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ThesisItem Open Access EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL WOMEN BY PARTICIPATION IN AGRI-BASED ENTERPRISES(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2024-02-13) DANGORE ASHWINI PRAMODRAO; Sawant P. A.; Warawadekar S. C.; Kshirsagar P. J.; More V. G.The present study was conducted in all the five districts of Konkan region of Maharashtra namely Plaghar, Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg with the major objective to study the empowerment of rural women in agri-based enterprises. Total 250 trained rural women were selected from all five districts of Konkan region and 'ex-post-facto' research design was used for the present study. The data were collected by personal interview of trained rural women.ThesisItem Open Access PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND EXPORT OF RICE: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2024-01-30) CHAKRANARAYAN ANKITA DINKAR; Torane S. R.; Kshirsagar P. J.; Sawant P. A.; Thorat T. N.; Naik V. G.The study entitled "Production Processing and export of Rice: An Economic Analysis," was conducted with the specific objectives, relying on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through the personal interview. Three districts of north Konkan region of Maharashtra state, India were selected. The final sample consisted three districts, nine tahsils, 18 villages, and 180 rice growers.ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF KOKUM (Garcinia indica Choisy)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2022) MAHESH SAKHARAM SHEDGE; P. M. Haldankar; Ahammed Shabeer T.P.; C. D. Pawar; V. V. Dalvi; M.C. KastureThe present investigation entitled “Characterization and phytochemical analysis of kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy)” was carried out at college of Horticulture, Dapoli. Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) during the year 2020-21 and 2021- 2022. The objective of investigation were variability study with regards to flowering pattern, fruit characters, physio-chemical parameters and phytochemical analysis of kokum accessions.. For the present study, thirty-two kokum trees of full bearing stage (ten trees from each district and two released varieties viz., Kokan Amruta and Kokan Hatis) were selected randomly from three districts viz; Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri and Raigad of the Konkan region of Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with thirty two treatments viz. T1(Accession 1) to T32(Accession 32) with single tree per replication. Statistical data analysis of biochemical and phytochemical was done using a statistical software package, Statistical Analysis System (SAS JMP) ver.16. The Turkey Kramer HSD at p ≤ 0.05 was used to assess significant differences between treatment groups. All experiments were replicated three times for each one of them. The principal component analysis (PCA), clustering and heat map was done using Metaboanalyst 5.0. The result of present study indicated that the flower bud initiation was started from October first week and flowering start from November first week to December third week. The kokum accessions namely T6, T7, T16 and T21 were started earlier flowering in both the years as compared to other accessions. Further, the early harvesting was started from the first week of March in accession 7, 15, 16 and 21 during the both year of study. While studying flowering parameters, all the parameters were significantly varied i.e., flower length, flower breadth, pedicel length, number of staminodes, number of pistil lobes, pistil length and pistil breadth among the thirty two kokum accessions under study. The accessions T22 showed significantly the highest value for most of the parameters except pedicel length and number of staminodes. With regards to physical parameters of the kokum fruit viz., fruit weight(86.08g), fruit diameter(6.07cm), fruit circumference(19.48cm), fruit volume(84.53ml), rind weight(41.43g), pulp/seed weight(44.25g), fresh seed weight(9.93g), dry seed weight (4.29g), kernel weight(2.69g) were highest in T22 accessions. However the accession T24 showed significantly the highest fruit length (4.59cm) and fruit set percentage (68.71%) and it was at par with T7(68.60%) and T16(68.39%). Further the rind thickness was recorded highest (0.51cm) in T1 accession. The accession T26 had the highest total number of seed and number of filled seed 8.17 and 7.06 respectively. However the number of unfilled seed was the highest in T6(3.22) and lowest in T27(0.00). The number of fruit per kilogram is important factor for accessing yield. It was lowest in T19(40.43), which indicates the lowest fruit weight in T19. However the lowest number of fruit per kilogram was recorded in T22(11.62). One of the important characters as far as yield per tree is concerned; it was significantly the highest in accession T22(255.00kg). Shelf life was also the highest (7.58 days) in T22 and T24 accessions. It was at par with T7(7.50 days) accession. The specific gravity was found non- significant. Chemical parameters were significantly the highest value noticed in various accessions. The T7 accession was showed highest T.S.S.(14.42oBrix), total sugars(10.16%), reducing sugars(5.09%), however moisture content(88.08%) in T22, acidity (4.44%) in T9 and T26. Further, non- reducing sugars (5.20%), ascorbic acid (9.62mg/100g) and fat content(62.12%) was significantly highest in T19, T25, and T14, respectively. With respect to phytochemical analysis, total phenolics contents (TPC), and anthocyanin content were found significantly highest in T7(39.453±0.722 mgg-1) and (4875.703±99.428 mg L-1) respectively. Further, kokum accession T7 showed significantly highest antioxidant potential (249.94 ± 0.611μM TE) and (323.03±1.833 μM TE) by DPPH and CUPRAC assay activity. However, highest total flavonoids contents (TFC) in T20(63.633±1.102 mg g-1 ). Anthocyanin profiling through MS/Ms mass spectra analysis, total 42 anthocyanin compounds were identified in kokum rind anthocyanin with four major groups viz., cyanidins, peonidins, delphinidins and pelargonidins. The most prominent anthocyanin pigmement was cyanidin 3-sambubioside and other was in less relative concentration. With regards to hydroxy citric acid (HCA) and garcinol content was highest in T25(35.27 %) and T27 (1.065±0.003 %) kokum accession respectively. The highest saturated fatty acid in T17(47.74%), mono unsaturated fatty acids content in T16 (91.84%) and poly unsaturated fatty acid in (T18 (29.11%). The proportions of PUFAs, MUFAs and SFAs in kokum kernel powder of 32 kokum accessions were 6.18%, 76.56% and 17.29% respectively. Also the released variety „Kokan Amruta‟ was found high HCA content. The Diveagar accessions were promising character in most of the horticultural and phytochemical traitsThesisItem Open Access STANDARDIZATION OF MEDIA AND BAG SIZE FOR REBAGGING JACKFRUIT (Artocarpus heterophyllus), JAMUN (Syzygium cumunni) AND KARONDA (Carrisa carandas) GRAFTS UNDER KONKAN AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023-11-08) MORE VEDIKA VIJENDRAThe present investigation entitled “Standardization of media and bag size for rebagging Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Jamun (Syzygium cumunni) and Karonda (Carrisa carandas) grafts under Konkan Agroclimatic conditions” was carried out at college of Horticulture, Dapoli. Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The objectives of studies were to find out the effect of potting media and to standardize bag size on sprouting, survival and growth of Jackfruit, Jamun and Karonda grafts. The whole investigation was conducted through three experiments. The first experiment was “Standardization of media and bag size for rebagging of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) grafts under Konkan Agroclimatic conditions” laid out in Randomized Block Design. The experiment comprised of eleven treatments i.e., T1- Bag size 6″×8″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1)– (Absolute Control), T2- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1), T3 - Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (2:1), T4- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (1:1), T5- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost+ Rice husk (1:1:1), T6- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + FYM+ Rice husk (1:1:1), T7- Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1), T8- Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (2:1), T9 -Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (1:1), T10 - Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost+ Rice husk (1:1:1) and T11 -Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + FYM+ Rice husk (1:1:1) which were replicated thrice. The significantly highest height of jackfruit grafts (110.94 cm), girth above graft union (12.88 mm), maximum number of leaves (41.71), number of shoots (5.32), number of nodes (12.53), fastest absolute growth rate (0.329 cm/day), relative growth rate (0.0215 cm/cm/day), maximum fresh weight of grafts (165.67 g), highest number of adventitious roots (101.88), dry weight of root (35.06 g), significantly maximum rate of photosynthesis (5.31 μmol CO2 m-2 sec-1), rate of transpiration (3.87 μmol H2O m-2 sec-1) was recorded in treatment T8. Whereas, the longest length of root (45.97 cm) was recorded in T11. The highest net return (Rs. 86562.30), B:C ratio (4.67) was registered in treatment T6. The second experiment was “Standardization of media and bag size for rebagging Jamun (Syzygium cumunni) grafts under Konkan Agroclimatic conditions”. It consisted of eleven treatments viz., T1- Bag size 6″×8″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1)– (Absolute Control), T2- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1), T3 - Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (2:1), T4- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (1:1), T5- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost+ Rice husk (1:1:1), T6- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + FYM+ Rice husk (1:1:1), T7- Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1), T8- Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (2:1), T9 -Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (1:1), T10 - Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost+ Rice husk (1:1:1) and T11 -Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + FYM+ Rice husk (1:1:1), and was laid out in randomized block design. All treatments replicated three times. The significantly maximum plant height (117.85 cm), girth above union (10.87 mm), maximum number of leaves (43.03), number of shoots (7.44), number of nodes (11.08) was recorded in T11. The fastest absolute growth rate (0.458 cm/day), relative growth rate (0.0240 cm/cm/day) was found in T10. The maximum fresh weight of grafts (171.91 g), longest length of root (50.91 cm), highest number of adventitious roots (92.82), dry weight of root (35.02 g), maximum rate of photosynthesis (7.12 μmol CO2 m-2 sec-1) and rate of transpiration (4.33 μmol H2O m-2 sec-1) was recorded in treatment T11. The highest net return (Rs. 86462.30) and B:C ratio (4.67) was seen in T6. The third experiment was “Standardization of media and bag size for rebagging Karonda (Carrisa carandas) grafts under Konkan Agroclimatic conditions” consisted of eleven treatments viz. T1- Bag size 6″×8″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1)– (Absolute Control), T2- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1), T3 - Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (2:1), T4- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (1:1), T5- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + Vermicompost+ Rice husk (1:1:1), T6- Bag size 8″×10″ with media Soil + FYM+ Rice husk (1:1:1), T7- Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + FYM (3:1), T8- Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (2:1), T9 -Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost (1:1), T10 - Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + Vermicompost+ Rice husk (1:1:1) and T11 -Bag size 10″×14″ with media Soil + FYM+ Rice husk (1:1:1). The experiment was conducted in RBD with three replications. The significantly highest plant height (49.04 cm), girth above union (6.36 mm), maximum number of leaves (49.88), number of shoots (7.03), number of nodes (6.25) was recorded in T11. The fastest absolute growth rate (0.0650 cm/day), relative growth rate (0.0099 cm/cm/day) was found in T5. The maximum fresh weight of grafts (76.67 g), longest length of root (38.73 cm), highest number of adventitious roots (27.67), dry weight of root (10.78 g), maximum rate of photosynthesis (5.25 μmol CO2 m-2 sec-1), rate of transpiration (3.23 μmol H2O m-2 sec-1) was recorded in treatment T11. The treatment T6 had the highest net profit (Rs/-86462.30) and B:C ratio (4.67). It was concluded that for production of vigorous jackfruit grafts rebagging in bag size 10″×14″ with media containing soil along with vermicompost (2:1). Similarly. it is also proved that the size of polybag 10″×14″ with medium containing Soil, FYM and Rice husk in 1:1:1 proportion is best for survival and growth of jamun and karonda grafts under Konkan agro-climatic conditionsThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFECT OF SOLUBLE FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND YIELD OF BUSH PEPPER (Piper nigrum L.)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023-06-06) KIRAN YASHWANT SHIGVAN; Khandekar R.G.; Haldavnekar P. C.; Salvi V. G.; Salvi B. R.; Joshi M. S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on effect of soluble fertilizers on growth, flowering and yield of bush pepper (Piper nigrum L.)” was carried out at college of Horticulture, Dapoli. Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) during 2020-21 and 2021- 2022. The objectives of studies were to find out the effect of soluble fertilizers on growth, flowering and yield parameters of bush pepper. The present investigation comprises of seven treatments viz. T1- Application of 25 percent recommended fertilizer dose through water soluble fertilizers (WSF), T2- Application of 50 per cent recommended fertilizer dose through WSF, T3- Application of 75 percent recommended fertilizer dose through WSF, T4- Application of 100 percent recommended fertilizer dose through WSF, T5- Application of 125 percent recommended fertilizer dose through WSF, T5- Application of 150 percent recommended fertilizer dose through WSF and T7 (Control) – Application of 100 per cent RDF through straight fertilizers replicated four times and analyzed by Randomized block design. The growth parameters like plant height, AGR, RGR, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of leaves per branch, total number of leaves per plant, total leaf area LAI and plant girth was recorded at 90 days interval whereas, shoot length, number of new shoots, internodal length, number of spikes and number of new spikes was recorded at 60 days interval. At 720 days after planting treatment T5 i.e. application of 125 per cent RDF through WSF at weekly interval recorded maximum plant height (102.30cm), AGR (0.166 cm/day), RGR (2.010cm/cm/day), shoot length (70.58cm), number of new shoots per plant (9.01), number of primary and secondary branches per plant (7.23 and 3.78, respectively), Total number of leaves per plant, total leaf area and Leaf Area Index (194.45, 22538.09 cm2 and 0.724respectively) and plant girth (2.82cm). At the end of the 1st and 2nd year maximum internodal length was registered by treatment T5 where plants were supplied with 125 per cent RDF through soluble form i.e., 11.51 and 12.55cm, respectively. However, at 360 days after planting (DAP) and 720 DAP maximum leaf area (109.96cm2 and 121.62 cm2) was observed in treatment T5. After harvesting (at 720 DAP) maximum shoot length (103.00cm), fresh shoot weight (990.75g), dry shoot weight (234.25g), root length (80.75cm), number of primary and secondary roots (19.00 and 77.25, respectively), fresh and dry root weight 123.00 and 67.75g, respectively) and shoot to root weight ratio (28.87) was reported by the treatment in which plants were supplied with 125 per cent RDF through soluble form i.e. (T5). At 720 days after planting maximum number of spikes and new spikes per plant was recorded in treatment T5 i.e. 104.50 and 194.72, respectively. At the end of the 2nd year minimum days for harvesting (232.85) and at harvesting maximum spike length (19.08cm), fresh spike weight (16.35g), number of berries per spike 85.25), fresh berry weight per spike (15.30g) and 100 fresh berry weight (20.55g) was observed in treatment T5. In respect of two years cumulative fresh berry yield per plant (2340.83g), dry berry yield per plant (772.47g), dry berry yield per plot (23.17kg), dry berry yield per guntha (38.62kg) and dry berry yield per hectare (3.79t), treatment T5 (application of 125 % RDF through WSF) found to be best with highest B:C ratio of 2.32 per guntha and 2.27 per hectare. The soil analysis at the end of both the years of experimentation showed that pH and electrical conductivity among different levels of fertilizers was non-significant whereas, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium differs significantly with different levels of fertilizers. Increasing trend was observed in case of available NPK with increased in levels of fertilizers however, organic carbon decreased with increasing fertilizer levels. At the end of second year maximum available nitrogen (259.50kg ha-1), available phosphorus (15.62kg ha-1) and available potassium (406.00 kg ha-1) was observed in treatment T6 where plants were supplied with 150 per cent RDF through WSF whereas, treatment T7 (application of 100% RDF through straight fertilizer) recorded maximum organic carbon (18.92g kg-1). Correlation study clearly stated that the yield was highly significantly correlated with plant height, number of leaves, number of spikes, available nitrogen, available potassium and organic carbon content in soil thereby revealing that the increase in the said factors helped to increase the yield. The highest net returns of Rs. 13,172.35/- per guntha and Rs. 12,83,619/- per hectare with B: C ratio (2.32 and 2.27, respectively) was recorded in treatment (T5) when plants were supplied with 125 per cent of recommended dose of fertilizer in soluble form.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of nitrogen levels, spacing, bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) var. PDKV Waigaon(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023-04) Suraj Pandurang Khedkar; Mali P. C.; Khandekar R. G.; Salvi V. G.; Salvi B. R.The present investigation entitled “Influence of nitrogen levels, spacing, bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L) var. PDKV Waigaon” was undertaken at College of Horticulture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2021 and 2022 by considering the importance of turmeric under Konkan agro-climatic conditions. The first experiments was laid out in a split plot design using three levels of spacing and four levels of nitrogen with three replications along with the common dosage of phosphorous (50 kg ha-1) and potassium (150 kg ha-1), However, second experiment was carried out using factorial randomize block designconsistingtwo organic manures and five bio fertilizers with three replications. The observations were recorded on various pre harvest and post harvest parameters viz; number of leaves, plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, relative growth rate on height basis (cm/cm/day), absolute growth rate on height basis (cm/day), length, girth, nodes and weight of mother rhizome and number of fingers, nodes, length, girth, total weight of primary and secondary fingers, curcumin content (%), yield per plant (g), yield of fresh turmeric per plot (kg), yield per hectare in tones (t), dry recovery (%). Most of the parameters were differed significantly in both the experiments. The treatment S1 (45 cm × 45 cm) wider spacing showed highest number of leaves (12.15) and number of tillers per plant (2.84), whereas closer spacing S3 (45 cm × 15 cm) recorded the highest plant height (96.35 cm), relative growth rate (0.0008 cm/cm/day) and absolute growth rate (0.18 cm/day). Plants supplied with treatment N1 (300 kg ha-1) recorded the highest pre harvest parameters viz., number of leaves (13.79), plant height (101.35 cm), number of tillers per plant (3.59), relative growth rate(0.0010 cm/cm/day) and absolute growth rate (0.22 cm/day). However, the interaction effects between spacing and nitrogen treatment combination S1N1 (45 cm × 45 cm; 300 kgha-1 N) recorded the highest number of leaves (14.98) and number of tillers per plant (3.91), whereas the interaction effects of treatment combination S3N1 (45 cm × 15 cm; 300 kg ha-1 N) recorded the highest plant height (110.19 cm). The interaction (S × N) effect found to be non-significant with respect to relative and absolute growth rate on height basis parameters. Post harvest parameters viz., the highest length (7.97 cm), girth (3.68 cm), nodes (7.45) and weight (31.95 g) of mother rhizome, the highest number of primary fingers (13.31), length (7.48 cm), girth (2.29 cm), nodes (10.29) and total weight (296.48 g) of primary fingers rhizome and the highest number of secondary fingers (16.97), length (4.97 cm), girth (1.99 cm), nodes (8.09) and total weight (158.01 g) of secondary finger rhizome were recorded in wider spacing of S1 (45 cm × 45 cm). However, with regards to effect of nitrogen, N1 (300 kg ha-1) recorded the highest length (8.46 cm), girth (4.16 cm), nodes (7.90) and weight (33.38 g) of mother rhizome, the highest number of primary fingers (15.12), length (8.25 cm), girth (2.34 cm), nodes (10.98) and total weight (365.05 g) of primary fingers rhizome and the highest number of secondary fingers (17.93), length (5.10 cm), girth (2.06 cm), nodes (8.35) and total weight (180.20 g) of secondary finger rhizome. However, the interaction effect of treatment combination S1N1 (45 cm × 45 cm; 300 kg ha-1 N) recorded the highest length (9.40 cm), girth (4.40 cm) and weight (34.16 g) of mother rhizome, the highest number of primary fingers (15.51), length (8.71 cm), girth (2.39 cm) and total weight (439.44 g) of primary fingers rhizome and the highest number of secondary fingers (19.42), girth (2.12 cm) and total weight (202.13 g) of secondary finger rhizome. Whereas, nodes of mother, primary, secondary rhizome and length of secondary rhizome were found to be non-significant with respect to interaction effect. Turmeric yield and yield attributing characters viz., the highest yield per plant (486.44 g) recorded in S1 (45 cm × 45 cm), whereas yield of fresh turmeric per plot (12.58 kg) and yield per hectare in tones (41.93 t) was recorded in S3 (45 cm × 15 cm). With regards to nitrogen,the highest yield per plant (578.63 g), yield of fresh turmeric per plot (11.99 kg) and yield per hectare in tones (39.96 t) were recorded with the treatment N1 (300 kg ha-1). However, the interaction effect of treatment combination S1N1 (45 cm × 45 cm; 300 kg ha-1 N) recorded the highest yield per plant (676.00 g), whereas, fresh turmeric per plot (17.55 kg) and yield per hectare in tones (58.48 t) was recorded in treatment combination S3N1 (45 cm × 15 cm; 300 kg ha-1 N). Whereas, curcumin content (%) and dry recovery were found to be non-significant with respect to effect of nitrogen, spacing and their interaction. The economic analysis of the yield data revealed that S3N1 i.e., 45 cm × 15 cm and 300 kg ha-1 N recorded the highest gross return (Rs. 1321800) and B:C ratio (1.91) as well. The results of organic manures and bio fertilizers experiment treatment O2 (Vermicompost 7.5 t ha-1) recorded the highest pre harvest parameters. Pre harvest parameters viz., number of leaves (12.91), plant height (76.44 cm), number of tillers per plant (2.01) and absolute growth rate (0.27 cm/day). The treatment B4 (PSB 5 kg ha-1) showed highest number of leaves (14.01), plant height (81.97 cm) and number of tillers per plant (2.63) and absolute growth rate (0.29 cm/day), respectively. The relative growth rate found non significant in organic manures and biofertilizers, However, the interaction effect of treatment combination O2B4 (7.5 t ha-1 Vermicompost; 5 kg ha-1 PSB) recorded the highest number of leaves (14.78), highest plant height (86.40 cm), number of tillers per plant (2.87) and absolute growth rate (0.35 cm/day), whereas the interaction effect of treatment combination O1B2 (25 t ha-1 FYM; VAM 3kg ha-1) recorded the highest (0.0019 cm/cm/day) relative growth rate on height basis. Post harvest parameters viz., the highest length (7.90 cm), girth (3.06 cm), nodes (11.24) and weight (36.87 g) of mother rhizome, the highest number of primary fingers (11.13), length (8.01 cm), girth (2.28 cm), nodes (11.23) and total weight (244.38 g) of primary fingers rhizome and the highest number of secondary fingers (14.88), length (3.96 cm), girth (2.05 cm), nodes (9.60) and total weight (164.19 g) of secondary finger rhizome was recorded in O2 (Vermicompost 7.5 t ha- 1). However, with regards to effect of bio fertilizers, B1 (PSB 5kg ha-1) recorded the highest length (8.24 cm), girth (3.85 cm), nodes (12.42) and weight (41.70 g) of mother rhizome, the highest number of primary fingers (14.34), length (8.65 cm), girth (2.38 cm), nodes (12.63) and total weight (323.4 g) of primary fingers rhizome and the highest number of secondary fingers (17.7), length (4.64 cm), girth (2.12 cm), nodes (9.93) and total weight (190.56 g) of secondary finger rhizome. However, the interaction effect of treatment combination O2B4 (Vermicompost 7.5 t ha-1; PSB 4 kg ha-1) recorded the highest length (8.65 cm), girth (4.16 cm) and weight (44.18 g) of mother rhizome, the highest number of primary fingers (16.25), length (8.80 cm), girth (2.45 cm) and total weight (380.03 g) of primary fingers rhizome and the highest number of secondary fingers (18.80), girth (2.12 cm) and total weight (207.75 g) of secondary finger rhizome. Whereas, nodes of mother, primary, secondary rhizomes and length of secondary rhizome were found to be non-significant with respect to interaction effect. Turmeric yield and yield attributing characters viz., the highest yield per plant (445.45 g), yield of fresh turmeric per plot (8.02 kg) and yield per hectare in tones (26.72 t ha-1) were recorded with the treatment O2 (Vermicompost 7.5 t ha-1). With regards to biofertilizers, the highest yield per plant (555.69 g), yield of fresh turmeric per plot (10.00 kg) and yield per hectare in tones (33.34 t) was recorded in B4 (PSB 5 kg ha-1). However, the interaction effect of treatment combination O2B4 (Vermicompost 7.5 t ha-1; PSB 5 kg ha-1) recorded the highest yield per plant (631.95 g), whereas, fresh turmeric per plot (11.38 kg) and yield per hectare in tones (37.91 t) was recorded in treatment combination O2B4 (Vermicompost 7.5 t ha-1; PSB 5 kg ha-1). Whereas, curcumin content (%) and dry recovery were found to be non-significant with respect to effect of organic manures, bio fertilizers and their interaction. The economic analysis of the yield data revealed that O2B4 i.e., Vermicompost 7.5 t ha-1and PSB 5 kg ha-1 recorded the highest gross return (Rs. 863400) and B:C ratio (1.89). From above findings, it could be concluded that the turmeric planted at the spacing 45 cm ×15 cm with the application of 300 kg nitrogen per ha and vermicompost 7.5 t ha-1 and 5 kg ha-1 PSB along with common dose of 50 kg phosphorus and 150 kg potassium per ha under Konkan agro-climatic conditions was found economicalThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWING CONDITIONS, MEDIA AND POT SIZE ON PERFORMANCE OF SOME INDOOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023) VARSHA BALIRAM CHAVAN; R.G. Khandekar; B. R. Salvi; V. G. Salvi; C. D. PawarConsidering the commercial importance of indoor ornamental plants for production; an investigation entitled „Studies on growing conditions, media and pot size on performance of some indoor ornamental plants” was undertaken at College of Horticulture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during 2020 to 2022. The research study included three sets of experiments. The first experiment was “Influence of growing conditions on growth of indoor ornamental plants” under Konkan agro climatic condition which comprised of two growing conditions i.e. shade net and polyhouse studied for two crops dracaena and croton. Second experiment was “Effect of media on performance of indoor ornamental plants. Two crops agloanema and snake plant were studied with four different soil less media combinations. Third experiment was “Effect of pot size on performance of indoor ornamental plants” i.e. syngonium and philodendron were studied with three different pot sizes. The first experiment consisted two treatments T1 (shade net) and T2 (polyhouse) and laid in paired „t‟ test with completely randomized design which showed that the dracaena and croton recorded significantly maximum survival (92.33 and 92.00 %) and vegetative parameters such as number of branches (3.03 and 4.74), number of leaves (98.07 and 51.56), plant spread (45.58 and 50.85 cm), leaf length (12.43 and 28.68 cm), leaf breadth (3.97 and 3.53 cm) were found significantly superior in treatment T1 i.e. shade net, whereas, significantly maximum plant height (90.05 and 71.22 cm) and petiole length (5.02 and 3.31 cm) were recorded by treatment T2 i.e. polyhouse in deacaena and croton: respectively. Other growth parameters, fresh leaf weight (1.66 and 3.33 g), dry leaf weight (0.36 and 0.99 g), number of primary roots (25.80 and 15.04), fresh stem weight (349.72 and 158.59 g), dry stem weight (54.72 and 33.25 g), fresh root weight (262.4 and 56.15 g) and dry root weight (60.57 and 13.72 g), chlorophyll a (1.63 and 1.87 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.39 and 0.55 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (2.02 and 2.42 mg/g) were observed in treatment T1 i.e. shade net in dracaena and croton ; respectively. The economics analysis of the yield data revealed that the highest B:C ratio (2.60 and 2.61) was found in treatment T1 i.e. shade net and recorded highest net profit (12419.0 and 11859.0 Rs./-)in dracaena and croton. The second experiment was consisted of four treatments viz., M1 i.e. vermicompost + FYM (3:1), M2 i.e. charcoal +vermicompost + rice husk + coconut husk + FYM (1:1:1:1:1), M3 i.e. coco-peat + rice husk + FYM + charcoal + coconut husk (1:1:1:1:1) and M4 i.e. coco-peat + vermicompost + wood shaving + charcoal + FYM (1:1:1:1:1) and was laid out in completely randomized design and replicated five times and revealed that significantly maximum survival (91.33 and 95.33 %) in treatment M2 i.e. charcoal + vermicompost + rice husk + coconut husk + FYM (1:1:1:1:1) which was found to be at par with the treatment M3 i.e. coco-peat + rice husk + FYM + charcoal + coconut husk (1:1:1:1:1) (88.87 and 92.00 %) and treatment M1 i.e. vermicompost + FYM (3:1) (88.67 and 94.00 %) in agloanema and snake plant crops ; respectively. Vegetative parameters such as plant height (61.97 and 65.14 cm), number of leaves (32.20 and 22.37), plant spread (49.91 and 48.99 cm), leaf breadth (6.55 and 5.76 cm) were significantly superior in treatment M2 i.e. charcoal + vermicompost + rice husk + coconut husk + FYM (1:1:1:1:1) in agloanema and snake plant. Other growth parameters revealed that significantly maximum number of suckers (8.58 and 12.09), fresh stem weight (450.03 g and 0.95 kg), dry stem weight (40.65 and 102.71 g), number of primary roots (208.72 and 149.25), fresh root weight (231.02 and 287.02 g) and dry root weight (35.66 and 38.39 g) were recorded in treatment M2 i.e. charcoal + vermicompost + rice husk + coconut husk + FYM (1:1:1:1:1) in agloanema and snake plant crops ; respectively. But economically the treatment M3 i.e. coco-peat + rice husk + FYM + charcoal + coconut husk (1:1:1:1:1) recorded highest net profit (6447.5 and 5007.5 Rs./-) promoting highest B:C ratio (2.19 and 2.09), which was statistically at par with the B:C ratio of treatment M2 i.e. charcoal + vermicompost + rice husk + coconut husk + FYM (1:1:1:1:1) (1.96 and 1.95) among growing media in agloanema and snake plant. Among different pot sizes in syngonium and philodendron treatment S1 i.e. 20 × 18 (cm) recorded maximum survival (88.10 and 88.10 %) which is at par with the treatment S2 i.e. 18 × 16 (cm) (86.87 and 87.14 %). Vegetative parameters such as plant height (56.94 and 52.57 cm), number of branches (5.46 and 4.26), number of leaves (37.99 and 37.48), plant spread (61.17 and 49.48 cm), leaf length (12.18 and 14.04 cm) and leaf breadth (9.82 and 10.05 cm) were also significantly superior in treatment S1 i.e. S1 i.e. 20 × 18 (cm) in syngonium and philodendron crops: respectively. Other growth parameters in which longest root length (38.47 and 31.64 cm), fresh leaf weight (5.61 and 5.44 g), dry leaf weight (1.12 and 0.09 g), number of primary roots (56.45 and 116.64), fresh stem weight (458.82 and 436.23 g), dry stem weight (44.78 and 40.49 g), fresh root weight (352.34 and 357.51 g) and dry root weight (36.92 and 35.61 g), chlorophyll a (1.97 and 2.15 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.48 and 0.49 mg/g), total chlorophyll (2.57 and 2.65 mg/g) were also recorded in the same treatment i.e. S1 i.e. 20 × 18 (cm) in syngonium and philodendron crops: respectively. But economically treatment the treatment S2 i.e. 18× 16 cm recorded highest net profit (4621 and 4574.2 Rs./-) promoting highest B:C ratio (3.01 and 3.00), which was statistically at par with the B:C ratio of treatment S1 i.e. 20 x 18 (2.64 and 2.80) among pot size in syngonium and philodendron. Whereas, S3 i.e. 15 x 13 recorded lowest B:C ratio (2.10 and 2.33) in syngonium and philodendron.ThesisItem Open Access GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF PROMISING LOCAL CHILLI GENOTYPE TO DIFFERENT SPACING AND MULCHING UNDER KONKAN AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023) KIRAN SANJAY GIRI; P. C. Haldavanekar; B. R. Salvi; V. V. Dalvi; V. G. MoreThe present investigation entitled “Growth and yield performance of promising local chilli genotype to different spacing and mulching under Konkan agro-climatic conditions” was undertaken at Experimental Farm, College of Horticulture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during two successive kharif seasons of 2021 and 2022 by considering the potential of promising local chilli genotype. A field experiment was conducted in split plot design consisting of three main treatments i.e. S1 (30 cm x 30 cm), S2 (45 cm x 30 cm) and S3 (60 cm x 30 cm) and three sub treatments i.e. M1 (no mulch), M2 (polyethylene mulch) and M3 (organic mulch i.e. gliricidia mulch). The observations were recorded on various growths, yield, fruit quality parameters and soil parameters. Different parameters showed significant difference with various spacing levels and mulching. All the growth parameters showed significant variation. The treatment combination S3M3 i.e. at 60 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) observed the highest plant height (97.40 cm), plant spread (61.65 cm), number of primary branches (11.50) and secondary branches (17.00). The same trend was exhibited regarding leaf area (6946.0 cm2) and leaf area index (4.08). Yield attributing parameters also showed significant variation. The treatment combination S3M3 i.e. at 60 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) recorded the lowest days for initiation of flowering (39.75), the lowest days for 50% flowering (47.63), the lowest days required for first harvesting (58.50) and the longest harvesting duration (61.38) with the highest fruit length (3.46 cm), fruit weight (3.96 g) and fruit diameter (19.19 mm) and also noted the highest fruit yield per plant (416.8 g), fruit yield per plot (5.63 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (17.37 t/ha). Regarding the fruit quality parameters and soil moisture content, the interaction effect of spacing and mulching showed non-significant effect. Soil parameters showed that the highest soil pH in S2M3 i.e. at 45 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) (6.07), S1M3 i.e. at 30 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) (6.07) and S3M2 i.e. at 60 cm x 30 cm spacing with polyethylene mulch (6.07) and the highest soil EC was reported in S3M3 i.e. at 60 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) (0.129 dS/m) and S2M3 i.e. at 45 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) (0.129 dS/m). The highest available nitrogen content and available potassium content (325.65 kg/ha) in the soil was noted in S2M3 i.e. at 45 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) (290.06 kg/ha). However, available phosphorous content exhibited non-significant variations. The overall data recorded during two years of experimentation revealed that the genotype DPL CA-8 was performed better with respect to growth, yield and quality parameters and recorded the highest yield as well as highest fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit weight at 60 cm x 30 cm spacing with organic mulch (gliricidia mulch) during kharif seasons under Konkan agro-climatic conditions.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK (CNN) AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) MODEL FOR DETECTION OF LEAF SPOT OF GROUNDNUT, ANTHRACNOSE AND POWDERY MILDEW OF MANGO(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023-12-28) NALAWADE REVATI RAMESH; Sawant S. D.; Joshi M. S.; More V. G.; Ingle P. M.; Dhekale J. S.This Ph.D. thesis presents a comprehensive study on the development and application of advanced machine learning techniques, specifically Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models, for the detection and diagnosis of leaf spot of groundnut, anthracnose, and powdery mildew of mango. The objective of this research was to explore the potential of deep learning techniques in plant pathology to improve the accuracy and efficiency of disease detection. Through the integration of image processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning, this thesis aims to address the challenges associated with the early and accurate diagnosis of these devastating diseases. The research methodology involved the collection of extensive datasets comprising high-resolution RGB and thermal images of infected and healthy leaves of groundnut and mango and mango inflorescence. Pre-processing techniques, including image augmentation, thermal data extraction and data normalization, were employed to enhance the quality and diversity of the image dataset. Subsequently, deep learning models were trained and fine-tuned using state-of-the-art CNN and ANN architectures. In CNN model development, two methods were used. In first method, Teachable machine, a machine learning platform and in second method VGG-16 pre-trained model was used to develop detection model based on RGB image dataset for leaf spot of groundnut, anthracnose and powdery mildew of mango. The developed teachable machine models achieved a high accuracy of 98%, 96% and 97% for detection and classification of leaf spot of groundnut, anthracnose, and powdery mildew of mango respectively. The groundnut disease detection model exhibited 97% precision, 98% recall, and 97% F1 score, mango anthracnose detection model exhibited 97% precision, 96% recall, and 96% F1 score and mango powdery mildew model achieved 96% precision, 98% recall, and 97% F1 score, outperforming traditional approaches and showcasing the potential of teachable machine platform in plant disease detection. These models were incorporated into an android mobile application for usage. These results highlight the potential of Teachable Machine as an effective tool for plant disease detection. The findings contribute to the field of plant pathology by showcasing the feasibility and practicality of using user-friendly machine learning platforms in agricultural applications. The trained VGG-16 model achieved accuracy of 92.52% in detecting and classifying early leaf spot disease in groundnut surpassing conventional methods and highlighting the potential of deep learning for plant disease detection. The VGG-16 model demonstrated strong generalization capabilities by successfully identifying leaf spot disease in unseen groundnut leaf images. This indicates the model's ability to adapt to variations in leaf appearances and its potential for real-world deployment. The high accuracy, robust generalization, and scalability of the model hold significant implications for plant disease management, facilitating timely interventions and targeted treatments. The ANN models developed for detection of early leaf spot of groundnut and anthracnose of mango using thermal images of disease infected leaves exhibited exceptional performance with Levenberg marquardt (LM) and Conjugate descent gradient (CM) learning algorithms. among the developed ANN models, the 2-2-1 architecture models with Levenberg Marquardt and Conjugate descent gradient algorithms performed very good as compared to other developed architectures. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed models in accurately identifying and classifying early leaf spot of groundnut and anthracnose of mango. The trained CNN and ANN models exhibited high accuracy, precision, and recall rates, outperforming traditional image processing methods and manual diagnosis by experts. Furthermore, the thesis investigates the transferability of the trained models by evaluating their performance on unseen datasets. The models displayed promising generalization capabilities, indicating their potential for real-world deployment and widespread application. The findings presented in this Ph.D. thesis hold significant implications for plant disease management and agricultural practices. The developed CNN and ANN models offer a non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective solution for early disease detection, enabling timely interventions and targeted treatments. This research contributes to the broader field of plant pathology and paves the way for further advancements in leveraging deep learning techniques for disease diagnosis and monitoring.
