Thumbnail Image

Theses

Browse

20193
Reset filters
Subject: Animal Nutrition × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2016 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING DISTILLERS DRIED GRAIN WITH SOLUBLE (DDGS) WITH OR WITHOUT MULTI-ENZYMES ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) SAIKIA, ASHIM KUMAR; Bhuyan, Robin
    The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary incorporation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with or without multi-enzyme supplementation on the growth performance of indigenous chicken. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) day-old indigenous chicks were procured from a few villages of Dhemaji district. The chicks were reared together for a period of 21 days, up to the point when the sex of the chicks could be identified, by feeding standard chick feed. On 22nd day, after knowing the numbers of male and female chicks, they were weighed and randomly divided into six groups viz. T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 containing 30 chicks with 3 replicates of 10 chicks in each group. The chicks were wing banded and reared under deep litter system of management throughout the experimental period following standard and uniform managemental practices. The birds of T1 group (control) were offered the standard chick, grower & layer feeds as per BIS, 2007. The birds of T2 group were fed with the same standard chick, grower and layer feeds as per BIS, 2007 with supplementation of multienzyme (Xzyme). Maize DDGS was incorporated at 10% level in all the rations for T3 and T4 groups and the rations for T4 group was supplemented with multi-enzymes. In the same way, the birds of T5 and T6 groups were fed with rations containing 20% DDGS without and with enzymes, respectively. The maize DDGS used in the rations was procured from Brahmaputra Biochem Pvt. Ltd., Jambari, Guwahati. The feeding trial was conducted for a period of 182 days (13 fortnights) using chick feeds for first 3 fortnights (0-42 days), grower feeds for next 7 fortnights (43-140 days) and layer feeds for last 3 fortnights (141-182 days). A metabolic trial was conducted for a period of 8 days after the completion of feeding trial. During the experiment, average fortnightly and total feed consumption, fortnightly and total body weight and body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), various blood bio-chemicals constituents, balance of nutrients, survivability rate, carcass characteristics like dressing percentage, relative organ and giblets weight, organoleptic evaluation, egg quality parameters and economics of production were studied and recorded. The average final body weight of indigenous chicken was highest in T2 group (1643.93±25.22 g) followed by T1 (1607.86±16.29 g), T4 (1603.21±13.88 g), T6 (1596.07±11.78 g), T3 (1589.26±13.83 g) and T5 (1580.00±14.50 g) groups. The average total feed consumption per bird for different experimental groups was highest in T6 group (11748 g) and lowest in T1 group (11653 g). The overall FCR of the birds for entire period was least in T2 group (7.37) followed by T1 (7.51), T4 (7.51), T3 (7.62), T6 (7.64) and T5 (7.69) groups. The per cent survivability of birds was 93.33 in T1, T2, T4 and T6 groups and 90.00 in T3 and T5 groups. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in respect of final body weight, total and mean daily gain in body weight among the groups and total feed consumption as well as overall FCRs were found to be comparable among the treatment groups. Positive balances were observed in N, Ca and P utilization and significant difference (P0.05) were observed among the groups in respect of the blood constituents viz. Hb., blood glucose, total serum protein, blood lipids, blood cholesterol, AST and ALT levels and serum calcium and significant difference (P0.05) differences among the experimental groups. The average proximate principles (%) of breast meat of experimental birds of different groups for moisture, protein, fat and total ash contents were estimated and no significant difference (P>0.05) was found among the groups in respect of these proximate principles. Non-significant (P>0.05) difference was found in colour, tenderness, flavor, juiciness and overall acceptance of the breast meat among the treatment groups. Comparable values were also observed among the experimental groups in respect of both the external as well as internal egg quality parameters of the eggs laid by the birds of different groups. The costs of feeding and production were highest in group- T2 i.e. ₹284.48 & 405.67 and lowest in group- T5 i.e. ₹ 245.28 & 366.47, respectively.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FERMENTED LIQUID FEED ON THE PERFORMANCE AND GUT HEALTH OF GROWER-FINISHER LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGS
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) BURAGOHAIN, RAJAT; Saikia, B. N.
    A 180-days feeding trial was conducted on 24 weaned Large White Yorkshire pigs (11.45±2.42 to 11.46±2.37 kg body weight, 42-days of age) to investigate the effect of feeding fermented liquid feed on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut health and immunity, carcass characteristics, blood haemato-biochmical parameters and economics under intensive management. Basal rations (NRC, 2012) were assigned as dry feed (DF), non-fermented liquid feed (NFLF), fermented liquid feed prepared with Lactobacillus acidophilus (FLF-LA) and fermented liquid feed prepared with Enterococcus faecium (FLF-EF) to 4 homogenous groups of pigs (3 males and 3 females in each group). NFLF was prepared by mixing basal ration with drinking water at 1:2 (w/w) immediately before feeding. For preparation of FLF-LA, from stock culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus, a loop full of culture was transferred aseptically to 100 ml of De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth and was incubated for 24 hours at 37oC in an automatic incubator shaker. Ground yellow maize mixed with water (1:1, w/w) was fermented with 24 hr. old culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus at 37oC for 24 hr. The fermented maize was then mixed with basal ration mixed with water at1:2 (w/w) and fermented for 48 hrs. to prepare FLF-LA (1-2  109 cfu/g). 50% of the fermented feed was utilized for feeding and rest was used for backslopping for another 7 days after which the process was started from the beginning. The same procedure of preparation was followed for FLF-EF, except Brain Heart Infusion broth was used instead of MRS. The feeding trial was conducted for 180 days. Two digestibility trials were conducted 1st at the end of 17th week of age (growing phase) and 2nd at the end of 29th week (finishing phase). Faeces and blood samples were collected from three randomly selected pigs from each treatment on day 0, 60, 120 and 180 for estimation for faecal metabolites and faecal microbial counts, and evaluation of haemato-biochemical parameters. For carcass characteristics study, three pigs from each treatment were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial. The cell-mediated immune response was assessed through in vivo sub-cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction against phytohaemagglutin-p and humoral immune response by micro-hemagglutination assay. Study revealed improvement in feed consumption in the growing phase and significantly in (P<0.05) higher feed consumption in the finishing phase in pigs fed FLF than pigs fed NFLF than DF. Apparent digestibility co-efficient (ADC) of all the nutrients was comparatively higher in FLF fed-groups than DF and NFLF in growing phase. ADC of CP was significantly (P<0.05) higher in FLF-LA and FLF-EF with improved digestibility of other nutrients than DF and NFLF in the finishing phase. The average daily body weight gain (ADG) was significantly higher in FLF fed-groups and resulted significantly (P<0.05) higher total gain and final body weights than pigs fed DF and NFLF. Diarrhoea score and incidence was significantly reduced on feeding of FLF. Higher faecal lactic acid bacteria count with low faecal counts of E. coli and Salmonella; and high faecal pH, less faecal lactic acid and NH3-N level were recorded in FLF fed-pigs compared to DF and NFLF. ii Significantly higher villi height, crypt depth and apparent villi surface area were found in FLF fed-groups than DF and NFLF. More numbers of mononuclear and glandular epithelial cells and presence of lymphoid follicles were observed in the duodenal and jejunal sections of small intestine of FLF fed-groups. No such infiltration and lymphoid follicles were observed in duodenal and jejunal sections of DF and NFLF groups. Pigs of FLF-LA & FLFEF showed more skin indurations and high antibody titre post-inoculation to phytohaemagglutinin-p and 20% sheep RBC, respectively as the measure of cell-mediated and humoral immune response. No significant difference was observed for carcass traits, physico-chemical and nutritional properties of meat and sensory attributes on feeding of FLF compared to DF and NFLF. All blood haemato-biochemical parameters were within the normal range in all the treatment groups. No pathological lesions were found in the liver and spleen on feeding of FLF. The FCR at the end of feeding trial was calculated as 3.82±0.07, 3.64±0.05, 3.36±0.04 and 3.46±0.07, respectively for DF, NFLF, FLF-LA and FLF-EF indicating significantly better FCR in FLF fed-groups. The feed cost/kg gain in body weight (Rs./kg) was calculated as 128.36±2.82, 120.43±1.67, 112.87±2.26 and 115.51±1.96, respectively for DF, NFLF, FLF-LA and FLF-EF, respectively, which indicated significantly reduced feeding cost/kg body weight gain in FLF fed-pigs compared to DF and NFLF. Findings of the study revealed that feeding of FLF-LA and FLF-EF significantly improved growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, gut health and immunity and gain: feed ratio of the grower-finisher LWY pigs than the DF and NFLF. Thus, feeding of FLF prepared with either Lactobacillus acidophilus or Enterococcus faecium may be recommended to LWY grower-finisher pigs for remunerative and sustainable profit. Key words: Liquid feed, fermented liquid feed, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium, grower-finisher LYW pigs, growth, gut health, economics.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM FEED SUPPLEMENTS ON PERFORMANCE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, IMMUNITY AND HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN BROILER CHICKEN
    (College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2019-07) BORA, SUBHALAKSHMI; Ahmed, H. F.
    The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin E and Selenium on the growth performance, oxidative stress, immunity and heat shock protein expression in Broiler chicken. Two hundred and forty (240) day-old commercial Vencobb 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups viz. T0 (unsupplemented control), T1 (Vitamin E @ 100 mg/kg and Selenium @ 0.2 mg/kg), T2 (Vitamin E @ 125 mg/kg and Selenium @ 0.25 mg/kg) and T3 (Vitamin E @ 150 mg/kg and Selenium @ 0.3 mg/kg) groups of 60 chicks each subdivided into 3 equal replicates. The experimental birds were offered ad libitum quantities of four experimental rations either without supplementation or with supplementation of different levels of vitamin E and selenium from 0 to 7 days, 8 to 21 days, and 22 to 42 days of age. During the experiment, weekly body weight and daily feed intake, total body weight gain, total feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survivability rate, BPEI, various blood haematological and bio-chemicals constituents, antioxidant enzymes, heat shock protein, immunity, cortisol, carcass characteristics like dressing percentage, cut up parts percentage, relative organ and giblets weight, physicochemical properties of breast meat were studied and recorded. The mean total body weight (g) was 2120.0±33.5, 2292.9±14.7, 2219.0±16.4 and 2179.9±9.08 and mean total weight gain (g) was 2077.7±14.5, 2250.6±14.7, 2176.6±14.3 and 2137.6±9.08 for T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The mean total feed intake (g) was 4062.75±0.08, 4156.53±0.77, 4151.91±0.35 and 4117.85±11.67 and the average feed conversion ratios was 1.92±0.04, 1.81±0.01, 1.88±0.04 and 1.87±0.04 for T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. T1 group attained significantly higher (P0.05) with T3 group; but, had a significantly higher (P0.05) in mean total Feed Conversion ratio. BPEI was found to be significantly (P0.05) difference was observed among T0 (110.67±4.67), T2 (118.00±0.58) and T3 (116.33±0.33) groups. Economics of production showed that difference in the total feed cost (Rs.) and the total cost involved per bird (Rs.) were highly significant (P0.05) among the experimental groups. Overall mean haematological values was, for Hb (%) 9.75± 0.50, 11.22± 1.56, 10.56±1.11 and 10.50±1.19; for PCV (%) 25.7±0.60, 28.22±1.67, 27.20±1.01 and 27.23±0.86 and for WBC (thousand mm3) 28.03±2.95, 24.13±0.47, 25.13± 0.75 and 25.14±0.83 for T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups respectively. Hb (%), PCV (%), WBC (thousand mm3) level in T1 treatment group was significantly higher (P0.05) but, were significantly higher (P0.05) but, were significantly higher (P0.05) AST (U/L) and ALT (U/L) level than rest of the groups. The overall mean values of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD, unit/mg protein) was 2.03±0.39, 3.46±0.64, 2.94±0.68 and 2.69±0.45; serum GPx (microgram/mg protein) was 2.37±0.27, 3.61±0.18, 2.99±0.27 and 2.83±0.30 and serum GSH (mg/g protein) was 0.90±0.07, 1.36±0.53, 1.21±0.41and 1.17±0.36, respectively in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. SOD, GPx and GSH levels in T1 group were significantly higher (P0.05); but, were significantly lower (P0.05). The carcass parameters like dressing percentage with giblet in T0, T1, T2, T3 groups was 77.42±0.21, 80.13±0.59, 78.64±0.09 and 78.54±0.21, respectively. The dressing percentage without giblet in T0, T1, T2, and T3 groups was 71.86±0.25, 74.79±0.53, 73.12±0.05 and 72.87±0.24, respectively. Dressing percentages were significantly higher (P0.05). The abdominal fat % in T1 (2.09±0.50) group was significantly lower (P0.05). In breast meat the pH was 5.47±0.19, 6.14±0.09, 5.79±0.06 and 5.74±0.19; WHC(%) was 58.17±1.83, 72.38±1.25, 65.08±1.70 and 67.95±1.45; drip loss (%) was 6.96±0.48, 4.71±0.45, 6.08±0.46 and 5.70±0.39; SFV (Kg/cm2) was 3.80±0.10, 2.77±0.38, 3.23±0.15 and 3.30±0.10 and TBARS (mg MDA/Kg) was 3.30±0.10, 1.18±0.04, 3.23±0.15 and 2.77±0.38 in T0, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. PH and WHC (%) level in T1 group was significantly higher (P0.05) but, were significantly higher (P0.05).