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ThesisItem Open Access CANINE PYODERMA : DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) MARAK, SABETINI S.; Changkija, BendanglaThe present study entitled “Canine pyoderma: Diagnosis and therapeutic management” was undertaken w.e.f. 1st August 2018 to 31st May 2019 with the objective to study the prevalence, identification of causative organism, hemato-biochemical alteration and to assess therapeutic efficacy in canine pyoderma. The overall prevalence of pyoderma in dogs was 14.59% with higher occurrence in Labrador breed (40%) with males (63.75%) being predominantly affected and in age group below 1 year (33.75%). Clinical signs associated with canine pyoderma were pruritis, pustules, alopecia, papule, scale and crust, patches, erythema, moth eaten appearance, dry coat, epidermal collaret, hyperpigmentation, abscess, lichnefication, edema, erosion and fissure. The causative organisms isolated from canine pyoderma were Staphylococcus species (100%) of which highest was Staphylococcus intermedius (43.75%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (13.75%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus species (12.5%), Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus (5%), Staphylococcus intermedius with Pseudomonas species (6.25%) and Staphylococcus intermedius with Klebsiella species (11.25%), Staphylococcus aureus with Pseudomonas species (5%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species and Pseudomonas species (2.5%). The antibiotic sensitivity test for Staphylococcus intermedius isolates revealed highest sensitivity to linezolid (100%); Staphylococcus aureus to cephalexin and linezolid (94.73%); Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species to cephalexin and linezolid (100%); however gram negative organisms like Pseudomonas species and Klebsiella species revealed highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin (100%) but complete resistant to cephalexin and linezolid. Hematobiochemistry revealed anaemia (Low Hb and TEC), leukocytosis, neutrophilia, reduction in serum albumin, A:G ratio and zinc when compared with apparently healthy dogs. Dogs treated with cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone and tazobactum and linezolide showed faster recovery in clinical symptoms weekly than that of cephalexin and enrofloxacin but complete remission of clinical signs in all the animals was observed only in cephalexin treated group.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT OF HYPOVITAMINOSIS-D FOR THE PREVENTION OF PERIPARTURIENT HYPOCALCAEMIA IN DAIRY COWS(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) PATEL, NISHA MANISH; Baishya, B. C.The present study entitled “Management of hypovitaminosis-D for the prevention of peri-parturient hypocalcaemia in dairy cows” was undertaken w.e.f. 1st September, 2018 to 31st March, 2019. The objectives of the study were to know the status of vitamin-D and calcium in crossbred dairy cows reared under intensive system, along with alterations of serum levels of related minerals and biochemical parameters associated with peri-partum hypocalcaemia and to assess the efficacy of parentrally administered synthetic analogue of vitamin-D for the prevention of peri-parturient hypocalcaemia. From the study, the prevalence of pre-partum hypocalcaemia in crossbred dairy cows was recorded as 33.33%, with a higher occurrence (34.48%) in Jersey crossbred cows compared to HF crossbred cows (32.55%) and a predominance in cows of 6-8 years age (40.90%). However, there were statistically no significant differences in prevalence between the two breeds and among the different age groups. The only observed clinical signs associated with the recorded hypocalcaemia were lowered appetite and a rough body coat. Biochemical studies revealed a significant increase (P<0.01) in the levels of serum total vitamin-D (cholecalciferol), blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, which reduced significantly (P<0.01) after treatment to the levels of the control group towards at the end of the study. A significant increase (P<0.01) was recorded in the levels of serum calcium and phosphorus after treatment however, no abnormal variation was recorded in the levels of serum magnesium throughout the study. Use of synthetic (α) analogue of vitamin-D (cholecalciferol) was found to be effective in increasing the serum calcium level and thereby preventing the occurrence of peri-parturient hypocalcaemia in crossbred dairy cows.ThesisItem Open Access PREVALENCE OF EYE DISEASES IN DOG WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTION(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) DAS, DIBYAJYOTI; Phukan, A.Ocular disease is a common problem in dogs, occurs mostly due to bacterial infection, trauma, injury, viral infection, allergic condition, vitamin deficiency, old age and hereditary. In the study period 9138 numbers of dogs were screened and ocular disease was recorded in 71 numbers of dog. The prevalence of ocular diseases in dog was recorded 0.78%. On the basis of clinical categorization, the highest prevalence of ocular disease was recorded as conjunctivitis (49.29%) and lowest in corneal opacity (7.05%). In the present study, the highest affection of eye was recorded in both eye (45.07%) and highest clinical findings recorded in congested mucous membrane (84.50%. The season wise prevalence of ocular disease in dogs was highest in winter (45.07%) and lowest in pre-monsoon (8.45%) season. In present study sex wise prevalence of ocular diseases were more in male (64.78%) than female (35.22%).Age - wise prevalence was highest in the>3 years – 6 years (29.58%) age group and lowest in below 1 year (4.22%) age group and breed wise prevalence the highest was recorded in German Shepherd (19.72%) and lowest in Boxer (2.82%). The most common species of bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus (22.39%), Streptococcus (19.40%) and Pseudomonas (8.95%) species. More number of coagulase positive Staphylococcus species were recorded. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species were mostly isolated from conjunctivitis condition and Pseudomonas species were highest isolated from keratitis condition. The sensitivity pattern of the isolates showed highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin whereas less sensitive to ofloxacin. For therapeutic management of bacterial infection (conjunctivitis and keratitis) of eye, 36 dogs were randomly divided into 2 groups, Group I and Group II. In group I, ciprofloxacin was found effective on 14th day post-treatment in subgroup A and C dogs and in group II, gentamicin was found effective on 14th day post-treatment in subgroup D and F dogs.ThesisItem Open Access ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF Acorus calamus RHIZOME EXTRACT AGAINST Haemonchus SPECIES IN GOATS(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2022-01) SHARMA, CHAMPA; Changkija, BendanglaThe present investigation was carried out with the view to study the anthelminitic activity of Acorus calamus rhizome extract against Haemonchus species in goats. Haemonchus contortus worms were found to be the predominant worm in the goat population of the farm. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of hydroethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroid, diterpines, flavonoids, tannin, glycoside, saponin and phenolic compound. In in-vitro study, Haemonchus worms were exposed to different concentration of hydroethanolic and aqueous extract of Acorus calamus rhizome. The hydroethanolic extract was found to be more effective against Haemonchus contortus than aqueous extract. A dose dependant anthelmintic activity was exhibited by rhizome extract and highest efficacy was observed at 1000 μg/ml. The goats positive for Haemonchosis showed a significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC, total serum protein, albumin A:G ration and serum iron and a significant increase in TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil percentage and liver enzymes (ALT and AST). In-vivo anthelmintic study of hydroethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome @ 500 mg/kg b.wt. orally (two doses, 0 day and 21st day) and fenbendazole @ 5 mg/ kg b.wt. orally were given to Haemonchus infected goats. EPG count, haemato-biochemical parameters and clinical improvement were evaluated on ‘0’, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post treatment. In Group I, EPG became 0 on 28th day after administration of second dose on 21st day. In Group II, treated with fenbendazole, EPG count became 0 on 7th day. Haematological parameters showed increase in Hb, PCV, TEC, lymphocyte % and decrease in TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil % post treatment and biochemical analysis showed increase in values of TSP, Serum Albumin, A:G ratio and Serum Iron after treatment. Globulin, ALT and AST values decreased significantly post treatment. On the basis of reduction of EPG count and haemato-biochemical changes, the therapeutic efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizome was 100% on 28th day post treatment with administration of second dose orally on 21st day. Fenbendazole showed a higher efficacy with 100% reduction of EPG on 7th day post treatment.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF Zanthoxylum armatum AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF GOAT(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2022-01) HUSSAIN, JAKIR; Dutta, T. C.The present investigation was carried out to study the anthelmintic efficacy of hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum against gastrointestinal parasites of goats. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats was recorded to be 65.41% under prevailing agro-climatic conditions of Goat Research Station, AAU, Burnihat and private farms in and around Guwahati city, Assam from January- March 2021 & September - November 2021.Out of the different gastrointestinal parasites recorded in goats the prevalence of Haemonchus spp. (54.14%) was found to be the highest and Trichostrongylus spp. (18.78%) the lowest. In most of the animals, mixed infestations with 2-3 types of gastrointestinal parasites were also recorded. Phytochemical analysis of hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum revealed the presence of alkaloid, terpenoid, diterpene, flavonoid, steroid, glycosides, saponin and phenolic compounds but it was found negative for tannin. The acute oral toxicity study in mice showed that the hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum is safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight when administered orally. In-vitro study of hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum showed dose-dependent and time-dependent anthelmintic activity and the highest efficacy was observed at 1000 μg/ml against adult parasite of Haemonchus contortus at 60 minutes. Based on the reduction of EPG count in the present study, Group A, animals which were treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @250 mg/kg body weight, orally and repeated on the 21st day showed the highest efficacy on post-treatment days i.e. 100% on the 28th day followed by the animals in Group C, treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @125 mg/kg body weight and ethanolic seed extract of Butea frondosa @ 50 mg/kg body weight, Group B,treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @125 mg/kg body weight and methanolic seed extract of Entada phaseoloides @250 mg/kg body weight and Group D, treated with hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum @125 mg/kg body weight, methanolic plant extract of Entada phaseoloides @250 mg/kg body weight and ethanolic seed extract of Butea frondosa @50mg/kg body weight, orally and repeated on 21st day. The In-vivo study showed that the hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum individually or in combination with methanolic seed extract of Entada phaseoloides and ethanolic seed extract of Butea frondosa were effective against gastrointestinal parasites of goats. Based on the improvement in body weight and haemato-biochemical parameters with reduction of EPG of faeces it was observed that hydroethanolic seed extract of Zanthoxylum armatum was more effective as anthelmintic when used alone than in combination against gastrointestinal parasites of goats.ThesisItem Open Access CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN DOGS AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2021-09) PATOWARY, PRERONA; Phukan, A.The present study entitled “Congestive heart failure in dogs & its therapeutic management” was undertaken w.e.f. 1st November 2020 to 30th June 2021 with the objectives to study the prevalence, hemato-biochemical alterations & efficacy of different therapeutic regimens of congestive heart failure in dogs. The study revealed overall prevalence of 0.20% with highest prevalence in Labrador retriever breed (0.53%) with male predominance (0.22%) and in the age group of >10 years of age (0.50%). The observed clinical signs included exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, coughing, ascites, syncope, inappetance and weakness. Tachycardia crackles and murmurs were the common clinical findings in the CHF affected dogs. ECG findings in CHF affected dogs included sinus tachycardia (37.50%), sinus bradycardia (8.33%), sinus arrhythmia (25%), sick sinus syndrome (8.33%), 1st degree heart block (8.33), atrial fibrillation (12.50), atrial flutter (4.17%) and low voltage QRS complex (12.50%). Radiographic findings of CHF included cardiomegaly (87.50%), upward deviation of trachea (33.33%), pleural effusion (70.83%) & pericardial effusion (25.00%) with significantly elevated VHS. Ultrasonography of abdomen showed presence of ascites (66.67%), hepatic congestion (75.00%), hepatomegaly (62.50%), renal degeneration (41.67%), spleenomegaly (12.50%) and cystitis (8.33%). Echocardiographic findings in CHF were DCM (75.00%), Cardiomegaly (83.33%), mitral valve regurgitation (91.67%), tricuspid valve regurgitation (41.67%), and pericardial effusion (25.00%). The LVIDd, LVIDs, EPSS, LA/AO dimensions were increased with a decrease in IVSd, IVSs, LVPWd, LVPWs and contractility indices (EF and FS) in affected dogs. There was a significant mosaic pattern appearance on color flow doppler found in mitral & tricuspid valve regurgitation. Hematological assessment showed no significant changes. Serum biochemical assessment showed significant increase in the level of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, serum creatinine and LDH. Moreover significant decrease in the level of total serum protein and albumin was recorded. All the CHF affected dogs were divided into three groups, viz: group A, B and C each having 8 numbers of dogs. Dogs in group A treated with furosemide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril orally daily. Dogs in group B treated with hydrochlorothiazide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril orally daily. Dogs in group C treated with torsemide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril orally daily. All the dogs under treatment for 42 days were monitored and the efficacy was assessed at fortnight intervals based on improvement of clinical signs, hemtobiochemical alterations, ECG, thoracic radiography, USG of abdomen and echocardiography features. There was a significant improvement in the serum biochemical parameters of CHF dogs during therapy. Radiographically, no appreciable reduction in heart size was observed in any of the CHF dogs after 42days of therapy except substantial reduction in the pleural & pericardial effusion. There was improvement & disappearance of cardiac arrhythmia in ECG. A significant difference in left ventricular dimensions (LVIDd, LVIDs,IVSd, IVSs, LVPWd, LVPWs and EPSS) and contractility indices ( EF and FS) were noticed in affected dogs by the end of the trial. Based on resolution of clinical signs, improvement in hemato-biochemical alterations and echocardiographic features it was found that a combination of torsemide + spiranolactone, pimobendane and ramipril was found superior to other two combinations as indicated by faster disappearance signs and early recovery with no adverse drug reaction both during and after therapy. Hence this therapeutic regimen is indicated in dogs with congestive heart failure.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SALIVARY BIOMARKERS FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN DOGS(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2022-01) SHARMA, TANU; Changkija, BendanglaThe present study entitled “Evaluation of salivary biomarkers for chronic kidney disease in dogs” was done for a period of 6 months i.e., February, March, April, September, October and November 2021 with the objective to evaluate and correlate the levels of salivary and serum creatinine and urea in dogs with CKD. The prevalence of CKD in dogs was 0.25%. The highest breed distribution was recorded in Labrador (44.74%); highest distribution was seen in dogs between >6-10 years of age (52.63%) and was predominant in male dogs (60.53%). Most prominent clinical signs of CKD observed were inappetance (84.21%), vomition (57.89%), oral manifestations (55.26%), pale mucous membrane (34.21%), lethargy/depression (28.95%), congested mucus membrane (23.68%), polyuria/polydipsia (15.79%), weight loss (15.79%), diarrhoea (7.89%), and anuria (2.63%). The most prominent oral manifestations observed were halitosis (26.31%) followed by dental tartar (18.42%), dental carries (7.89%) and oral ulcer (2.63%). Haemoglobin and Packed cell volume was significantly lower in dogs with CKD. Ultra-sonographic changes observed in the kidneys of dogs suffering from CKD were hyper-echoic and thick renal cortex, partial or complete loss of corticomedullary differentiation, wrinkled capsule and hyper-echoic medullary rim. Serum and salivary concentration of creatinine and urea were significantly higher in dogs with CKD. A positive correlation between salivary and serum creatinine and salivary and serum urea was noted. Salivary biomarkers (creatinine and urea) were found to be almost equally sensitive and specific when compared to serum biomarkers (creatinine and urea) in reflecting kidney disease. Cut off value of salivary creatinine was 0.89 mg/dl and salivary urea was 18.50 mg/dl.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF Entada phaseoloides AND Erigeron linifolius AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTH OF GOAT(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2017-07) Gupta, Santosh Kumar; PHUKAN, A.The present investigation was carried out with the view to study the anthelmintic activity of Entada phaseoloides and Erigeron linifolius plant extract against gastrointestinal helminth of goat. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats was found to be 82.75 per cent under the prevailing agro-climatic condition of Byrnihut during the period of October to November 2016. The different nematodes recorded in goats were Haemonchus spp. (82.75%), Oesophagostomum spp. (78.16%), Trichostrongylus spp. (70.11%), Strongyloides spp. (62.06%), Bunostomum spp. (48.27%), Trichuris spp. (39.08%) and Cooperia spp. (24.13%). The EPG count in treated groups (plant extracts /drug) decreased gradually with commencement of treatment. In Group A and B treated with crude methanolic extract of Entada phaseoloides and crude ethanolic extract of Erigeron linifolius, EPG became nil on 21st day. In group C treated with combination of both plant extracts, EPG gradually reduced but was not nil on 21st day. While group D treated with fenbendzole, EPG count became nil on 7th day of post treatment. Group E was kept as untreated infected group, where the EPG count gradually increased and Group F, the animals where kept as healthy control. During pre-treatment period, the haemato-biochemical study revealed a significant decrease in the levels of Hb (7.23 ± 0.13), PCV (25.75 ± 0.48), TEC (9.77 ± 0.17), MCV (21.73 ± 0.53), MCH (7.11 ± 0.16), Lymphocytes (42.75 ± 0.50), basophils (0.25 ± 0.04) , total serum protein (5.20 ± 0.18), serum albumin (2.34 ± 0.05), serum globulin (2.84 ± 0.19), A:G, serum sodium (127.37 ± 1.51) ,serum chloride (90.93 ± 1.00), serum potassium (3.18 ± 0.28), serum glucose (43.89 ± 0.80) , serum iron (110.41 ± 2.05) and serum zinc level (51.72 ± 1.35) in the affected goats which increased gradually after treatment whereas an increase in the levels of TLC (15.75 ± 0.93), eosinophils (3.86 ± 0.14) Monocytes (1.71 ± 0.14), and neutrophils (45.78 ± 1.37) were observed in the affected goats which also decreased gradually after treatment and reached normal level. Based on reduction of EPG count and haemato-biochemical changes, the efficacy of methanolic extract of Entada phaseoloides was 72.52, 89.00 and 100 % followed by ethanolic extract of Erigeron linifolius was 62.76, 86.17 and 100 % while in combination was 53.68, 73.68 and 89.47 % on 7th , 14th and 21st day respectively. Fenbendazole showed highest efficacy 100% on 7th day post treatment. In-vitro studies were undertaken for which adult parasites were collected from local slaughter house. Parasites were exposed to different concentration of plant extract i.e. 50, 150, 300, 1000 and 3000 µg/ml PBS, petri dish containing fenbendazole was kept as positive control while in negative control parasite were exposed to only PBS. Both plants extract either individually or in combination were effective against adult parasite of Paramphistome cervi, Haemonchus contortus and Fasciola gigantica. Further it was revealed that dose dependent anthelminthic activity was exhibited by plant extract and highest efficacy was observed at 3000 µg/ml.ThesisItem Open Access THEILERIASIS IN CATTLE AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT(College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, 2017-07) Brahma, Juripriya; Baishya, B. C.The study was undertaken w.e.f. 1st March 2016 to 28th February 2017, to study about the theileriasis in cattle and its therapeutic management. A total of 275 out of 563 suspected animals were found positive only for Theileria orientalis infection and the prevalence was recorded 48.84 per cent. Season-wise prevalence of Theileria orientalis was recorded highest in monsoon (53.85%) in comparison to other seasons. The highest prevalence of 60.19 per cent was recorded in the age group of above 3 years. The Holstein Friesian crossbred recorded highest with prevalence of 54.04 per cent. The noted clinical signs were fever, respiratory distress, anorexia, reduced milk yield, nasal discharge, depression, pale mucous membrane, diarrhoea, icterus and changes of urine colour. Though PCR analysis was found more sensitive in detecting the Theileria orientalis infection, the microscopic examination was found as gold standard for diagnosis of clinical theileriasis. The level of haemato-biochemical parameters like haemoglobin, packed cell volume, monocytes, basophils, total erythrocyte count, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were found significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the levels of total leucocyte count, neutrophils, eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were found significantly increased (P<0.01). Among the different treatment regimens used, the buparvaquone was found most effective and followed by buparvaquone with immunomodulator, oxytetracycline with diminazine diaceturate, and a combination of oxytetracycline and diminazine diaceturate with immunomodulator. Considering the alteration in pre and post treatment parameters like parasitological examination, haemato-biochemical examination and therapeutic efficacy, either the combination of oxytetracycline and diaminazine diaceturate or oxytetracycline, diaminazine diaceturate with immunomodulator also can be used alternatively for the treatment of oriental theileriasis.
