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OtherItem Open Access M.Sc. (Agri.) dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand; B.A.C.A., AAU, AnandOtherItem Open Access M.V.Sc. dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) Veterinary College, AAU, Anand; Veterinary College, AAU, AnandCefepime, a fourth-generation semi-synthetic broad spectrum cephalosporin has bactericidal action against broad range of bacteria including those that are resistant to conventional antibacterial drugs. The present study was designed to investigate pharmacokinetics of cefepime in Holstein-Friesian calves following single dose intravenous and intramuscular administration at the dose rate of 5 mg kg-1 of body weight. Drug concentration in serum was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Following intravenous and intramuscular administration, the serum concentration-time curves were characteristic of a two compartment open model. Following intravenous administration the mean serum cefepime level of 44.93 5.47 g ml-1 was observed at 0.033 h (2 minutes). The therapeutically effective concentration of cefepime ( 1.00 g ml-1) was maintained in serum up to 12 h. The distribution half-life (t1/2) and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 0.09 0.01 h and 3.70 0.16 h, respectively. The mean values of apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)] and volume of distribution of drug at steady-state (Vdss) were calculated to be 0.57 0.03 and 0.43 0.03 L kg-1, respectively. The mean value of total body clearance (ClB) was 1.81 0.16 ml min-1 kg-1. The average values for area under serum drug concentration-time curve (AUC) and area under first moment of curve (AUMC) were 47.73 4.05 g h ml-1 and 190.3 19.9 g h2 ml-1. The average value of mean residence time (MRT) was 3.95 0.11 h. Following single dose intramuscular administration, the therapeutically effective serum concentration was detectable at 0.083 h (5 minutes) and maintained for 12 h. Peak serum concentration (8.61 0.36 g ml-1) was obtained at 1 h after intramuscular administration. After rapid absorption of drug from the site of administration (t1/2ka: 0.21 0.03 h), it was slowly eliminated from the body (t1/2: 6.71 0.42 h). The mean apparent volume of distribution [Vd(area)] and volume of distribution of steady state (Vdss) were 0.99 0.08 and 0.81 0.05 L kg-1, respectively. The mean value of total body clearance (ClB) was 1.72 0.08 ml min-1 kg-1.The mean area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC), mean area under first moment of curve (AUMC) and mean residence time (MRT) were 47.45 1.13 g h ml-1, 363.88 23.6 g h2 ml-1 and 7.66 0.45 h, respectively. The bioavailability of cefepime was 0.98 0.03 (98 3 per cent) following intramuscular administration. The optimal dosage regimens for cefepime for intravenous and intramuscular administration were computed. An appropriate intravenous dosage regimen of cefepime in cow calves would be 4.20 mg kg-1 of body weight to be repeated every 12 h interval. It is suggested to administer drug intramuscularly at the dose rate of 5 mg kg-1 of body weight every 12 h for medication of cow calves. A more practical approach would be to administer loading intravenous dose (4.20 mg kg-1) followed by intramuscular dose (5.0 mg kg-1) repeated at every 12 h.OtherItem Open Access M.Sc. (Agri.) dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand; B.A.C.A., AAU, AnandOtherItem Open Access M.Sc. (Agri.) dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) B.A.C.A., AAU, Anand; B.A.C.A., AAU, AnandInvestigations on various media for establishing their suitability for favourable growth and efficacy of agrochemicals and bio-pesticides including phytoextracts for their inhibitory action against Cercospora nicotianae, the cause of frogeye spot disease of bidi tobacco under in vitro conditions were carried out at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during 2003-04. In subsequent study, effective fungicides, insecticides, readymade bio-pesticides and acqueous leaf extracts of plant species were tested against the disease under nursery conditions. Reaction of bidi tobacco varieties/genotypes against the disease under nursery conditions was also studied Out of 7 media evaluated, carrot leaf decoction agar, fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were found to be highly favourable for good growth of C. nicotianae (52.40 to 60.80 mm colony diameter). Among these, fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were established for the first time as suitable media for the growth of the fungus (52.40 to 54.80 mm colony diameter) under laboratory condition. Carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, benomyl, mancozeb and Cosco (Carboxin 37.5 % + Thirum 37.5 %) 75 WP were most effective and completely suppressed the growth of the fungus on carrot leaf decoction agar under in vitro condition. Out of 16 insecticides, carbaryl and dichlorovos were effective and inhibitated the growth to the extent of 85.9 and 82.6 %, respectively. Among 29 plant species evaluated, acqueous leaf extract of Tecoma stans @ 25 % was most effective (76.0 % inhibition); this was followed by E. citriodora (49.0 % inhibition). Six readymade bio-pesticides viz., Econeem, Biosoft, Halt, Vanguard, Monitor-WP and Biolep were found highly effective in inhibiting the growth of C. nicotianae in vitro; the per cent inhibition ranged between 75.3 and 92.4. Results of evaluation of effective fungicides, viz., carbendazim @ 0.025 %, thiophanate methyl @ 0.07 %, mancozeb @ 0.2 %, Cosco @ 0.3 % and benomyl @ 0.025 %, leaf extracts of plant species viz., Tecoma stans and Eucalyptus citriodora, both at 25 %, insecticides carbaryl @ 0.2 % and dichlorovos @ 0.05 % and readymade biopesticides viz., Econeem @ 0.075 % and Biosoft @ 0.4 % under nursery conditions revealed that among fungicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl were most effective in the management of the disease giving better yield of transplants; these fungicides gave 100 and 96.6 % control, respectively. Between two plant species, acqueous leaf extract of T. stans gave 85.0 % control of the disease and significantly more number of transplants than control. Taking into account two most important attributes in the nursery viz., per cent disease intensity and transplants, two insecticides and two readymade bio-pesticides tested were not considered as effective against the disease. Among 10 different varieties/genotypes screened none was found free from the disease under nursery conditions. The variety GTH1, however, had minimum per cent disease intensity (45.60) and the variety Anand 119 had maximum per cent disease intensity (73.67). The results of the present investigations, thus, indicated that in addition to carrot leaf decoction agar, three more media viz., fennel leaf decoction agar, coriander leaf decoction agar and sava leaf decoction agar were established as favourable for the growth of C. nicotianae under laboratory condition. Two fungicides, carbendazim and thiophanate methyl, were most effective in the management of the disease in nursery. Efficacy of acqueous leaf extract of T. stans against frog-eye spot disease in nursery was established for the first time; it was found to yield significantly more number of transplants when compared with control. Leaf extract of T. stans could be used individually as botanical pesticide in minimizing losses due to the disease in question or it could be integrated with chemical fungicide/s. If integrated, it could help in minimizing frequency of applications of chemical fungicide/s, thus reducing the cost of seedlings production. Under these circumstances, it would also minimize the danger of resistance development in C. nicotianae under nursery conditions. However, detailed integrated schedule would need to be worked out before it can be advocated to the growers. Since none of the ten varieties/genotypes of bidi tobacco was resistant, it ultimately suggested that more extensive work involving very large number of genotypes is needed in order to locate resistance or tolerance to frog-eye spot disease.OtherItem Open Access M.V.Sc. dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005-10) Veterinary College, AAU, Anand; Veterinary College, AAU, AnandPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by fever, erosive stomatitis, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia. Goats are usually more severely affected than sheep. PPR is caused by Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) a paramyxovirus of the Morbillivirus genus. In India, PPR was first reported in 1987 from Tamil Nadu and for several years, the disease was thought to be restricted to southern India only, however in 1994, a series of PPR outbreaks were reported from many northern states as well as from West Bengal. The disease causes severe losses to small ruminant production and is presently considered as one of the major threats to about 200 million small ruminant population of the country. The present study was aimed to detect PPRV in clinical samples using sandwich- ELISA and to derive estimates of overall, locationwise and specieswise incidence of PPRV. In addition to designing a new pair of N gene based primers, the study also involved the assessment of suitability of different gene targets for detection of PPRV by RT-PCR from the clinical samples. Further, an attempt was also made to characterize the local field isolates by cloning and sequencing the F and N gene fragments amplified by PCR. A total of 48 clinical samples from 32 animals from selected areas of Gujarat were tested by sandwich ELISA. Twenty six out of 32 animals tested were found positive for PPRV yielding an over all incidence rate of 81.25 per cent. Samples from all the animals in Mehsana, Banasantha and Patan districts of North Gujarat as well as one animal from Rajkot district of Saurashtra region were positive by sandwich ELISA, yielding 100 per cent incidence rates at these locations. However, incase of Anand district, four (40%) out of ten tested animals were positive. The incidence rates of PPR did not vary significantly between goats (80.00%) and sheep (83.33%). The PPRV antigen could be detected in more number of blood samples (66.66%) than in nasal swabs (40.00%), in cases where both sample types were taken from a same animal. The same 48 clinical samples were tested by the conventional F gene based RTPCR and estimates of relative sensitivity and specificity were derived. When compared to sanwich ELISA (33 samples positive), the PPRV could be detected in fewer 24 (50.00%) of samples by the conventional F gene RT-PCR. Thus relative sensitivity and specificity of F gene based RT-PCR was 60.60 and 73.33 per cent respectively. The overall agreement between the two tests was 64.58 per cent. Further, three N gene based primers including a set of newly designed primer (N1/N2) and conventional F gene based primers were assessed for their efficacy in detecting the PPRV in clinical samples. The comparative analysis revealed that the N gene based primers NP3/NP4 and N1/N2 could detect the PPRV in more number of samples (12) than the primers pprn_fr2/ pprn_rev (zero) and F1/F2 (9). Thus, the N gene based primers (NP3/NP4 and N1/N2) were more sensitive than the F gene based primers in detection of PPRV in field samples, in addition, the NP3/NP4 and N1/N2 were equally efficient in detecting PPRV from the clinical samples. The PCR products generated by F1/F2 and N1/N2 primers were cloned and nucleotide sequences of the inserts were determined, to characterize the local field PPRV by analyzing the sequences with bioinformatics tools. Based on the sequence identity analysis, it was found that the viruses from distant geographical locations differed to a greater extent in their N gene sequences than in F gene sequences. This finding was supported by the branching pattern shown by PPRV in Phylogenetic tree based on respective gene sequences. The Phylogenetic tree based on the lineage specific F gene clustered all the Indian isolates including the isolates of Gujarat together into lineage 4, along with the isolates of Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. However, the Phylogenetic tree based on the 425 bp N gene sequences (amplified by N1/N2) revealed a different pattern of branching, clustering all isolates of India into a separate branch from Turkey and Nigerian Isolates. In addition, the branching pattern as revealed by network analysis was in conformity with the one produced by PHYLIP programme.OtherItem Open Access M.V.Sc. dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) Veterinary College, AAU, Anand; Veterinary College, AAU, AnandOn screening of 2440 dogs brought at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Zaveri Clinic, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period between January, 2004 to December, 2004, the overall incidence of dermatitis was observed to be 15.98 per cent (391 cases). The three conditions studied in the present investigation were pyoderma, fungal skin infections and otitis externa in dogs, and the incidence of these ailments was observed to be 18.97, 2.31 and 9.74 per cent, respectively. The collective incidence of other skin diseases was found to be 69.23 per cent which included the skin diseases other than those studied in the present investigation. Greater number of cases of pyoderma were observed during monsoon season (44.59 %), whereas higher number of cases of otitis externa were recorded in summer season (59.26 %). Cases of fungal infections of skin were observed to be more in summer season. Breed-wise incidence of pyoderma was found to be more in Spitz (23.54 %), followed by Doberman (20.58 %). Out of the four culturally confirmed cases of fungal dermatitis, three dogs belonged to mongrel breed while one was crossbred. Otitis externa was also found to affect Spitz and mongrel breeds of dogs (29.93 % each). Male dogs were found to be more susceptible (52.56 %) to dermatological afflictions than that of female dogs. The involvement of males with fungal dermatoses (75 %) was highest, followed by pyoderma (67.64 %), and otitis externa (62.96 per cent). Age-wise distribution of pyoderma indicated that it occurred more in young dogs belonging to less than 1-year age group. The occurrence of fungal infections and otitis externa was observed to be more in dogs belonging to 1 to 3 years age group. Microscopic examination of the skin scrapings collected from suspected cases of secondary folliculitis to demodicosis and fungal infection revealed Demodex spp. in 5 cases, however, fungal hyphae or spores could not be observed on direct microscopy. Furthermore, mycological culture of scrapings from suspected cases of fungal infection resulted in isolation of 4 fungal isolates identified as Microsporum canis, Trichophyton spp., Aspergillus spp. and a filamentous fungi. The bacteriological culture examination of 34 pus swabs collected from pyogenic skin lesions resulted in the growth of 35 bacterial isolates which were obtained either as monomicrobic isolates or as mixed culture. Similarly, bacterial culture examination of 27 swabs of otic exudates yielded growth of 22 bacterial isolates in pure culture, three isolates as mixed culture with bacteria or yeasts and two Malassezia pachydermatis pure isolates. Among various bacteria organisms recovered on culture, Staphylococcus intermedius accounted for the highest number of isolates from cases of pyoderma as well as otitis externa. In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility test performed on all the bacterial isolates obtained from cases of pyoderma and otitis externa exhibited highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin which also proved to be the most effective antibacterial when used in the treatment of clinical cases. Haematological study revealed the values of haemoglobin for otitis externa to be significantly lower. The values of TLC indicated statistically significant increase in case of pyoderma and fungal infections. The difference in neutrophil count for pyoderma and fungal skin infection was found to be statistically significant. The values of lymphocytic count in pyoderma, otitis externa and fungal infections of skin were found to be decreased significantly. The difference in monocyte count observed in dogs suffering from otitis externa was found to be highly significant. The average values of eosinophil count in cases of pyoderma, otitis externa as well as fungal infections of skin were observed to be significantly higher. The values of basophilic count for pyoderma, otitis externa as well as fungal skin infections were also found to be statistically significant in comparison with control group Histopathological study on the skin biopsy specimens collected from cases of dermatological afflictions revealed characteristic changes. The histopathological alterations observed in the biopsy specimens from pyoderma comprised of acute superficial pyoderma, deep pyoderma and chronic suppurative dermatitis. The biopsy from callus lesions revealed perifolliculitis, hyperkeratosis, rafts of acantholytic cells, subepidermal cyst and dermal fibrosis. Sections of skin infected with fungi showed fungal spores and hyphae along with other pronounced histological changes such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and presence of scales on the epidermis as well as follicular changes. The cases of pyoderma and pyogenic lesions were treated successfully with systemic antibiotics like enrofloxacin, erythromycin, cephadroxil and cephalexin and topical Abstract iii antiseptic preparations. The dogs suffering from fungal infections were treated effectively with topical antifungal drugs alone or in combination with either griseofulvin or ketoconazole. The pruritus associated with pyoderma, fungal skin infection and otitis externa was controlled with systemic use of prednisolone in tapering dosage. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs like clemastine and hydroxyzine also showed good therapeutic response in most of the cases of pruritus. The treatment protocol found effective in the cases of ear infection comprised of cleaning ear debris using a ceruminolytic/ear wax dissolvent and subsequently instillation of ear preparations containing antibacterial drugs (in cases of bacterial infection) or antifungal drugs (in case of mycotic infection). In those cases not responding to topical medication, systemic antibacterial therapy was instituted by using the antibacterial drug found to be effective on in-vitro testing. Inflamed ears were treated using topical and/or systemic steroid preparations. The cases of otitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis were treated successfully by systemic use of ketoconazole and instillation with otic preparation containing antifungal agentOtherItem Open Access M.V.Sc. dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) Veterinary College, AAU, Anand; Veterinary College, AAU, AnandPresent investigation was carried out on 51 clinical cases of pet dogs suffering from periodontal disease, at the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand during the period between 1st July 2004 to 30th June 2005. Breed-wise incidence was found to be the highest in Pomeranian breed (27.45%), followed by German Shepherd (19.60%), Labrador Retriever and Non Descript dogs (11.76% each), Doberman Pinscher (7.84%), Cocker Spaniel (5.88%), Dachshund and Dalmatian (3.92% each), Collie, Boxer, Great Dane and Lhasa Apso (1.96% each). Study of age-wise incidence revealed the lowest affection (3.92%) in the young aged group of dogs (<3yrs) and all (3.92%) belonged to Grade 1 periodontal disease. The highest (68.62%) incidence was recorded in the group of senior aged dogs (>6yrs), which also showed higher proportion (23.52%) of Grade 4 disease. Middle aged dogs showed 27.45% incidences with majority of Grade 1 (19.6%) type. Maximum proportion of cases belonged to Grade 1 (39.21%), followed by Grade 4 (25.49%), Grade 3 (19.60%) and Grade 2 (15.68%). In view of predisposing factors, out of total 51 dogs included in the study, 62.74% were maintained on vegetarian diet and rest (37.26%) on mixed (vegetarian and non-vegetarian) diet. Amongst mixed diet group, 17.65% dogs were receiving pet food in addition to the normal home cooked diet. Only 33.33% dogs were fed twice a day as per the routine schedule whereas rest had no fixed dietary schedule. Nearly half of the dogs (56.86%) were taken regularly for walk once or twice daily. Only 1 dog was receiving regular mouthwash once daily and 2 dogs were provided regularly with artificial bones to gnaw. In majority of cases halitosis (76.47%) and anorexia (52.94%) remained the chief complaints. Characteristic lesions observed during the study included stains, plaque, light to heavy calculus deposition, gingivitis, abnormal periodontal depths, tooth discolouration, gingival hyperplasia, Grade 1 to Grade 3 furcation exposure, alveolar periostitis, mild, moderate or severe teeth mobility, gingival recession and caval bleeding. Bacteriological culture and isolation from dental swabs collected from gingival pockets of 41 dogs resulted in recovery of chiefly Staphylococcus spp. (24.39%), Escherichia spp.(19.51%), Pseudomonas spp.(12.19%), Streptococcus spp. (7.32%) and Corynebacterium spp. (4.88%). In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility test of these bacterial isolates exhibited highest sensitivity to Amoxicillin thus proved to be the antimicrobial agent of choice for clinical use for bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Haemoglobin, Total Erythrocytic Count and Neutrophil per cent of the test group dogs were found to be significantly lower than those of the control group; whereas Total Leukocyte Count and Lymphocyte per cent were found to be significantly higher in test group than in control group. Comparative evaluation of scaling methods revealed superiority of Group II (using hand instruments and ultrasonic dental scaler both in combination) over other two groups in terms of minimum scaling time and minimum dose of anaesthesia. Maximum scaling time and higher dose of anaesthesia were required for Group I (using only hand instruments). In the dogs of Group I, maximum injuries to the gums and subgingival tissues were observed. Hand instruments proved to be the least efficient for subgingival scaling. Injuries were minimum in Group III (using ultrasonic scaler alone) with the most efficient subgingival scaling with little more scaling time. A survey of compliance with oral hygiene recommendations showed, only 15.68% clients brushing teeth several times a week whereas 64.70% were not brushing and the rest (19.61%) were occasionally brushing; 72.55% dogs were still provided with artificial bones to gnaw and rest 27.45% were not. Regarding dietary modifications no client found to comply with the recommendations.OtherItem Open Access M.V.Sc. dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) Veterinary College, AAU, Anand; Veterinary College, AAU, AnandTwenty four clinically healthy crossbred calves of either sex, aging between 04 to 12 weeks, were randomly allotted to four groups of six each. All the calves were given Inj. Ketoprofen @ 2 mg/kg body weight i/m as preemptive analgesia and Inj. Xylazine @ 0.2 mg/kg body weight i/m as sedative. Local analgesia was produced by cornual nerve blockade using 4 to 5 ml of Inj. Lignocaine (2 %) in all the calves. Dehorning was performed either by electrocautery (group-I), cryofreezing using liquid nitrogen (group- II) or radiosurgery (group-III) in six calves each, whereas, rest of the six calves acted as control (group-IV) wherein dehorning was not performed. Minicryogun having 350 ml capacity was used for cryosurgery. A monopolar bipolar electrosurgical unit was used for radiosurgery. Physiological parameters, viz. rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rates and haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2); behavioural changes, viz. head shaking, ear flicking, leg striking over the head, head rubbing and dullness as well as plasma cortisol concentration were recorded before and at 5, 15, 45 minutes and at 2, 6 and 12 hours following the three methods of dehorning and also in control animals. The analgesic protocol permitted effective and smooth performance of all the three dehorning procedures. Respiratory and pulse rates and SaO2 remained unaltered (P < 0.05) within and between groups at different time intervals following dehorning. These vital parameters remained within physiological ranges suggesting that all the three methods of dehorning were well tolerated by the calves. A mild but significant rise in rectal temperature of the animals was observed at 6 (101.80 ± 0.21oF) and 12 (101.76 ± 0.38oF) hrs following cryofreezing. A transient increase was recorded in the rectal temperature following electrocautery and radiosurgical dehorning. Following electrocautery and radiosurgical dehorning, the animals exhibited behavioural changes, viz. head shaking, ear flicking and leg striking, especially after 2 hours of dehorning, probably at which the effects of local analgesia vanished. These behavioural changes were practically absent in the animals under cryosurgical dehorning as well as in the control group even after 2 hours. The head shaking and ear flicking were more intense in the animals following radiosurgical dehorning than electrocautery dehorning. The concentration of plasma cortisol increased (P < 0.05) following electrocautery dehorning at 5 min (29.26 ± 8.03 ng/ml), but not after radiosurgical and cryosurgical dehorning. The plasma cortisol levels at 2 hours interval showed the tendency of reducing towards base values in all the four groups of animals. The electrocautery and radiosurgical dehorning were somewhat difficult in older calves with grown up horn buds. Among the three methods of dehorning evaluated in the present study, the cryosurgical dehorning was simple, easy to perform and safe to animal as well as surgeon. Based on physiological parameters, behavioural observations and plasma cortisol levels, post cryosurgical dehorning status was comparatively less painful and stressfree in crossbred calves.OtherItem Open Access M.V.Sc. dissertation(AAU, Anand, 2005) Veterinary College, AAU, Anand; Veterinary College, AAU, AnandA clinical study on use of interlocking nail fixation for treatment of femoral and tibial shaft fracture with the use of C- arm image intensifier was conducted in 11 dogs. Eligibility criteria for inclusions of patients were preoperative evaluation of radiographs for evaluation of type and configuration of fracture. The effectiveness of the treatment modality was judged on the basis of time to initial weight bearing, by radiological evaluation of bridging callus (around the three sides of the bone) at an interval of 4 weeks, if possible, time required for bone healing, limb usage and complete range of motion of limb and by noting the complications, if any. The implant consisted of 6 mm and 7 mm interlocking nail, 3.5 mm screws, half jig that anchored the nail. Image intensifier was used for fracture reduction and stabilization. Out of the 11 cases treated for femoral and tibial shaft fracture, 7 cases showed excellent bone healing. Weight Name of student Major advisor PATEL BHARAT M. Dr. N. H. KELAWALA bearing was started as early as 2nd day postoperatively in 7 cases. Static locking was done in 5 cases, while, dynamic fixation was done in 6 cases. Dynamization was performed in 1 case, 8 weeks after surgery. Radiographic evaluation revealed fracture healing in 6 dogs, between 8 - 16 weeks after surgery. Limb usage and range of motion of fractured limb was excellent in most of the cases at the time of last follow up. Postoperative infections as well as major complications were not observed in any of the cases with closed interlocking nailing. Minor complications like mild swelling, loosening of screw in 1 case each, inward and upward deviation of limb in 3 cases were observed. However, these complications had no adverse effect on clinical outcome. Excellent results were obtained in 9 of 11 cases (One died due to reason unrelated to surgery). The present study was indicative of effectiveness of closed interlocking nail fixation with the use of C- arm image intensifier as a treatment modality for fracture fixation. Hence, it was concluded that closed intramedullary interlocking nails using C- arm image intensifier television (IITV) would be well suited to the stabilization of femoral and tibial shaft fractures in dogs.