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ThesisItem Open Access Immune gene expression studies in Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus,1758) experimentally infected with Tilapia lake virus (TiLV)(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu Dr.J.Jayalalitha Fisheries University, 2020) Ms.Lekshmi Haridas; DR. M. ROSALIND GEORGE; Mrs. D. MANIMEKALAI; DR. RANJEETA KUMARITilapia being the largest farmed fish species after carps worldwide, contributes largely to food security as an inexpensive dietary protein in the developing world. Intensification and diversification thus leads to the emergence of the infectious diseases and Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) gaining widespread attention due to its pervasive occurrence and devastating effect on tilapia stocks. The pre-isolated TiLV was made for the expression of the innate immune-related genes IPS-1 and TLR-7 in brain, kidney, liver and spleen using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The TiLV grew well in both Epithelia pappilosum of carp (EPC) and striped snakehead (SSN1) cell lines at 27°C. The virus induced cytopathic effects such as focal area clearance, granulation of cells and rounding of cells within 3-4 days post-inoculation. A complete destruction of the monolayer with cell detahmnet was found within 6-7 days. Subsequent passage of SSN1 cell line showed a good CPE. The quantification of virus was done using TCID50 and was found to be 105-106/ml. The experimental infection study of tilapia fingerlings with Intra-peritoneal injection of the Virus supernatant showed clinical signs typical to TiLV infection with abnormal swimming, skin and scale loss, skin discolouration and open ulcers, fin rot, abdominal swelling and bilateral exophthalmia. Mortality also reported among the experimental infected fishes. mRNA expression patterns of the genes IPS-1 and TLR-7 were examined post infection at six different time intervals at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96h in four tissues namely brain, kidney, liver and spleen. These studies revealed that both brain and liver give highest up-regulation patterns followed by kidney and spleen. The expression profile of IPS-1 and TLR-7 threw insight that the virus follows both TLR and RLR pathways. The highest expression obtained in brain and liver concludes with the primary target organ organs of TiLV infection in tilapia. Further research should stress on the molecular mechanisms followed in the virus-host interactions leading to the development of vaccine.ThesisItem Open Access Reproductive hormone profile and gonadal maturation of Siganus species(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu Dr.J.Jayalalitha Fisheries University, 2020) Mr. Palani Eshwar Chandra Vidya Sagar; Dr. P. Jawahar; Dr. S. David kingston; Dr. J. Jaculine PereiraThe representatives of the family Siganidae are popularly called as Rabbitfishes or Spinefoot. There are 30 species recorded the world over, and are distributed in reefs among sea grasses, mangroves, and estuaries and in shallow lagoons of tropical and subtropical coastal environments. The present investigation was undertaken to ascertain the effect of reproductive hormone profile and gonadal maturation of Siganus species. The hormone profile of naturally occurring Siganus species were in the range of Siganus canaliculatus – (Testosterone - 0.012 – 1.88 ng/ml; Estrogen - 0.212 – 1.728 ng/ml; Progesterone - 0.42 – 1.68 ng/ml; Prostaglandin – 0.46 – 1.68 pg/ml and Vitellogenin - 0.258 - 1.776 ng/ml), and Siganus lineatus - (Testosterone - 0.012 – 1.776 ng/ml; Estrogen - 0.212 - 2.18 ng/ml; Progesterone - 0.52 - 1.78 ng/ml; Prostaglandin - 0.56 – 2.58 pg/ml and Vitellogenin - 0.258 - 2.776 ng/ml). The gonadal maturation was observed using two different hormones viz., HCG and Ovatide. Based on four hormone concentrations, the fishes were divided into five groups. First, second, third and fourth groups of fishes were injected intramuscularly with HCG and Ovatide respectively. The fifth group was maintained without any hormone injection as sham control. A duplicate set was also maintained simultaneously. Male and female fishes were socked in separate tanks. Monthly samples of blood and gonads were also collected from control and hormone (HCG and Ovatide) injected fishes during the experimental period to assess the hormone profile and maturation using various reproductive parameters such as Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), fecundity and ova diameter. The hormone profile value of Ovatide hormone injected fishes was higher than that of other hormone and control fishes in most of the sampling period. Changes in the hormone profile like Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Prostaglandin and Vitellogenin levels were observed from the hormone injected fishes when compared to sham control. Maximum levels of Vitellogenin and Prostaglandin level of 6.62 ng/ml and 6.42 pg/ml was observed in blood serum from Ovatide hormone injected S. canaliculatus, whereas S. lineatus injected with Ovatide hormone shows maximum level of Vitellogenin and Prostaglandin of 6.72 ng/ml and 6.52 pg/ml respectively. S. canaliculatus with maximum Testosterone, Estrogen and Progesterone level of 6.32 ng/ml, 5.68 ng/ml and 5.68 ng/ml were observed in blood serum from Ovatide hormone injected while S. lineatus injected showed maximum level of Testosterone, Estrogen and Progesterone level of 6.42 ng/ml, 5.68 ng/ml and 5.72 ng/ml. With the changes in level of hormones, maximum fecundity of S. canaliculatus (125022 eggs) and S. lineatus (165786 eggs), GSI of S. canaliculatus (male fish - 4.25 and female - 4.41) and S. lineatus (male fish - 3.41 and female - 5.41), average ova diameter of S. canaliculatus (2.526 mm) and S. lineatus (2.65 mm) were observed from Ovatide injected fishes. The above results showed that Ovatide plays a major role in hormone profile and gonadal maturation of S. canaliculatus and S. lineatus when compared to other tested hormones.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of biosorbent developed from fish scales in the treatment of wastewaters(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu Dr.J.Jayalalitha Fisheries University, 2020) Ms. S. Subhashree Devasena; Dr. P. Padmavathy; Mrs. D. Manimekalai; Dr. R. Jeya ShakilaThe present study was conducted to assess the potential of fish scales in the treatment of shrimp farm wastewater, seafood processing plant wastewater and heavy metal spiked wastewater. Waste fish scales were collected from fish markets. Fish Scale Biosorbent (FSB) was prepared according to the standard procedure of Othman et al. (2016). Wastewater samples were collected from brackish water shrimp farm and local seafood processing plant in Thoothukudi. The initial physicochemical parameters in raw wastewaters were analysed. The treatment of wastewaters with FSB was carried out as a batch work in the laboratory. The wastewater samples (100 ml) were taken in conical flask and treated with 5 different FSB dosage levels viz., 0.0625 g, 0.125 g, 0.25 g, 0.5 g and 1 g using an Orbital shaker (250 rpm) under 3 different contact times (45, 90 and 180 minutes). The concentration of water quality parameters were compared before and after treatment. During treatment, the concentration of parameters were significantly (p<0.05) reduced with increasing FSB dosage levels and contact times. The FSB treatment showed good percentage reduction (%R) of all the physicochemical parameters. During treatment, 36 – 37 %R in pH was observed in both wastewaters. The FSB treatment reduced 53 - 55 % of alkalinity in both wastewaters with initial value ranging between 206 and 602.33 mg/l. The mean initial concentration of ammonia observed in raw wastewaters was between 60.13 and 186.25 μg NH3-N/l. After FSB treatment, more than 95% reduction in ammonia concentration was observed in both wastewaters. Among nutrients, FSB exhibited good adsorption towards phosphate (77.34 – 36.36 %R), followed by nitrite (59.95 – 75.5 %R) and nitrate (24.78 – 52.71 %R) in both wastewaters. The nutrients were highly treated in seafood processing plant wastewater than shrimp farm wastewater. In shrimp farm wastewater, the FSB treatment showed 52.40%, 38.60% and 66.11% of reduction in TDS, TSS and TS concentrations. In case of seafood processing plant wastewater, the FSB treatment showed 33.72, 57.92 and 46.99 %R in TDS, TSS and TS concentrations respectively. The FSB treatment showed 74.68 – 89.95 %R of BOD in both wastewaters. The mean COD concentration observed in raw wastewaters ranged between 87.66 and 128.77 mg/l. This high COD concentration was reduced by FSB treatment with more than 90 %R in both wastewaters. In the present study, synthetic copper and lead spiked wastewaters (150 ml) were treated separately with five different FSB dosage levels viz., 0.05 g, 0.07 g, 0.1 g, 0.15 g and 0.2 g in an orbital shaker (250 rpm) at three different contact times (45, 90 and 180 minutes). The initial concentration of metal solutions was 50 mg/l. After FSB treatment, 94.9 % and 65.3 % of copper and lead was reduced. The concentration of copper and lead was significantly reduced (p<0.05) with increasing FSB dosage levels and contact times throughout the treatment. Based on the results, it can be concluded that 0.2 g/150 ml and 180 minutes was found to be the best dosage and contact time for the treatment of synthetic metal spiked wastewaters. The best FSB dosage and contact time for the treatment of ammonia and nutrients in shrimp farm and seafood processing plant wastewaters were found to be 1 g/100 ml and 90 minutes. However, for the other physicochemical parameters, it was 1 g and 180 minutes. The presence of functional groups, surface morphology and elemental composition of FSB, before and after wastewater treatment were identified by FTIR, FESEM and EDS analysis. In this study, the high concentrations of ammonia, BOD and COD observed in raw shrimp farm and seafood processing plant wastewater were reduced by FSB treatment to the standard level for effluent discharge as prescribed by Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) of India. The present work assessed the adsorption ability of waste fish scales and gives an eco-friendly solution to wastewater treatment and solid waste management.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Growth Characteristics of Siganus species(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu Dr.J.Jayalalitha Fisheries University, 2019) R.TAMIL SELVAN; Dr. P. Jawahar; Dr.S. David Kingston; Dr. V. RaniThis study was undertaken to document the Population biology, Growth and Mortality characteristic of Siganus species under controlled condition. Fish specimens were collected fortnightly during July 2018 to June 2019 from Threspuram, Fishing harbour, Inigo nagar and newharbour. A total of 8245 samples were encountered during the study which includes S. canaliculatus, S. javus, S. lineatus, S. fuscescens and S. stellatus. For stock assessment, length frequency data were collected at fortnightly intervals for studying the length-weight relationship, growth patterns, recruitment pattern, using the FiSAT computer software. The annual catch of S. canaliculatus, S. javus, and S. lineatus showed year round occurrence along Gulf of Mannar. The estimated life span of S. canaliculatus, S. javus and S. lineatus was estimated as 3 years and 4 years and 3.5 yearsrespectively. The K value for S. canaliculatus was low (0.27) because of slow growth and for S. javusand S. lineatusit was high 0.57 and 0.52 respectively. The estimated total instantaneous mortality (Z) of S. canaliculatus, S. javus and S. lineatus were 0.59, 0.58 and 0.56 respectively. Recruitment of S. canaliculatus, S. javus and S. lineatus was recorded throughout the year with single peak. The Virtual Population Analysis revealed that fishing pressure was high during the below the length group of 18 to 25 cm for S. canaliculatus. For S. javus and S.lineatus natural mortality was low upto 16cm. Based on the relationship between exploitation ratio and yield per recruit of S. canaliculatus, S. javus and S. lineatus it could be inferred that this species is moderately exploited.During the study period new occurence of Siganus fuscescens was observed from Gulf of Mannar Region S. canaliculatus, S. javus and S. lineatusform good fishery of Siganus groups in Thoothukudi coast of Gulf of Mannar, These species are exploited mainly by trawlers. Live Siganus fishes were collected and acclimatized for further studies at Shore Lab Field Research Facility (SRFF). Initial experimental trial was conducted with mixed Siganus species and better growth and survival was obtained in S. canaliculatusand S. lineatus.The specific Growth rate was 3.52 + 0.01 g for S. lineatusand 3.45 + 0.02 g for S. canaliculatus. The estimated FCR value was 1.2 and survival was 82.5%. There is no significant difference between the value obtained from the Organosomatic index of initial and final values of the fishes. The results indicates that there is an improvement in the growth of the Siganus lineatusstocked under controlled condition and better growth was obtained at less and medium stocking density of 5 and 10 nos /m3.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Cassia alata, Clitoria ternatea, Leucas aspera on growth performance and haematological responses of GIFT Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 2021) Karun Kant Yadava; Dr. Cheryl Antony; Dr. Vijay Amirtharaj; Dr. R. Jeya ShakilaThe present study deals with “Effect of Cassia alata, Clitoria ternatea, Leucas aspera on growth performance and haematological responses of GIFT Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)”. The research work was conducted in indoor wet laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu. The leaves of Leucas aspera, Clitoria ternatea, and Cassia alata were collected from herb plots in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu. The leaves of medicinal plants (Leucas aspera, Clitoria ternatea and Cassia alata) were air dried and ground into powder. The herbal feeds were prepared by adding the prepared Lucas aspera, Clitoria ternatea and Cassia alata at levels of 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% to the basic feed (control diet). The diets were uniformly mixed, granulated and air dried. The prepared diet was stored in an airtight beaded pouches and stored at room temperature until the start of the experimental study. Leucas aspera, Clitoria ternatea and Cassia alata were subjected to qualitative tests for various bioactive components: flavonoids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, glycosides. The tests indicated that these bioactive components were present in the all three plants and terpenoids and quinones were absent. The seeds of GIFT were purchased from the Svara Biotechnovations tilapia farm in Madurai and shipped in oxygenated polyethylene bags. All seeds were acclimatized and stocked in stocking tanks at the rate of 10 fish per tank. After that, the seeds were treated with KMnO4 solution and then stocked in the 33 experimental tank. The experiment conducted had the treatments designated as control (C), Lucas aspera (T1), Clitoria ternatea (T2) and Cassia alata (T3) with each leaf at their inclusion levels, viz. 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and an antibiotic Oxytetracycline (T4). The average initial weight of the fish was 4.42 ± 0.56 g. Fishes were fed 3 times a day at 9:00 am, 13:00 pm and 17:00 pm for 60 days. The fish in the control group received the diet without herbs, while the fish in treatment 4 (T4) received 0.065% oxytetracycline (OTC) incorporated diet. At the end of experiment the average final weight was observed significantly higher in T1 (2.0%) 18.82 ± 0.28g followed by T2 (2.0%) 18.06 ± 0.26g, T3 (2.0%) 17.75 ± 0.18g and lowest was observed in control (15.89 ± 0.10g) and T4 (16.24 ± 0.16g). The growth performance of GIFT was recorded with significantly higher weight gain (14.45 ± 0.28g), weight gain percent ((330.65 ± 6.43), average daily gain ((0.24 ± 0.01) and specific growth rate (2.43 ± 0.02) in T1 (2%), feed conversion ratio (1.90 ± 0.02) in control while significantly lower weight gain was recorded in control (11.32 ± 0.10g) and T4 (11.63 ± 0.16g), The weight gain percent was lower (was lower (247.67 ± 2.18) 247.67 ± 2.18) in control and T4 (252.99 ± 3.50). The average daily weight gain also were lower in control ((0.19 ± 0.01)0.19 ± 0.01) and T4 (0.19 ± 0.01). The specific growth rate in control (2.08 ± 0.01) and T4 (2.10 ± 0.02) were lower compared to the other treatments. The feed efficiency ratio (0.58 ± 0.01), feed conversion efficiency (29.67 ± 0.57) and protein efficiency ratio (0.99 ± 0.02) was observed significantly higher in T1 2.0% while significantly lower feed efficiency ratio (0.53 ± 0.01), feed conversion efficiency (26.34 ± 0.23) and protein efficiency ratio (0.88 ± 0.01) was observed in control. The haematological parameters recorded were significantly higher with haemoglobin (13.58 ± 0.01) in T1 2.5%, (90.04 ± 1.60), leucocyte (WBCs) in T1 2.5% lymphocyte (53.14 ± 1.25) in T1 2.5%, hematocrit (22.26 ± 0.80), in T1 2.5% and eosinophils (0.51 ± 0.02) in T3 2.5%. The haematological parameters, haemoglobin recorded were significantly lower in control (7.25 ± 0.94) and T4 (8.05 ± 1.91), leucocyte (WBCs) were lower in control (63.15 ± 0.22) and T4 (70.30 ± 2.10) with lymphocyte lower in T4 (43.22 ± 0.98) and control (44.98 ± 1.37). The haematocrit was lower in control (17.33 ± 1.19) and T3 1.5% (19.58 ± 0.44), eosinophils in T4 (0.34 ± 0.01) and control (0.35 ± 0.01). The serum biochemical indices recorded with significantly higher serum protein (3.30 ± 0.13) and albumin (1.27 ± 0.11) in T1 2% while significantly lower levels were recorded with serum protein (2.47 ± 0.10) and albumin (0.67 ± 0.25) in T4. Digestive enzyme parameters were observed to be significantly higher with amylase in T1 2.5% (9.79 ± 0.10), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in control (16.04 ± 1.27) and T4 (15.98 ± 1.19), lipase in T3 2.5% (5.50 ± 0.04), protease in T1 2.5% (14.32 ± 0.13). Significantly lower amylase was observed in control (2.36 ± 0.16) and T4 (5.50 ± 0.35). Alkaline phosphatase was lower in T1 2.5% (7.15 ± 0.76) with lipase lower in control (2.06 ± 0.21) and T4 (2.76 ± 0.34), and lower protease was observed in control (7.38 ± 0.13) and T4 (11.16 ± 0.08).ThesisItem Open Access Carbon sequestration potential of Avicennia sp. and Salicornia sp. in coastal regions of Nagapattinam and Thoothukudi”,(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 2021) Mr. Picko Sanggrik W Sangma; Dr. V. Rani; Dr. P. Padmavathy; Mr. T. AnandThe present study was conducted to assess the carbon sequestration potential of Avicennia marina and Salicornia brachiata in coastal regions of Nagapattinam and Thoothukudi for the period of three different monsoon seasons in a year. The leaves, stem and root of mangrove A. marina and salt marsh plant S. brachiata were collected from the two locations, Thoothukudi and Nagapattinam. The physicochemical parameters were of plants such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) were analyzed using Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen and Sulfur (CHNS) elemental analyzer. Sediments of both plants were also collected for analysis soil properties such as pH, bulk density (BD), sediment organic matter (SOM), microbial loads, sediment organic carbon (SOC), and interstitial water salinity and identify the presence of functional groups in the sediments. The carbon concentration in the root, stem and leaves of A. marina and S. brachiata were analyzed for different seasons and compared for both the locations. During observation, the mean value of C was 35.786% in A. marina with the maximum value of 44.726% found in leaves during the pre-monsoon season (February) at Nagapattinam and the minimum value of 26.957% in root during the month of November in post-monsoon season at Thoothukudi. The mean C value of S. brachiata was 29.786% with the maximum value of 51.408% found in leaves during post-monsoon in the month of December at Nagapattinam and the minimum value of 17.938% in leaves during pre-monsoon in the month of February at Nagapattinam. The concentration of carbon were significantly differ between the stations (p˂0.05) but not between the seasons (p˃0.05). The average concentration of hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur were 5.406%, 3.974% and 0.292% in A. marina and 4.776%, 3.128% and 0.409% in S. brachiata respectively. There was no significant difference between the seasons and stations (p˃0.05). The physicochemical parameters such as pH, bulk density (BD), sediment organic matter (SOM), and sediment organic carbon (SOC), microbial loads were also analyzed. The pH of both the plant sediments were found in the range of 6-6.9 which is slightly acidic in nature and bulk density were ranged from 3.161 g cm-3 to 13.624 g cm-3 in A. marina and 1.976 g cm-3 to 9.565 g cm-3 in S. brachiata. The BD was found more on the top surface 0-10 cm depth than the 10-20 cm and A. marina sediment content more BD than S. brachiata sediments which could be due to accumulation of sediment and plant litters from tidal exchange. The mean value of SOM and SOC were 3.99% and 2.492% in both A. marina and S. brachiata respectively. The relationship of SOM and SOC showed that with the increased value of SOM, SOC also increased which is already 50% of organic matter. Microbial loads found in S. brachiata sediments was 9.65 x 104 which was more than the 7.75 x 104 of A. marina sediment. Micro-organisms fed on plant tissue and transfer the carbon to fine root and sediments. In the present study, the salinity found in the interstitial water was range from 20 to 22 ppt in A. marina sediments and 12 to 14 ppt in S. brachiata sediments. The salinity served as nutrient to plant which helps in plant growth and reproduction. Slight changes in salinity could affects the plant mechanism. The main functional groups identified in the sediments of A. marina and S. brachiata were O-H group of alcohols and phenols, N-H groups of amines and amides and aliphatic CH3 and CH2. The O-H groups of alcohols and phenols (3630-3600 cm-1) and aliphatic CH3 and CH2 (2930-2810 cm-1) were observed in all depths of samples except in A. marina depth (0-10 cm). Other Functional groups were detected around 1650-1620 cm-1, 1500-1400 cm-1, 1060-1000 cm-1 with the N-H bending vibration (amide II band), C-C ringing stretch with the aromatic ring, C-H bending vibration in alkenes and C-O stretching vibration (esters, ethers or carboxylic acids). C-N stretching in amines, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Antioxidant, antibacterial and functional characteristics of melanin and melanin free ink from selected cephalopod species(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 2021) Praisy M. Shaju; Dr. P. Ganesan; Dr. S. David Kingston; Mr. M. MurugananthamCephalopods represent one of the ocean's greatest potential food resources. In Tamil Nadu, especially, at Thoothukudi coast cephalopod is a pronouncing commodity in foreign exports. They are processed and exported in various forms. The ink, usually discarded as waste can be used as a source for bioactive compounds. Though, there are many reports of bioactive properties in crude ink, as far now there are only a few reports regarding the bioactive properties in melanin and MFI (Melanin Free Ink). The present study investigated the antioxidant of MFI and antibacterial properties of MFI and melanin from three cephalopods such Sepia pharaonis, Sepioteuthis lessioniana and Amphioctopus aegina using in-vitro assays. The melanin and MFI were separated out by ultracentrifuging the crude ink at 50,000 rpm for 1hr at 4°C. The percentage yield of MFI in cuttlefish, squid and octopus were estimated as 64, 68 and 67.5%, respectively and its protein content was recorded as 1.2±.01, 1.04±.03 and 1.52±.01 mg/ml, respectively. DPPH scavenging activity of MFI from S. lessoniana was found to be concentration dependent and had a maximum activity of 17.83±0.84% at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml. MFI from S. pharaonis and A. aegina showed the highest scavenging activity of 8.19±0.25% and 28.29±0.41% at a concentration of 0.04 mg/ml and 0.045 mg/ml, respectively. MFI from S. pharaonis, S. lessoniana and A. aegina had the highest metal chelating activity of 15.78±0.42, 26.96±0.49 and 47.62±0.48% at a concentration of 0.03, 0.015 and 0.04 mg/ml, respectively. When MFI added with sardine fish mince, it retarded the lipid oxidation during the entire storage period and it was very clear with the lower TBARS values compared to the control. On the 15th day of storage the TBARS values of mince with MFI of S. pharaonis, S. lessoniana, and A. aegina were 3.25±0.05, 3.09±0.05 and 2.83±0.07 mg MAD/kg fish, respectively. These values were lower than 3.62 mg MAD/kg fish, which was the TBARS value of fish mince without MFI on the 3rd day The in vitro antibacterial properties of melanin and MFI were tested against eight human pathogens such as Gram positive strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 11632 and Gram negative strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 98, Salmonella arizonae ATCC 13314, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Vibrio vulnificus MTCC 1145. Though MFI had no antibacterial activity, melanin from all the three cephalopods showed concentration dependent antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens. Melanin from A. aegina has shown the highest inhibitory activity of 25 mm against Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 98. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of O-H or N-H stretching vibration of carboxylic acid and phenolic in MFI of cephalopods. The spectrum received for melanin revealed its structural similarity with substances such as indole, pyrrole and substituted pyrrole. The present study reveals that MFI from cephalopods possess antioxidant properties and the melanin possess promising antibacterial activity and also suggest that MFI and melanin from cephalopods can be used as a natural source of antioxidant and antibacterial agent, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access An analysis on the utilization pattern of reservoir cage farming in Khammam district of Telangana state(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 2021) Mr. Shetty Shiva Shanker; Dr. K. Veerabhadran; Dr. T. Umamaheswari; Dr. P. Padmavathy; Dr. Vidhyasagar ReddyNow a day’s reservoir cage farming is one of the effective methods of utilizing natural resources for enhancing better production in a limited time. Against this background, the present study was carried out to document the socio-economic profile, technology adoption practices and constraints faced by the reservoir cage farmers of Khammam district of Telangana state. In Khammam district, three reservoirs viz., Palair, Wyra and Lankasagar were purposively selected due to the predominance of cage farming in the selected reservoirs. A total of 120 progressive cage farmers were selected randomly and the first-hand information were collected through pre-structured interview schedule and the collected data were analyzed using the appropriate statistical tools. Totally, 15 independent variables were selected keeping the objectives in view. The results revealed that most of the cage farmers belonged to old (39.17%) and young (30.83%) age group and about 42.50 per cent of the respondents were illiterate. About 45.00 per cent of the respondents had fisheries as their primary occupation and 85.84 per cent of them were married. It was observed that about 51.67 per cent of the farmers had an annual income of ₹ < 3.0 lakhs and 54.16 per cent of them had 2-4 years of experience in cage farming. It is noteworthy to mention that medium level of information seeking behavior, social participation, mass media exposure, risk orientation, contact with extension agencies and scientific orientation were observed among 70.84 per cent, 65.84 per cent, 75.84 per cent, 58.34 per cent, 65.84 per cent and 67.50 per cent, respectively. Similarly, medium level of decision making behavior and participation in trainings were noticed among 66.66 per cent and 55.00 per cent of the reported farmers, respectively. While use of anchors and bottom weights, farming technologies, fish seed quality and type of marketing practices were mainly adopted by 56.66 per cent, 53.33 per cent, 51.66 per cent and 50.83 per cent of the reservoir cage farmers, respectively, periodic sampling and grading (58.33%), disease diagnosis (57.50%), water quality management (54.16%), use of minerals and chemicals (54.16%) and application of fish feed and organic manure (54.16%), record maintenance (54.16%) were partially adopted. Age (X1), Experience in cage farming (X6), Participation in trainings (X15) showed significance at 1.00 per cent level and found to be positively correlated. Occupational status (X3), Annual income (X4), Information seeking behavior (X5), Contact with extension agency (X12), and Decision making behavior (X14) had positive correlation at 5.00 per cent level of significance. The estimated R2 value was 0.524 which clearly indicate that 52.40 per cent of the variations observed among the independent variables were explained in the extent of adoption of farming practices by the cage farmers. Among the identified constraints (15 nos.), less market price (I), slow growth rate of fish (II) and lack of technical knowledge in cage farming were reported as the most significant constraints by 91.66 per cent, 90.00 per cent and 89.16 per cent of the surveyed farmers, respectively. Establishment of Aqua feed mills and shops on Public Private Partnership (PPP) and fish hatcheries and seed rearing centers and imparting Skill development training and awareness programs on cage farming practices and usage of ICT tools shall encourage the farmers to adopt the advanced cage farming practices intensively.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the spermatological properties and standardization of cryopreservation protocol for cobia, Rachycentron canadum(Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 2021) Ms.Sweety Singh; Dr. C. Judith Betsy; Dr. J. Stephen Sampath Kumar; Dr. Cheryl AntonyMilt was collected from Rachycentron canadum brooders reared in open sea cages of Marine Finfish Hatchery Project, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture, Muttom, Kanyakumari district. Spermatological parameters like sperm density, motility duration, motility pattern and motility score were observed in the collected milt. After recording the initial parameters of raw milt, the milt was cryopreserved using 0.85% Physiological Saline and Marine Fish Ringer’s Solution with Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant (10% and 5% level in diluents) at three dilution ratios such as 1:40, 1:80 and 1:120. The diluted milt was equilibrated for 10 min at 4oC in the cold handling unit and rapid frozen for 10 mins by liquid nitrogen vapour freezing method. The cryopreserved spermatozoa were analysed once in 10 days for 30 days after thawing of the straws at 30° C for 30 s. The thawed milt was observed under microscope for the same parameters of the pre-frozen milt and the data were recorded. Raw milt of R. canadum exhibited the highest post-thaw motility duration of 58 s whereas the motility score was 9 and all the spermatozoa showed forward and circular movement. The sperm density in the milt of R. canadum spermatozoa was 3.04×109 Cells/ml, 2.51×109 Cells/ml and 1.96×109 Cells/ml at 1:40, 1:80 and 1:120 dilution ratios respectively. R. canadum milt diluted with 0.85% Physiological Saline showed the highest post thaw motility duration (55±1 s) with a motility score of 9. There were 89% of live cells with forward and circular motility pattern, whereas the post-thaw motility parameters are low in Marine Fish Ringer’s solution. The motility duration was 34.33±1.52 s, motility score was 2 with 74% live cells and weak vibratory motility pattern. The values of motility duration were statistically significant between the two extenders used (p˂0.001). R. canadum milt cryopreserved with 10% DMSO exhibited the highest post-thaw motility duration of 55±1 s, whereas the sperm motility duration was decreased in 5% DMSO with motility duration of 34.33±1.52 s. When DMSO was used at 5 and 10% concentration for cryopreservation of R. canadum milt, the difference in motility pattern observed was only due to the extender used. Spermatozoa exhibited only forward and circular movement throughout the experiment when DMSO was used at 5 and 10% concentration along with PS, whereas the motility pattern was weak vibratory when DMSO was combined with MFRS. No change in motility score was noticed when R. canadum milt was cryopreserved with DMSO, however, the score was influenced by the diluent used and the cryopreservation period. The values of motility duration were statistically significant between the two concentrations of DMSO (p˂0.05). R. canadum milt diluted at 1:40 showed the highest post-thaw motility duration of 55±1 s as compare to 1:80 (53.66 s) and 1:120 (50.33 s) dilution ratios. It can be inferred that the motility pattern and motility score of spermatozoa diluted at 1:40, 1:80 and 1:120 changed depending on the duration of cryopreservation and type of extender used. The present study revealed that Physiological Saline with 10% DMSO at 1:40 dilution ratio is suitable for cryopreservation of R. canadum spermatozoa.
