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ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL STUDY ON TRADITIONAL RICE PRODUCTS OF ASSAM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RESISTANT STARCH(AAU, Jorhat, 2017-07) Banik, Rajesh; Das, PriyankaRice is the most important food crop of the world after wheat. South East Asian countries are heavily reliant upon rice for their dietary energy supply. 70% of total arable agricultural land of India lies under the rice cultivation. In North Eastern region, rice is the main staple food and in Assam there are several traditional rice based processed products which are also largely used as food. These are bhoja chaul, sandah guri, korai, popped rice, flaked rice, puffed rice, komal chaul (soft rice) and hurum. The moisture content, on wet basis varied from 5.83-11.61%. on dry weight basis, the crude protein content of different rice products ranged from 7.74-9.40%, the lowest in puffed rice and the highest in popped rice. The total ash content was determined on dry weight basis and it ranged in between 0.61-4.33%. The crude fiber percentage was the highest (1.04%) in bhoja chaul and sandah guri and the lowest (0.63%) in popped rice. The crude fat content is the lowest in hurum (0.11%) and the highest in korai (0.31%). The total carbohydrate percentage of these traditional rice products ranged between 49.33-67.55% and the highest in sandah and the lowest in flaked rice. The total starch content (on dry weight basis) was found to be the highest (58.08%) in popped rice and the lowest (39.37%) in korai, whereas, the resistant starch content was found to be highest (5.42%) in sandah and the lowest (3.24%) in puffed rice. The present study indicated that the rice based traditional processed products of Assam are good sources of carbohydrate, proteins and crude fiber. The said products are having good amount of resistant starch, which is very much useful for the better health. In future, further studies are required for the determination of other nutrients such as different micronutrients, and physical properties of the rice based traditional products of Assam, that may reveal useful information for the human health.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical Characterization of Some Ginger Cultivars from Tripura(AAU, Jorhat, 2017-07) Nandy, Pratul Kumar; Baruah, A.M.Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), under the family Zingiberaceae, is one of the most famous spices all over the world. It is commonly known as Ada (Assamese and Bengali name), originated from South East Asia. Ginger plants are used for thousands of years in Indian health care systems for their biological activities. Ginger is also used as home remedy and is of immense value in treating various gastric ailments like constipation, belching, bloating, gastritis, epigastric discomfort, gastric ulcerations, indigestion, and vomiting. Ginger with spicy, penetrating, pungent, and slightly biting flavor finds extensive use in foods. The present study was carried out to investigate the some major secondary phytochemicals of four different ginger cultivars from Tripura. The moisture content was highest in Gandacherra cultivar (86.167g/100g) and lowest in Satpara cultivar (82.580g/100g). Total phenol content was highest in Belonia cultivar (0.733g/100g) and lowest in Gandacherra cultivar (0.395g/100g).The total flavonoid content was highest in Satpara cultivar (0.379g/100g) and lowest in Gandacherra cultivar (0.103g/100g). The total tannin content was highest in Belonia cultivar (4.237g/100g) and lowest in Satpara cultivar (2.793g/100g).The total soluble sugar content was highest in Gandacherra cultivar (2.760g/100g) and lowest in Dharmanagar cultivar (1.243g/100g). The total crude fat content was highest in Satpara cultivar (8.267g/100g) and lowest in Dharmanagar cultivar (6.967g/100g). The total crude fiber content was highest in Satpara cultivar (6.040g/100g) and lowest in Gandacherra cultivar (4.685g/100g). The antioxidant activity (by DPPH, 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazide) reveals that the IC50 was highest in Gandacherra cultivar (0.853μg/ml) and lowest in Belonia cultivar (0.809 μg/ml). The total oil content was highest in Dharmanagar cultivar (4.180ml/100g) and lowest in Gandacherra cultivar (3.275ml/100g). The highest acid value was recorded in Belonia cultivar (19.635μg KOH/mg fat) and the lowest acid value was recorded in Gandacherra cultivar (11.220μg KOH/mg fat). The highest iodine value was observed in Belonia cultivar (71.063g I2/100g fat) and the lowest iodine value was observed in Dharmanagar cultivar (64.719g I2/100g fat). The highest saponification value is observed in the Gandacherra and Satpara cultivar (196.350 mg KOH/g fat) and the lowest saponification value was observed in Belonia cultivar (168.300 mg KOH/g fat).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on chemical composition and medicinal property of Amomum aromaticum Roxb.- a rare species of cardamom found in North East India(AAU, Jorhat, 2017-07) Das, Poulami; Kandali, R.Wild cardamom (Ammomum aromaticum Roxb.) has been recently discovered in large patches of forests of Tripura by forest department during 2014-15. It is popularly known by the local tribals as „Beering‟ in their vernacular language, whose stump is used in the local culinaries to induce aroma to the dishes. Botanically it belongs to Zingiberaceae family. Processed dry fruit is the economic produce which can be used largely as spice because of its sweet aroma and in the ayurvedic medicine because of its medicinal value. As per the available literature it is mentioned to be found in the eastern Himalayan track and Chittagong hill track. It is typically found in patches along the banks of streams and streamlets. It is a notified forest product and can be collected by the forest dwellers and after being processed (drying) on desi bhatta can be sold out to the authorized traders who are dealing with aromatic oils and medicinal products. The present investigation was intended to study the chemical composition and medicinal property of A. aromaticum Roxb.- a rare species of cardamom found in North East India. The plant materials were collected from forest of Tripura- Kunjaban village, Kalyanpur block, Khowai district and authenticated. The morphological data were taken from the mature plant to narrate the botanical information. Leaf and seed samples of this species were analysed for total alkaloids and total phenolics. The essential oil was extracted from seed and the volatile components were identified. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the plant extracts were determined. From the results of the present investigation it was observed that a significant variation in the total phenolic content in the leaf and seed was obtained which were 12.7 mg/g and 10.1 mg/g, respectively. The alkaloid content of the leaf was found to be 1.27 g/100g and in case of seed it was 4.2 g/100g on dry weight basis. The essential oil was extracted from both dried & raw capsules of the matured plant by hydro-distillation method. The fresh moisture content in capsules at harvest was 75 per cent and the moisture content reduced to 14 per cent in case of seeds which were sundried for 10 days. The essential oil content in seeds of A. aromaticum was found to be 2.0ml/100g in raw fresh capsules and 1.0 ml/100g in sun dried capsules. GC-MS analysis of essential oil revealed the presence of components such as. Myrcenol, D-limonene, P-mentha-1- en-9-ol, Linalool, Isopulegol, P-menth-8-en-1-ol, Linalyl acetate, Sabinene hydrate, α- terpineol, Eucalyptol, Terpinyl acetate, Menthol, Nanocosane and 2,3- pinanediol. In addition, a few new components have also been detected such as 4,6 di-tertbutylresorcinol, 5-iodo-2,7-dioxa-tricyclo{4,3,1,0(3,8)}decane, triacontane, 1 monolinoleoyl glycerol, trimethyl silyl ether, eicosanoic acid, di-N-decylsulfone and Pentatriacontane. The antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of leaf and seeds of A. aromaticum Roxb was evaluated against. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The essential oil extracted from the seeds did not show any antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis. The hydrodistilled volatile oil from seeds and ethanol extracts of the seeds and leaves did not show antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, the methanol extract of seeds showed potential antimicrobial activity against these human pathogens. The antibiotic streptomycin was used as positive control and 80 % methanol was used as negative control in this experiment. The zone of inhibition for E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis. was found to be 15.2 mm, 17.4 mm and 14.5 mm, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined in the methanol extract obtained from both leaf and seed of this species. Both the extracts showed antioxidant activity. The percent inhibition of DPPH was observed to be 74.1 for seed extract and 60.8 for leaf extract. The IC50 value for leaf and seed extract were 0.815μg/ml, 0.641μg/ml respectively. Moreover, the genomic DNA was extracted from the mature fresh leaf tissues of A. aromaticum Roxb and the extraction procedure was standardized. The quantity of the extracted DNA as determined by “Nanodrop-1000” (make: thermo-scientific) was 1282.09 ng/μl. The purity of the extracted DNA was determined from the ratio of optical density at 260 and 280 nm respectively which was found to be 1.79 (A260:280). Vast medicinal plant resources of North East India have not been fully identified, inventoried and characterized. It is of utmost importance that these should be characterized and evaluated in the light of modern scientific approaches, which may lead to the development of some new drug molecules that can combat various side effects of the commercially available synthetic drugs, and thereby reducing the cost of medication. So a detail study about this traditionally underutilized herbal spice species- Amomum aromaticum Roxb. will help to develop new drugs and a number of herbal tonic or feed additives. More studies will be required to find out the favourable conditions to achieve the full potential of the plant in order to establish this plant as one of the important spice species.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Aparajita (Clitoria ternatea Linn.) against rice pathogens(AAU, Jorhat, 2018-07) Debnath, Abhijit; Kandali, R.Clitoria ternatea Linn. commonly known as butterfly pea and Aparajita belongs to the family fabaceae. It was originated from tropical Asia and afterwards widely distributed to African countries. Generally it is grown as ornamental plant due to its attractive flower colour. In traditional ayurvedic medicine, it has been used for centuries as a memory enhancer, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and sedative agent. The tribal people of Tripura use leaf and root part of Aparajita against urinary tract infections due to its antimicrobial property. The present investigation was intended to study the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Clitoria ternatea Linn against rice pathogens. The plant materials were collected from Jagduar, Teok, Jorhat, Assam and Matabari, Gomati District, Tripura and authenticated. The morphological data were taken from the mature plant to narrate the botanical information. Leaf, stem and twig samples of this species were analyzed for total alkaloids, total phenolics and total terpenoid content by standard protocol. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic plant extract has been tested against some rice pathogens by poison food technique and the natural food colorant from the flower of C. ternatea L extracted. From the results of the present investigation it was observed that the difference in plant morphological characteristics in the two samples was not significant and found statistically at par. The variation in moisture content on fresh weight basis between the two samples viz. Assam (S1) and Tripura (S2) of Clitoria ternatea L. was not significant. On the other hand, the highest moisture content on dry weight basis was found in flower of S1 collected from Assam which was 13.70% while the leaf recorded the lowest 8.82% of moisture. The total phenolics content recorded in the leaf were 1.524g/100g and 1.277g/100g, in stem 0.706g/100g and 0.682g/100g, and in twig 1.110g/100g and 1.209g/100g in S1 and S2 sample, respectively. The alkaloid content of the leaf was found to be 1.000g/100g and 0.875g/100g, in stem 0.753g/100g and 0.627g/100g, and in twig 1.627g/100g and 1.253g/100g in S1 and S2 sample, respectively. By the qualitative test it was observed that the terpenoid was absent in leaf, stem, and twig in the both Assam (S1) and Tripura (S2) sample but was present in flower of both the sample although the variation was not significant. The total terpenoid content of flower was found to be 0.698g/100g and 0.675g/100g in Assam (S1) and Tripura (S2) sample respectively. The antimicrobial activity of methanolic plant extracts of Clitoria ternatea L. was evaluated against Magnaporthe grisea, Drechslera oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Sarocladium oryzae and Fusarium sp. Although the methanolic plant extract of C. ternatea L could not inhibit the mycelia growth of Drechslera oryzae but the extract proved effective in inhibiting the growth of other remaining pathogens viz Magnaporthe grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, Sarocladium oryzae and Fusarium sp.. Highest inhibition of growth was recorded in Rhizoctonia solani. The natural food colorant has been extracted from Clitoria ternatea L. flower. Variation in color has been observed at different pH. The changes in pH were brought about by adding lemon juice and alkali extracted from vimkol. To immobilize the color on to edible inert carrier food material, glucose powder was effective in color immobilization. Further studies will be required for assessing mode of antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract on the plant pathogens, which will open an interesting area to manage various diseases in crop plants under organic cultivation. More studies will be required to find out the efficacy of the plant extract against other pests. The study further suggested that some of the plant extracts possess compounds with bioactivity properties that could be used as active principles or agents in new drugs for the therapy of infectious diseases. The food colour extracted from the flower of C. ternatea L. could be an ideal natural colorant for the food industry in future.ThesisItem Open Access BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEA (Camellia spp) SEED OIL(AAU, Jorhat, 2017-07) Sarmah, Kritideepan; Das, P.Tea is one of the most popular beverages manufactured from the leaves or the young tender shoots of the tea plants, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. India, which is the highest producer of beverage tea, is not yet fully self sufficient in edible oil production. The present study was undertaken to study the potentiality of tree borne oilseeds like tea. The eight different bi-clonal tea seed stocks were collected, namely TS-378, TS-379, TS-462, TS-463, TS-464, TS-491, TS-506 and TS-520. The crude fat (oil) was extracted from the dried cotyledons of matured tea seeds. On dry weight basis, the oil percentage ranged from 10.75-26.84. The acid values, iodine values, saponification values and specific gravity of different bi-clonal seed stocks were found to be in the range of 1.01-1.22 (mgKOH/g), 72.94-94.91 (gI2/100g) ,177.56-200.45 (mgKOH/g) and 0.82-0.88g/cm3, respectively. The percentage of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in tea seed oil seven months and eight months after seed formation as determined by Gas chromatography ranged between 20.18-76.44 and 23.56-79.57 and 14.25-29.00 and 71.00-85.75 respectively. The percentage of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in tea seed oil eight months after seed formation as determined by GC-MS ranged between 2.21-20.3 and 79.97-97.79, respectively. The IC50 values of oils of different bi-clonal seed stocks ranged from 60.3-81.52 mg/ml. The seed cake percentage by weight of different bi-clonal seed stocks ranged from 73.16-89.24. The saponin (%) , nitrogen (%), phosphorus (µg/g), potassium (µg/g) and starch (%) of the seed cake ranged between 2.41-6.52, 1.19-2.93, 2.42-3.68,0.11-0.18,27 and 29-70.77, respectively. The soluble protein content (%) of different bi-clonal seed stocks at 1st, 3rd, 5th and 8th months after seed formation ranged between 2.51-6.41, 3.34-10.23, 5.09-13.87 and 5.41-14.48, respectively. The protein bands of different biclonal seed stocks at various developmental stages as detected by SDS-PAGE ranged between 20-66 kDa. The oil (%) and starch (%) recovery from bi-clonal tea seeds by fermentation process ranged from 0.73-1.75 and 10.19-27.98, respectively. The oil could not be extracted successfully by the mechanical method using mustard oil expeller. Among the tea stocks studied, the oil content was found to be higher after eight months of fruit set. Identification of higher level of oleic acid and linoleic acid in most of the tea seed stocks revealed better nutritional quality of tea seed oil. Among the eight tea seed stocks studied, TS-379 was found to be the best considering the highest amount of oil content (23.3 %- 26.84 %), higher unsaturated fatty acid (90>%) and IC50 value at the lower side. The present study indicated the future scope of tea seed oils and its cake to be exploited commercially in India.
