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20171
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Subject: Animal Biochemistry × Author: THAKURIA, PURABI × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2016 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON OXIDATIVE STATUS, RUMEN ENZYMES AND BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF GOAT
    (Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, 2017-07) THAKURIA, PURABI; Nath, Rita
    In this study, three medicinal plants viz. Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Carica papaya (Papaya) and Terminalia bellerica (Bhumura) were investigated for the presence of phytochemicals and their effect on the rumen enzymes, oxidative status and blood biochemical profile was evaluated. The preliminary phytochemical screening of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Carica papaya and Terminalia bellerica revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as tannin, saponin, flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, glycosides and protein in methanolic extract. Quantitative analysis revealed that the highest concentration of tannin (%) was found in C. papaya (0.638 ± 0.05) followed by T. bellerica (0.562 ± 0.09) and A. heterophyllus (0.253 ± 0.06). However, the flavonoid concentration (mg QE/g) was highest in T. bellerica (0.825 ± 0.001). But there was no significant (P<0.01) difference in saponin concentration among all the three plant leaves and the highest concentration of saponin (mg/100g) was found in T. bellerica (2.67 ± 0.07). The antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl-2- picryl hydrazyl hydrates) radical scavenging activity was highest in A. heterophyllus (70.23 ± 0.0.50 %) followed by C. papaya (65.57 ± 0.27 %), T. bellerica (62.70 ± 0.06 %) and Vitamin C (27.04 ± 0.01 %) respectively at concentration of 110 µg/ml. Similarly, in superoxide radical scavenging activity A. heterophyllus showed highest radical scavenging activity (83.35 ± 0.09 %) followed by C. papaya (81.08 ± 0.04 %), T. bellerica (75.36 ± 0.14 %) and vitamin C (14.50 ± 0.05 %) at concentration of 110 µg/ ml. Reductive ability was highest in A. heterophyllus (0.137 ± 0.001) compared to standard Vitamin C (0.134 ± 0.001) respectively at concentration of 110 µg/ml. On the otherhand, the highest nitric oxide free radical scavenging activity (%) was recorded in vitamin C (56.16 ± 0.03) followed by T. bellerica (40.43 ± 0.12), A. heterophyllus (36.05 ± 0.57) and C. papaya (26.01 ± 0.23). The highest concentration of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (%) was found in C. papaya (76.64 ± 1.11) followed by T. bellerica (83 ± 0.08) and A. heterophyllus (70.36 ± 0.17) when compared with vitamin C (13.12 ± 0.01) at 110 µg/ml concentration. The vitamin C content was highest in C. papaya (39.71 ± 0.24 mg/100g). In the present study, eighteen (18) Assam Hill (local) goats of 3-4 months of age were procured and reared in the Experimental Animal Shed, Department of Veterinary Physiology, C.V.Sc., AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati-22. The animals were divided into three groups. One as control, receiving substrate ration, T1 with plant leaves @ 5% level and T2 @ 10% level of total mixed ration (TMR). The duration of the experiment was 90 days. Rumen liquor analysis revealed that out of the three rumen fibrolytic enzymes, Carboxymethylcellulase showed better enzyme activity in T2 group. The blood glucose level (mg/dl) was within the normal physiological range but apparently decreased in T1 and T2 groups indicating hypoglycemic effect of the plant leaves. The serum total protein level (g/dl) was also within the normal range and the level was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T2 group. The level of blood creatinine (mg/dl) increased significantly (p<0.01) in 0 to 90 days from 1.02 ± 0.08 to 1.80 ± 0.08 in all the experimental groups of animals but the observed values were within the normal range. The values recorded for blood urea nitrogen concentration (mg/dl) in all the groups of animal during different days of experiment were found to be apparently higher but analysis of variance revealed no significant differences during the respective days of experiment. The ALT and AST values (U/L) were found to be apparently higher but the values differed non-significantly amongst all groups during the respective days of experiment and the values were within the normal range indicating no harmful effect of the plant leaves on liver. The values recorded for GGT (U/L) in the present experiment were apparently decreased from 37.10 ± 1.35 to 35.91 ± 1.07 in 0 to 90 days but analysis of variance revealed no significant differences during the respective days of experiment. The overall mean value of GGT in T2 group was insignificantly lower than the values recorded in T1 group which indicated normal hepatic condition of the animal. The serum calcium concentration (mg/dl) recorded during 0 to 90 days of experiment in all the groups of goat increased significantly (p<0.01) from 9.17 ± 0.16 to 11.73 ± 0.15. An increase level of phosphorus (mg/dl) was also recorded in T2 group. The serum sodium concentration (mEq/L) was also within the normal physiological range and no significant differences were observed between the respective days of experiment in both T1 and T2 group. The observed value of serum potassium (mEq/L) increased significantly (p<0.01) from 0 to 90 days of experiment in control, T1 and T2 groups. The iron value ((μg/dl)) recorded in the present experiment increased apparently from 0 to 90 days and insignificantly higher values were observed in T2 group (173.69 ± 1.95 μg/dl) as compared to T1 and control groups. The average body weight (kg per animal) recorded in the present experiment showed significant trend (P<0.01) from 0 to 90 days of experiment. The blood malondialdehyde values (μmol/L) in control group increased significantly (P<0.01) from 0.60 ± 0.06 to 0.80 ± 0.02 in 0 to 90 days of experiment but in T1 and T2 groups, blood MDA value decreased significantly (P<0.01) from 0 to 90 days of experiment. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences during different days of experiment and also amongst the experimental groups of the animal in respect of blood super oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) concentration. The levels of vitamin C (μg/ml) were apparently higher from 0 to 90 days of experiment but analysis of variance revealed no significant differences. From this study, it can be concluded that three medicinal plants viz., A. heterophyllus, C. papaya, T. bellerica are rich source of phytochemicals with good antioxidant properties and do not have any harmful effect on normal functioning of the rumen, liver and kidney. Thus, the plant leaves can be incorporated in the diet up to 10% of the total mixed ration.