatments, the treatment T8 showed maximum stem girth (2.4 cm), number of branches (6.79) and maximum number of days to harvest (54 days). The highest leaf weight (6.84kg), stem weight (9.02kg) and plant weight (15.86kg) per plot was observed in the treatment T3. Similarly, maximum leaf yield (142.54q), stem yield (187.85q) and crop yield (338.62q) per hectare were also exhibited by the treatment T3. The integrated application of organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers influenced the nutritional content of amaranthus significantly. The highest vitamin C (74.17mg/100g) and crude fibre (0.91%) content was exhibited by the treatments T7 and T4, respectively. Maximum calcium (9.86%) and iron (23.4mg/100g) content was observed in the treatment T8. Soil parameters viz., soil pH, organic matter and available nitrogen were maximum in T3 with values 5.39, 0.93% and 269 kg/ha, respectively, however, available phosphorus and available potassium were maximum in T6 with values 37kg/ha and 140kg/ha. Economic analysis showed that the highest net return (Rs. 338942.00) was found in the treatment T8 with a benefit cost ratio of 4.06. Even though the treatment T3 exhibited the highest yield but the benefit- cost ratio (3.34) was smaller than T8 due to higher cost of production in T3.
Open Access
EFFECT OF MULCH MATERIALS AND PGR ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.)
(2023) ROMIT RABHA; Hazarika, Bikash
The present investigation was carried out in the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University Jorhat during the period of 2022-2023 to study the Effect of mulch materials and PGR on growth, yield and quality of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block design consisting of two factors viz. mulch material and different levels of PGR with two replications where Sinta variety was utilized. The three mulch materials used were M1 (Silver black mulch), M2 (Paddy straw mulch) and M3 (No mulch) with six different levels of PGR were C1 (GA3 @150 ppm), C2 (GA3 @ 200 ppm), C3 (Ethrel @ 150 ppm), C4 (Ethrel @ 200 ppm), C5 (NAA @ 150 ppm) and C6 (NAA @ 200 ppm) which was applied at 45, 90 and 145 days interval. The eighteen treatment combinations were T1 (GA3 @ 150 ppm + Silver black mulch), T2 (GA3 @ 150 ppm + Paddy straw mulch), T3 (GA3 @ 150 ppm + No mulch), T4 (GA3 @ 200 ppm + Silver black mulch), T5 (GA3 @ ppm 200+Paddy straw mulch), T6 (GA3 @ 200 ppm + No mulch), T7 (Ethrel @ 150 ppm + Silver black mulch), T8 (Ethrel @ 150 ppm + Paddy straw mulch), T9 (Ethrel @ 150 ppm +No mulch), T10 (Ethrel @ 200 ppm + Silver black mulch), T11 (Ethrel @ 200 + Paddy straw mulch), T12 (Ethrel @ 200 + No mulch), T13 (NAA @ 150 ppm + Silver black mulch), T14 (NAA @ 150 ppm + Paddy straw mulch), T15 (NAA @ 150 ppm + No mulch), T16 (NAA @ 200 ppm + Silver black mulch), T17 (NAA @ 200 ppm + Paddy straw mulch) and T18 (NAA @ 200 ppm + No mulch). The treatments had significant influences on the various parameters except few. The plant growth parameters viz., plant height (120.17 cm, 150.67 cm & 172.73 cm at 180, 210 & 240 DAT), flowers per plant (120.57), fruits per plant (30.10) and the fruit yield (122.20 t/ha) in papaya plant treated with C2 were observed to be significantly higher than the other PGR treatments and the lowest plant height (101.07 cm, 131.59 cm & 155.65 cm at 180, 210 & 240 DAT), flowers per plant (106.44), fruits per plant (25.82), fruit yield (85.09 t/ha) were recorded in C3 treated plants. Similarly, among the yield attributing characters the highest value was recorded to be 114.53 (t/ha) in treatment M1 and the lowest yield (82.25 t/ha) was recorded in treatment M3 (No mulch). For biochemical analysis, treatment C4 (Ethrel @200 ppm) showed highest values of TSS (15.26 ◦Brix), total sugar (9.49 %) and reducing sugar (7.26 %) and least for titratable acidity (0.138%) which was followed by C3. The lowest value of TSS (13.31 ◦Brix), total sugar (8.40 %) and reducing sugar (6.58 %) and highest value of titratable acidity (0.161 %) was found in treatment C5. The treatment C2 resulted the highest value of ascorbic acid (64.00 mg/100g) which was at par with C1 and the lowest value of ascorbic acid (61.33 mg/100g) was recorded in treatment C3. Computation of production of economics revealed that the highest B:C ratio (3.37) was found in treatment T4 (GA3 @ 200 +Silver black mulch) followed by T5 (GA3 @ 200+Paddy straw mulch) that is 3.03.
Open Access
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON GROWTH, SEX EXPRESSION AND YIELD OF ZUCCHINI (CUCURBITA PEPO L.) UNDER PROTECTED CONDITION
(2023) Baruah,Rimjim; Phookan, Deepa Borbora
An experiment was carried out under a naturally ventilated polyhouse at the experimental farm, Department of Horticultural, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, during 2022-23 on the topic ‘Effect of Plant growth substances on Growth, Sex expression and Yield of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) under protected condition’. For the experiment the variety of zucchini used was Joy F1 Hybrid. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. There were total of ten treatments namely, T1(Control),T2 (150ppm Ethrel),T3(250ppm Ethrel),T4 (350ppm Ethrel),T5 (50ppm NAA),T6 (75ppm NAA),T7(100ppm NAA),T8(100ppm MH),T9 (150ppm MH), T10 (200ppm MH). The treatments were applied to various growth stages i.e. two leaf, three leaf and four leaf stages. Treatments significantly affected most of the growth and yield attributing parameters, but not the quality parameters except ash content. The best treatment was found to be T3 (250ppm Ethrel), which improved plant height (121.16 cm), plant spread (1.57 m), petiole length (140.95 cm), days to emergence of the first female flower (41.93 days), nodal position of first female flower (2.53), number of female flowers (20.27), fruits per plant (20.13), yield per plant (6.65 kg), yield per plot (86.44 kg), and yield per 500m 2 (33.71 q) . The highest female to male sex ratio of 1.47 was also found in 250 ppm Ethrel (T3) followed by 1.38 in 350 ppm Ethrel (T4). Ethrel treatments performed better than NAA and MH treatments, and NAA was better than MH. The highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.74 was obtained from T3, followed by T4 with 2.64. Therefore, T3 can be recommended to the farmers for zucchini cultivation under protected conditions.
Open Access
GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF ROSE (Rosa hybrida) AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER DOSES UNDER POLYHOUSE
(2023) Biswas, Priya; Mahanta, Sangita
An experiment was carried out during the period of 2022-23 to study the effect of different NPK fertilizer doses on growth, yield and quality of rose in the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three levels of nutrients i.e N,P,K.. Each of these has three levels N(N1,N2,N3) where N1(10 g N/m²),N2(20 g N/m²) and N3(30 g N/m²).Similarly, P has three levels where P1(10 g P2O5/m²),P2(20 g P2O5/m²) and P3(30 g P2O5/m²).Again K has three levels where K1(10 g K2O/m²),K2(20 g K2O/m²) and K3(30 g K2O/m²) which replicated three times. Planting of the grafted plants were done in the month of May,2022.The results revealed that, among the N levels, N2 recorded highest plant height(44.53 cm,63.86 cm and 84.99cm), highest number of leaves per plant (69.53,111.74,152.65),maximum leaf area(37.68,43.66,45.46 cm²),plant spread(24.82 cm,28.18cm,31.16 cm) in 60 DAP, 90 DAP and 120 DAP. Among the different phosphorus levels P1 recorded highest plant height (43.65 cm,64.42 cm and 85.58 cm),number of leaves per plant(68.01,110.09,148.54),plant spread (23.76 cm,27.70cm and 30.93 cm) in 60 DAP,90 DAP and 120 DAP. Again among the different K levels,K2 recorded highest plant height of (63.01 cm, 84.29 cm) in 90 DAP and 120 DAP.K2 recorded highest plant spread (23.71 cm and 28.03 cm) in 60 DAP and 90 DAP. Among the different flower characters,N2 recorded highest bud length(3 cm),stalk length(30.34 cm),flower diameter(6.61 cm),number of flowers per plant (10.63)and vase life(9.43).Among the P levels,P1 recorded highest stalk length (29.80 cm),highest flower diameter(6.49 cm) and number of flowers (10.24).Among the different K levels,K3 recorded maximum stalk length(29.44 cm) and number of flowers(10.36).Among the physiological parameters, N2 recorded highest chlorophyll content and again P2 and K2 recorded highest chlorophyll content both before and after flowering. Leaf nitrogen was found highest in N3,P1 and K2 before and after flowering. Leaf phosphorus was found maximum in N2,P1,K2 before and after flowering. Soil nitrogen was found highest in N3,P3 and K1 ,Soil phosphorus was found maximum in N3,P3 and K1 and Soil potassium was found highest in N1,P2 and K3 level before flowering and in N1,P3,K3 after flowering.Among the interaction treatments,N2P1K3(T12) showed best results in terms of most of the growth and flower characters.The treatment N2P1K3 was found to be best with highest bud diameter (3.15 cm),stalk length(33.69 cm),numbers of flowers per plant per month (14) and minimum days to full bloom(57.33 days) and B:C ratio of 3.98.

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