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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SOME MEDICINAl PLANTS REPUTED TO HAVE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY(AAU, Anand, 1983) THAKER, ASWIN M.; Anjaria, J. V.Ancient Indian literature mentions many indigenous medicinal plants, claimed to posses antimicrobial activity and wound healing property. Specific and detailed investigations to prove their efficacy however, appear to be meagre. Leaves of Azadirachta indica, Annona squamosa, Ocimum sanctum and leaves and stems of Bergia odorata were dried in shade, pulverised to homogenous powder, and proximate chemical analysis was done. Solidified chloroform extracts of all plants dissolved in propylene glycol were used for in vitro inhibition of microbial growth on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium spp. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 10 fold serial dilution of incubated 5 ml. Glucose broth containing 0.1 ml extract and 0.1 ml inoculum of each organism, and subsequent plating by standard plate count method (SPC).ThesisItem Open Access SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE ISOLATED PRINCIPLES OF LEPTADENIA RETICULATA.(AAU, Anand, 1973) ANJARIA, J. V.; GULATI, O. D.Abstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access SOME INDIGENOUS DRUGS REPUTED TO HAVE GALACTAGOGUE PROPERTY WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LEPTADENIA RETICULATA (JIVANTI)(AAU, Anand, 1965) Anjaria, J. V.; Gupta, IndraAbstract not AvailableThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHARMACOKINETICS AND SAFETY OF CIPROFLOXACIN IN COW CALVES(AAU, Anand, 2000) BHAVSAR, S. K.; Verma, M. P.The present study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after single dose intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration and multiple-dose intravenous administration. Additionally safety of multiple intravenous doses was evaluated. Following single dose (5 mg/kg of body weight) and multiple-dose (5 mg/kg of body weight repeated at twelve hour intervals for two and five days) intravenous administration of ciprofloxacin, the therapeutically effective serum ciprofloxacin concentration (> 0.12 µg.ml-1) was maintained for up to 8 hours. The pharmacokinetics of the drug was best described by two-compartment open model following the single and multiple-dose intravenous administration of ciprofloxacin. The drug was widely distributed (Vd area; 1.99 ± 0.07 1 kg-1) and rapidly eliminated (t1/2β; 1.69 ± 0.12 hours) following intravenous administration. The drug was not detectable 12 hours after the fourth or tenth intravenous doses given at the rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight in calves. Single and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of the drug were found to be identical. Following single-dose administration at the rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight, therapeutically effective serum ciprofloxacin concentration was detectable at 2 minutes after intravenous and intramuscular administration and at 8 minutes after subcutaneous administration, However, the concentration was maintained for longer time after subcutaneous administration (12 hours) than following intramuscular administration (8 hours).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIBACTERIAL AND WOUND HEALING PROPERTIES OF PROSOPIS JULIFLORA(AAU, Anand, 1991) SARVAIYA, J. G.; Verma, M. P.Alcoholic and chloroform extracts of shade dried leaves of Prosopis juliflora, Azadi rachta indica and Adhatoda vasica, as well as juices from fresh green leaves of P.Juliflora were screened for antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. Corynebacterium sp., Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. The extracts from Azadirachta indica and Adhatoda vasica were almost devoid of antibacterial activity. Extracts from P. juliflora leaves possessed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp. and proteus sp. However, alcoholic extract was additionally affective against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The alcoholic extract was more potent than chloroform extract against the susceptible bacteria. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to these extracts. Crude juice prepared from P. juliflora leaves was effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp.. Diplococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium sp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida and yeast whereas Klebsiella sp. and Proteus sp. were resistant.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF MELOXICAM FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS, INTRAMASCULAR AND ORAL ADMINISTRATION IN DOGS(AAU, Anand, 2006) PARSOTTAMDAS, GOHEL DARPESHKUMAR; SARVAIYA, J. G.Meloxicam is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of oxicam family. It is having more selectivity towards cyclooxygenase-2 rather than cyclooxygenase-1. In the present study, pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of meloxicam was determined in mongrel dogs following single dose intravenous, intramuscular and oral administrations of meloxicam (0.4 mg.kg-1 body weight). Following intravenous route, the disposition kinetics of meloxicam was best described by a two-compartment open model. The distribution and elimination half-lives of meloxicam were 0.262 ± 0.04 and 25.94 ± 0.65 h respectively. The values of zero time plasma drug concentration and area under curve of meloxicam were 1.608 ± 0.14 μg.h ml-1 and 35.56 ± 3.62 μg.h ml−1, respectively. The values of area under moment curve were 922.3 ± 81.33. The values of apparent volume of distribution, volume of distribution at steady state, volume of drug in central compartment and volume of drug in peripheral compartment were 0.395 ± 0.05, 0.313 ± 0.04, 0.262 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.04 L.kg−1, respectively. The first order rate constants from central compartment to peripheral and peripheral to central compartment were 0.853 and 2.08 h- 1, respectively. The values of total body clearance and mean residence time were 0.195 ± 0.02 ml.min−1.kg−1 and 26.13 ± 0.51 h, respectively. On the basis of values of pharmacokinetic variables obtained by intravenous administration of meloxicam (0.4 mg.kg−1 body weight), the optimal intravenous dosage regimens of meloxicam would be 0.33 mg.kg−1 as priming dose followed by 0.28 mg.kg−1 as maintenance dose to be repeated at 72 h interval. In present study, the Pharmacokinetic of meloxicam through intramuscular and oral route of administration were described by non-compartmental analysis in dogs. The elimination half-lives for i.m and oral route of administration was 23.41 ± 0.93 h and 21.18 + 1.22 h, respectively. The values of area under curve were 33.40 ± 2.02 μg.h.ml-1 and 32.62 + 2.14 μg.h.ml-1 for i.m and oral route of administration, respectively. The value of area under first moment of curve were found to be 1259 ± 35.1 μg.h2.ml-1 and 1607.29 + 185 μg.h2.ml-1. The values of MRT were 38.38 ± 2.46 and 48.72 + 3.63 h, respectively. Values of F for i.m. and oral study were 0.96 ± 0.06 and 0.95± 0.07 % respectively. On the basis of observed meloxicam concentration in plasma, the drug can be given intramuscularly or orally at dose rate of 0.4 mg/kg to be repeated at an interval of 48 h.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Evaluation of Phenobarbital Induced CYP3A and CYP2H1 Gene Expression by Quantitative RT - PCR in Bantam, Bantamized White Leghorn and White Leghorn Chicks(AAU, Anand, 2004) Vaghaji, Goriya Harshad; Bhavsar, S. K.The present work was planned to study induction of CYP3A and CYP2H1 genes by Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Quantitative RT-PCR in Bantam, Bantamized White leghorn and White leghorn chicks. Out of 18 chicks of Bantam, Bantamized White leghorn and White leghorn, 3 from each group were treated intraperitoneal with phenobarbital at the dose rate of 12mg/I00gm body weight and control group were treated with same volume of 0.9% normal saline. After 24 hrs of medication, they were sacrificed and liver samples were collected from each bird. Total RNA was extracted from the liver tissue samples using Tri Reagent® based method. The quantity of extracted RNA was assessed spectrophotometrically at 260/280nm, and it ranged from 1.7 to 2.0 OD suggesting good quantity of RNA extraction. The quality of extracted RNA was checked by 1% formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis and it showed bands at 28s, 18s and 5s rRNA subunits suggesting good integrity of RNA. First strand cDNA was synthesized using one step RT-PCR Kit. The PCR was performed and the product was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis which yielded targeted amplification of 1107 bp, 1567 bp and 486 bp amplicon for CYP3A, CYP2H1 and p-actin genes, respectively. β-actin (house keeping gene) was used as an internal control for normalization of CYP3A and CYP2H1 gene transcripts. Quantitative RT-PCR was done to quantify gene expression level of CYP3A and CYP2HI genes. Four end points were selected for sampling at 26th, 31st 36rd and 41st cycles to perform Quantitative RT-PCR. The quantity of expressed genes was detected by Gene tool software using Ikb DNA ladder having concentration of 7.1 ng/0.5 μl at 500bp as reference. Relative expression ratio of CYP3A and CYP2H1 genes was calculated by Relative Expression Software Tool (REST), ft was found that CYP3A is up regulated by factor of 1.339, 14.507 and 1.004 in Bantam, Bantamized White Leghorn and White Leghorn chicks, respectively. In Bantam and Bantamized White Leghorn chicks CYP2HI gene was up regulated by factor 1.503 and 80.871 respectively, but down regulated by a factor of 1.965 in White Leghorn chicks. PCR efficiency was judged by Ling PCR software. The PCR efficiency ranged from 1.3 to 1.7, 0.86 to 1.7 and 0.91 to 1.58 for CYP3A, CYP2H1 and p-actin, respectively in Bantam, Bantamized White leghorn and White Leghorn chicks.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF FENBENDAZOLE AND TRICLABENDAZOLE IN CALVES(AAU, Anand, 1994) Roy, Dulal Chandra; Malik, J. K.In the present study, detailed pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of FBZ were investigated in healthy buffalo calves and those fed different diets or subclinically infected with nematode parasites. The detailed pharmacokinetics and biotransformation studies of the drugs were carried out in buffalo calves and cow calves after administration of TCBZ and in buffalo calves following co-administration of FBZ with TCBZ. In addition, the influence of diet on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of TCBZ metabolites was investigated in cow calves. Following FBZ administration or ingestion, FBZ, OFZ and FBZSO2 were detected in plasma of buffalo calves. After intraruminal administration of FBZ (7.5 mg.kg-1), the pharmacokinetics of FBZ and its metabolites were best described by a one-compartment open model in subclinically infected and healthy buffalo calves fed different diets.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF CIPROFLOXACIN IN SHEEP(AAU, Anand, 2001) PATEL, HITESH B.; Thaker, A. M.The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after it's single dose intravenous and intramuscular administration was investigated in five sheep. The drug was administered at the dose rate of 5 mg/kg body weight and assayed in serum by HPLC analysis. Additionally, total serum creatine kinase activity was determined following intramuscular administration of the drug to evaluate the muscle damage. Following intravenous administration of ciprofloxacin, serum concentration curve was best described pharmacokinetically by a two compartment open model. The therapeutically effective serum ciprofloxacin concentration (> 0.12 μg.ml-1 ) was maintained for up to 8 hours. The drug was widely distributed (Vd area: 1.67 ± 0.171 kg-1) and had short plasma half life (t1/2β: 1.88 ± 0.20 hours) with a clearance rate of 10.75 ± 1.73 ml min-1 kg-1 of body weight. Following intr.imuscular administration, serum concentration curve was best fitted to a one compartment open model with first order absorption. The therapeutically effective serum ciprotloxacin concentration was detectable at 5 minutes after the injection. Moreover, the therapeutic concentration was maintained for up to 12 hours. Peak serum concentration (0.95 + 0.06 μgml-1) was obtained at 0.5 hour (30 minutes) after intramuscular administration. The drug was rapidly absorbed from intramusculai- site (t 1/2 ka: 0.15 ± 0.02 hour) and had a serum half life (t1/2β) of 3.67 ± 0.15 hours. The bioavailability of ciprofloxacin following intramuscular administration was 0.68 + 0.07. The total serum creatine kinase activity peaked at 8 hours (3317 + 695.39 Ul-1) and declined gradually but remained above the basal value (101.2 + 10.34 Ul-1) for 72 hours following single dose intramuscular administration of ciprofloxacin. Two of the 5 sheep showed local signs of pain, swelling and tenderness at the site of injection. Remainder animals did not show any local reaction. There were no signs of physical disability in any of the sheep. The studies indicate that a satisfactory intravenous dosage regimen of ciprofloxacin in sheep would be 4.54 mg/kg of body weight as priming dose followed by 4.33 mg/kg of body weight as maintenance dose to be given at 8 hour intervals.