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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE OF JACKFRUIT SEED FLOUR IN BAKING(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli , Dist : Ratnagiri, 2018-06) BARGE, KIRAN RAVINDRA; Divekar, S. P.Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the evergreen tree of family moraceae from tropical areas and widely grown in Asia. India has annual production of jackfruit as 1.436 million tons from an area of0.102 million hectors(Baruah, 2014). On an average, in ripe jackfruit, the bulb, seeds and rind form 29 %, 12 % and 59 % respectively (Jagadeesh et al., 2007). The jackfruit seed contains moisture 61.8 % (wb), protein 11.85 %, fiber 3.19 % and carbohydrate 26.20 %. The calorific value of jackfruit seed is 382.79 kcal/100g. It contains ash and fat as 0.15 % and 1.006 % respectively (Gupta et al., 2011). The Jackfruit seed flour contains an appreciable value of calcium 308.7 mg/100g, Iron 13.07 mg/100g, potassium 1478.1 mg/100g, sodium 6.066 mg/100g, copper 1.045 mg/100g and manganese 0.112 mg/100g. Jackfruit seeds are a good source of starch (22%) and fiber (3.19%). Extract from jackfruit seed helps in digestion. (Swami et al., 2012).The jackfruit seed flour may also be blended with wheat flour to explore the potential of low cost flour from jackfruit seed as an alternative raw material for bakery products like biscuit and cake(Chowdhury et al., 2012). In this research the effect of concentration of jackfruit seed flour on biscuit and cake and influence of particle size of jackfruit seed flour on biscuit and cake were studied. Effect of concentration of jackfruit seed flour on biscuit and cake were determined by using sensory evaluation. The overall acceptability for biscuits and cake obtained using 20% jackfruit seed flour and 80% refined wheat flour was more compared to other treatment combinations. Influence of jackfruit seed flour particle size on baked product determined using physical, textural, colour and sensory properties. In physical properties of biscuit the thickness, diameter and spread ratio were determined while for cake weight, volume, specific volume, density, volume index, symmetry index and uniformity index were determined. The textural analysis of baked products were done by using Universal Testing Machine. The colour analysis was measured by using Colour Scanning Machine. The biscuit with 20% jackfruit seed flour and 80% refined wheat flour with flour particle size of 0.77 mm gave highest sensory scores among all the treatments.The cake with 20% jackfruit seed flour and 80% refined wheat flour withflour particle size of 0.73mm get highest sensory scores among all the treatment combinations. The biscuit prepared with 20% jackfruit seed flour and 80% refined wheat flour with jackfruit seed flour particle size as 0.77mm was the best among all the treatment combinations. The cake prepared with 20% jackfruit seed flour and 80% refined wheat flour with jackfruit seed flour particle size as 0.73mm was found better among all the treatment combinations.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF ARROWROOT, LESSER YAM AND POTATO BASED EXTRUDED PRODUCTS(dbskkv., Dapoli, 2015-09) Ashok, Navale Surekha; Swami, S. B.In the present research work, ―Development of Arrowroot, Lesser yam and Potato based extruded products‖ was done from tuber crops i.e. arrowroot, lesser yam and potato flours at extrusion temperature 130, 150 and 170°C and screw speed 330, 360 and 390 rpm. Preparation of flour from this tuber crops by using the convective hot air dryer (tray dryer) at 60°C. The drying kinetics of arrowroot, lesser yam and potato slices in terms of moisture content verses drying time and moisture content verses drying rate was investigated. A convective hot air dryer (tray dryer) were employed to study the drying behavior at 60°C. The arrowroot, lesser yam and potato tuber crop slices were dried from an initial moisture content of 124.42% (db) to 7.61% (db); 361.71% (db) to 9.56% (db) and 243.85% (db) to 6.10% (db) respectively. It took around 8.25 h, 7.75 h and 9.25 h for drying of arrowroot, lesser yam and potato respectively by tray drying at 60°C. Physicochemical and functional properties of flours extracted from arrowroot, lesser yam and potato were investigated. Examination of the functional properties of prepared flours from arrowroot, lesser yam and potato blend in the ratio of 100:00:00, 00:100:00, 00:00:100, 00:50:50, 10:40:50, 20:30:50:, 30:20:50, 40:10:50 and 50:00:50 respectively were carried out. The nutritional properties of the flour combinations e.g. protein 2.27-5.36%, fat 0.23-0.98%, fiber 0.48-3.86%, ash 1.91-4.14%, moisture content 5.81-8.56% and carbohydrates 79.81-86.66% respectively. The functional properties of the flour combinations e.g. water absorption capacity 1.36-2.46ml/g, oil absorption capacity 0.63-1.56ml/g, bulk density 2.41-4.31g/cm3, flour dispersibility 24.33-41.33% and yellowness index 21.81-32.16 respectively. Extrusion cooking has been carried out at extrusion temperature 130, 150 and 170°C, screw speed 330, 360 and 390 rpm and flour combinations of Arrowroot flour, Lesser yam flour and Potato flours. Potato flour has been taken as base flour 50% and rest of the two flours varied i.e. Arrowroot flours were (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) and Lesser yam flour (50, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 0%). These three flour combinations at 10% MC (db) were extruded using twin screw extruder at screw speed 330, 360 and 390 rpm and barrel temperature 130, 150 and 170°C. The extrudates were analyzed for its functional properties (water absorption index, water solubility index, expansion ratio, bulk density and hardness) and physico-chemical properties (moisture content, protein, fat, crude fibre, ash content, carbohydrates and colour). The sensory analysis of the developed extrudates was performed through a panel of 45 trained judges for all 54 samples. The extrudates were optimized for its desirable better functional and nutritional properties (like lower bulk density, more expansion ratio, lower hardness; protein, fat, fibre, ash and carbohydrates). The optimum extrudates combination was observed at flour combination (Arrowroot:Lesser yam:Potato as 10:40:50) at screw speed 385-390 and temperature 130-135°C. The functional properties at optimum zone was bulk density 0.15 g/cm3, expansion ratio 3.10, hardness 1460g, water absorption index 4.22g/g and water solubility index 31.30% respectively. The nutritional properties at optimum zone was protein 2.80%, fat 1.40%, ash 1.96%, carbohydrates 85.01%, fibers 1.20% and moisture content 6.0 % (db) respectively. The sensory score was highest at Arrowroot: Lesser yam: Potato (10:40:50) at 390 rpm screw speed and 130°C temperature. The sensory properties at the optimum zone i.e. appearance 7.5, colour 7.2, taste 8.5, texture 7.4, crispiness 7.0, expansion 7.3 and overall acceptability 7.5 respectively. The extrudates prepared at optimum combination from (arrowroot (10%), lesser yam (40%) and potato (50%) with twin screw extruder at extrusion temperature 130°C, screw speed 390 rpm and 10% moisture (7ml water:3ml Kokum Liquid Concentrate)) were used for the packaging and storage study of the extrudates. The 60 g extrudates were packed in 3 types of packaging materials i.e. aluminium foil pouch (50 μ), polyethylene pouch (100 μ) and polyester pouch (40 μ) and stored at ambient temperature up to 60 days. Then stored samples were evaluated at interval of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days for nutritional properties like protein, fat, fiber, ash, moisture, carbohydrates and functional properties like expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index, water solubility index, hardness in order to study the storage stability of the product. It was reveled that the there is no significant (p≤0.01) effect of packaging material and storage durations on nutritional and functional properties of stored extrudates. Among the packaging materials studied aluminium foil pouch (50 μ) was the best packaging material to store the extrudates up to 60 days. The change in nutritional properties of the extrudates over original properties at the 60 days period in aluminium foil pouch were protein 0.1 %, fat 0.18 %, fiber 0.14 %, ash 0.13 %, carbohydrates 1 % and moisture 0.83 %. The change in functional properties of the extrudates over the original properties at 60 days period packed in the aluminium foil pouch is expansion ratio 0.04, bulk density 0.06 g/cm3, water absorption index 0.31 g/g, water solubility index 11.37 %, and hardness of extrudates 198 g respectively. Extrudates can be stored in good condition in aluminium foil pouch up to 2 months with better retention of nutritional and functional properties. (Keywords: Arrowroot, Lesser yam, Potato, Drying of tuber crops, Extrusion cooking, Nutritional and functional properties, Tuber flour, extrudates, Sensory analysis, Optimization of extrudates, Packaging, Storage.)ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MANGO STONE DECORTICATOR(DBSKKV., Dapoli, 2017-08) Bisen, Rajan Daduram; Divekar, Dr. S. P.ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MANGO STONE DECORTICATOR by Bisen Rajan Daduram College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. - Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. 2017 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Research Guide : Dr. S. P. Divekar Department : Agricultural Process Engineering ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) fruit belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae and it is grown in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical countries. In present experiments, results of physical and mechanical properties of mango stone, design and development of mango stone decorticator and performance evaluation of developed decorticator are reported and discussed. The average moisture content of alphonso, kesar and local mango stones were found as 41.66 %, 41.00 % and 40.34 %, respectively. And the average moisture content of alphonso, kesar and local mango kernel was found as 37.85 %, 38.33 % and 40.25 %, respectively. The average length, breadth and thickness was 65.01±7.1 mm, 35.14±3.7 mm and 12.09±2.7 mm for alphonso mango stone, 72.64±10.29 mm, 35.91±3.50 mm and 17.48±0.2.3 mm for kesar and 66.49±13.3 mm, 28.69±2.13 mm and 13.24±3.97 mm for local mango stone. Whereas, the average bulk density, true density, porosity, roundness, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, compressive stress and tensile stress of alphonso, kesar and local mango stone were 257.05±3.79 kg/m3, 382.06±10.27 kg/m3 and 375.2±17.4 kg/m3, respectively, 894.6±224 kg/m3, 1127±298 kg/m3 and 1051.1±393 kg/m3, respectively, 69.7±6.6 %, 66.6±6.5 % and 60.2±14 %, respectively, 0.666±0.02, 0.705±0.05 and 0.692±0.06, respectively, 63.3±1.5o, 64.8±0.6o and 63.1±0.8o, respectively, 0.897±0.079, 0.926±0.014 and 0.920±10.035, respectively, 927.05±221 k-N/m2, 727.85±436 k-N/m2 and xxi 939.54±396 k-N/m2, respectively and 503.27±178 k-N/m2, 1564.15±249 k-N/m2 and 1117.82±464 k-N/m2, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of mango kernel were also determined. The total time required for Sun drying of alphonso, kesar and local mango stone was 108 h, 114 h and 106 h. Whereas, The total time required to tray drying of alphonso, kesar and local mango stone was 60 h, 63 h and 66 h at 50 oC, 52 h, 54 h and 54 h at 60 oC and 44 h, 48 h and 49 h at 70 oC. The mango stone decorticator consists of feed hopper, decortication mechanism, concave, collection unit, cover and main frame. The decortication efficiency of the decorticator at 200, 250 and 300 rpm found was 99.4 %, 99.5 % and 99.3 %, respectively for alphonso mango stone, 99.1 %, 99.3 % and 99.3 %, respectively for kesar mango stone and 98.7 %, 99.0 % and 98.9 %, respectively for local mango stone. The output capacity of the decorticator was 150 kg/h. The energy consumption was found 300 watt/h for no-load condition and 450 watt/h for load condition. Keywords: Mango stone, Mango kernel, Physical and mechanical properties, Sun drying, Convective (tray) drying, Mango Stone Decorticator.ThesisItem Open Access TREND ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL IN KONKAN REGION OF MAHARASHTRA(DBSKKV., Dapoli, 2016-05) MANDALE, VARSHA PRAKASH; Mahale, D. M.SUMMARY The Konkan region receives the heavy rainfall but differs from other tropical regions because of the strong influence of the Arabian Sea and the Sahyadri hilly ranges. Rainfall is one of the substantial weather indicators of climate change (Mirza and Hossian, 2004). Rising temperatures across the globe would likely results in changes in precipitation and atmospheric moisture through a more active hydrological cycle, leading to increases in water holding capacity throughout the atmosphere at a rate of about 7 per cent per °C (IPCC 2007). The present study was undertaken for Konkan region of Maharashtra which is coastal part of Maharashtra covering total geographical area of 3.09 Mha. The region receives 46 per cent of total precipitation of the state on just 10 per cent of total area of the Maharashtra state. The Konkan region has hilly topography with highly drainable lateritic and non-lateritic soils. Due to porous nature of geological strata water holding capacity of soil is less which cause the most of rainfall drains away fastly in rainy season to adjacent Arabian Sea. Even though area having heavy rainfall, it faces water scarcity in summer season.`Daily rainfall data of Jamsar, Savarkhand, Khapari, Karjat, Chowk, Varandoli, Dapoli, Karambavane, Mulde, Vengurla and Amboli, stations. The daily data was converted into weekly, monthly and annual rainfall. Trends of monthly and annual rainfall were estimated by using Mann Kendall, Sen‘s Slope, Turning point test, Moving average and Regression methods whereas trends of weekly rainfall was calculated with the help of Mann Kendall and Sen‘s Slope method. Summary of results is as follows. 5.1 Summary: Average annual rainfall for available data at Jamsar (2702 mm), Savarkhand (2547 mm), Khapari (2478 mm), Karjat (2801 mm), Chowk (3197 mm), Varandoli (3824 mm), Dapoli (3635 mm), Karambawane (3893 mm), Mulde (3330 mm), Vengurla (2922 mm) and Amboli (6981 mm).All station received more than 400 mm rainfall in June, 900 mm in July except Khapari, 700 mm in August, 300 mm in September, except Vengurla and less than 200 mm rainfall in October month, except Karambwane, Mulde and Amboli. The average weekly rainfall increased continuously from week 22nd to 26th SMW except Dapoli station. Maximum rainfall received in week number 30th at Jamsar, Savarkhand, Karjat, Karambawane and Vengurla station whereas Amboli, Mulde Varandoli, chowk received highest rainfall in 28th SMW and Khapari in 29th SMW. According to Mann Kendall method annual as well as June, July, August and October month rainfall did not show any trend all over the Konkan region where as September month 79 rainfall exhibited increasing trend in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district and Palghar, Thane, Raigad district did not showed any trend. Mann Kendall method also showed only decreasing trend of weekly rainfall in few SMW in Palghar district whereas only increasing trend in Sindhudurg district and Raigad, Ratnagiri district showed both increasing as well as decreasing trend in various SMW. Mann Kendall method did not exist any trend of weekly rainfall in Thane district throughout the monsoon season. Sen‘s Slope method showed increasing trend of annual rainfall in Palghar, Thane, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district whereas Raigad district showed increasing as well as decreasing trend at various stations. Sen‘s Slope method also showed increasing trend of June month rainfall in Palghar, Thane, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district whereas Raigad district showed both increasing and decreasing trend. Increasing trend of July monthly rainfall was showed in Thane and Sindhudurg district whereas Palghar, Raigad and Ratnagiri district showed both increasing as well as decreasing trend of July moth rainfall. August month rainfall exhibited increasing trend in Palghar and Thane district whereas Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district exhibited both increasing as well as decreasing trend. Increasing trend was exhibited in September month rainfall all over the Konkan region. October month evinced only increasing trend in Thane and Ratnagiri district whereas Palghar, Raigad and Sindhudurg district exhibited both increasing as well as decreasing trend. Either increasing or decreasing trend were exhibited in Palhgar district from 24th to 39th SMW. Except 22nd, 42nd and 43rd SMW all remaining weeks exhibited either increasing or decreasing trend in Thane, Raigad and Ratnagiri district. Sindhudurg district showed either increasing or decreasing trend in all SMW. Turning point test evinced decreasing trend of annual rainfall in Raigad and Sindhudurg district whereas Palghar, Thane and Ratnagiri district didn‘t show any trend. Decreasing trend was showed in June month rainfall in Sindhudurg district and both increasing as well as decreasing trend in Raigad district whereas Palghar, Thane and Ratnagiri district didn‘t show any trend. Turning point test showed decreasing trendof July month rainfall in Sindhudurg district whereas other district didn‘t exist any trend. Increasing trend of August month rainfall was showed in Palghar and Raigad district which are situated in north and middle part of the study region whereas south part of Konkan region didn‘t evince any trend. September month rainfall was existed only in Palghar and Raigad district had decreasing and increasing trend, respectively. Turning point test didn‘t show any significant trend of October month rainfall in the Konkan region. 80 Moving average method showed increasing trend of annual rainfall in Palghar, Thane, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district however Raigad district showed both increasing as well as decreasing trend. Increasing trend of June month rainfall was showed in Palghar, Thane, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district whereas Raigad district showed both increasing and decreasing trend. Decreasing trend of July month rainfall showed in Palghar district and increasing trend in Sindhudurg district whereas Raigad and Ratnagiri exhibited both increasing as well as decreasing trend and Thane didn‘t exhibit any trend. Increasing trend of August month rainfall was showed in Palghar and Thane district whereas Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district exhibited both increasing as well as decreasing trend. Moving average methods exhibited increasing trend of September month rainfall all over the Konkan region. Decreasing trend of October month rainfall was exhibited in Palghar, Raigad and Ratnagiri district whereas Sindhudurg showed increasing trend and Thane district did not exhibit any trend. Regression method showed increasing trend of annual rainfall in Palghar, Thane, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district whereas Raigad district showed increasing as well as decreasing trend at various stations. Regression method also showed increasing trend of June month rainfall in Palghar, Thane, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district whereas Raigad district showed both increasing and decreasing trend. Decreasing trend of July month rainfall was showed in Palghar and Thane district whereas increasing trend in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district. Raigad district showed both increasing and decreasing trend. August month rainfall exhibited increasing trend in Palghar and Thane district whereas decreasing trend Raigad and Sindhudurg district and Ratnagiri exhibited both increasing as well as decreasing trend. Increasing trend of September month rainfall was showed in Palghar, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district whereas Thane didn‘t exhibit any trend. Regression method showed increasing trend of October month rainfall in Thane and Sindhudurg district and both increasing as well as decreasing trend in Raigad district where as Palghar and Ratnagiri did not show any trend.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF UREA BRIQUETTE APPLICATOR(DBSKKV., Dapoli, 2016-05) Jadhav, Amit Rameshrao; Shahare, P. U.STRACTABSTRACT ABSTRACTABSTRACTABSTRACT Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette ApplicatorDevelopment and Testing of Urea Briquette ApplicatorDevelopment and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette ApplicatorDevelopment and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette ApplicatorDevelopment and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator By 30 Amit Rameshrao JadhavAmit Rameshrao JadhavAmit Rameshrao Jadhav Amit Rameshrao JadhavAmit Rameshrao JadhavAmit Rameshrao Jadhav Amit Rameshrao JadhavAmit Rameshrao Jadhav Amit Rameshrao JadhavAmit Rameshrao Jadhav College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli -415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) 2016 . Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Department: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Rice is one of the most important food grain crops of India as well as Asia. In Konkan region of Maharashtra state, rice occupies an area of 3.86 lakh hectares with production 10.84 lakh tonnes (Anonymous 2015). The main reasons of low productivity and profitability are mainly due to low fertilizer use efficiency. In wetland paddy cultivation, only 30-40 % of nitrogen applied is fruitfully utilized as about two-third part is lost through gaseous losses, runoff, and leaching or is immobilized in the soil. For reducing nitrogen loss and improving nitrogen use efficiency deep placement of fertilizer in the form of briquette is one of the best solutions. For this briquettes of compacted prilled urea with fertilizer combination are prepared. Briquettes are to be placed efficiently by hand soon after transplanting of rice seedlings at the rate of one UB near the centre of each four rice hills at a 7-10 cm soil depth. But it‟s a time consuming process and requires lot of labour. Different applicators used for application of fertilizers in transplanted rice crop. But they have not yet been widely accepted due to several reasons. Hence efforts were made to develop hand operated Urea Briquette Applicator. The developed urea briquette applicator is consists of different components like hopper, briquette metering mechanism, drive wheel, furrow openers, handle, shaft and frame. The components were designed, developed and fabricated as per considerations. The developed urea briquette applicator was tested in the laboratory and field. The developed urea briquette applicator works satisfactorily in the puddled field with required application rate, urea briquettes uniformity with minimum damage to urea briquettes. The average effective field capacity and field efficiency of developed applicator was 0.095 ha/h and 81.89 % respectively with the average application rate of 202.03 kg/ha. The average depth of placement of urea briquette was obtained as 6 to 7 cm. The average missing and overfalling percentage of developed urea briquette applicator was 3.2 % and 1.86 %. The developed applicator shows the operating speed of 1.3 km/h to 1.5 km/h for desired application rate, spacing between briquettes and uniformity of developed applicator. The operation of the applicator in the field found to be moderately heavy and hence 30 min work with 10 min rest would be suitable work rest cycle. The cost of operation briquette application is Rs.272.42/ha. The labour and cost saving by developed urea briquette applicatior was 12 and Rs.2067.58/ha nearly as 88.35 % compared to manually hand placement of briquette application. Thus the developed manually operated urea briquette applicator was found effective for application of urea briquette in paddy field. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 31 Rice is one of the most important food grain crops of the world. Rice is the staple food of most of the people in Asia. The Asia-Pacific region produces and consumes more than 90 % of the world‟s rice (FAO, 2014). Therefore rice is not only a staple food of the region but also a way of life. Rice grows from the tropics to the subtropical warm temperate countries up to 400 ˚S and 500 ˚N of the equator. In India, rice occupies an area of 43.90 million hectares with production of 106.50 million tonnes (Anonymous 2014a). India has the largest area under rice crop in the world. In Maharashtra, rice ranks third in respect of acreage among the important cereal crops. In Maharashtra the total area occupied by this crop is about 15.08 lakh hectares with annual production of 29.55 lakh tonnes. In Konkan region of Maharashtra state, rice occupies an area of 3.86 lakh hectares with production 10.84 lakh tonnes (Anonymous 2015). Average productivity of rice is 2.81 tonnes/ha in India and 1.89 tonnes/ha in Maharashtra which are far below the world‟s average of 3.9 tonnes/ha (Anonymous 2015). The main reasons of low productivity and profitability are mainly due to low fertilizer use efficiency. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer nutrient in paddy cultivation, representing about two-thirds of the total nutrient consumption in Asia. It is projected to reach 17.2 % of global fertilizer consumption, making the sub-region the second-largest fertilizer-consuming region in the world. Nitrogen consumption is projected to grow at 1.2 % per year, while the corresponding figures for phosphate fertilizers and potash are 3.6 and 4.9 % per year, respectively (FAO, 2015). India is the second largest consumer of fertilizers in the world, after China. It accounted for 15.3 % nitrogen (N), 19 % phosphate (P) and 14.4 % of potassium (K) nutrients of the world‟s consumption in the year 2014 (FAI, 2014).The total annual nitrogen consumption in Indian agriculture is 16.56 Mt (Anonymous, 2014b) of which about 40 % is consumed by rice. There is increasing trend in consumption and production of nitrogen in India. 2.2.2 It is seen from the research that rice crop requires 50, 15, 15 kg N, P, K per ha for local varieties and 100, 50, 50 kg N, P, K per ha for high yielding varieties (Thaware, 2010). Recently reclaimed soils are low in plant nutrients because of leaching of nutrients during reclamation process. There is requirement of macro nutrient during growing period which is supplied by NPK Fertilizer. The recovery of applied nitrogen by rice is low due to several loss processes operating in the rice 32 fields. Split application of fertilizer suggested for increasing nitrogen-use efficiency is often not practical in rain fed lowland rice due to adverse soil–water situations. Hence, the entire required amount of N has to be applied in one single application when the water regime is favorable (Datta, 1986). This is the local practice followed in Konkan region. 2.2.3 The inefficiency of fertilizer application is a major problem. By some estimates, as much as 70 % of nitrogen fertilizer applied to crops is lost to runoff or released into the atmosphere, contributing to coastal dead zones, global warming, ozone layer depletion and other problems (Rudolf, 2010). Several methods have been used in India for the application of fertilizers for rice crop. 2.2.4 Nitrogen fertilizer is usually broadcasted as prills in paddy fields prior to transplanting, followed by one or more topdressing in the floodwater within the period from transplanting to flowering. But such practices are inefficient because only about one third of the fertilizer nitrogen is used by plants. The remaining nitrogen is lost through gaseous losses, runoff, and leaching or is immobilized in the soil (Savant et al., 1985). One means to reduce nitrogen losses and improve fertilizer efficiency is to deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer. 2.2.5 Deep placement of urea fertilizer has not only a positive agronomic and socioeconomic impact, but also an environmental benefit. Runoff loss of nitrogen is reduced as indicated by negligible amounts of nitrogen measured in the floodwater, while broadcasted or incorporated prills continued to produce high amounts of nitrogen in the floodwater. Measurements of nitrogen in the floodwater showed that ammonia volatilization losses were practically eliminated with deep placement (Savant et al., 1985). Broadcasting or incorporating prills continued to produce high amounts of nitrogen in the floodwater. Reduced nitrification-denitrification resulted from placement of the nitrogen in the oxygen-depleted soil layer; thus, emission of nitrous oxide is reduced (Mohanty et al., 2000). 2.2.6 For reducing nitrogen loss and improving nitrogen use efficiency deep placement of fertilizer in the form of briquette is one of the solutions. For this briquettes of compacted prilled urea with fertilizer combination are prepared. Briquettes are be placed efficiently by hand soon after transplanting of rice seedlings at the rate of one urea briquette (UB) near the centre of each four rice hills at a 7-10 cm soil depth. The rate of application depends on the weight of each granule; their 33 nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium composition; and planting density. The agronomic performance of deep placed UB was superior to that of two or three split broadcast applications of prilled urea. UB deep placement resulted in an average saving of urea fertilizer of about 35 % and an average additional yield of 15 % - 25 % (Savant et al., 1992). This method of nitrogen application increases labour hour compared to broadcasting urea, Urea deep placement can ensure yield increase of 0.5-1.0 t/ha than traditional methods that use 40-60 kg more nitrogen per hectare (Kadam, 2001). 2.2.7 The deep placement of urea briquettes by different urea briquette applicators is another method for application of fertilizers in transplanted rice crop. Urea briquette applicators have not yet been widely accepted due to problems in performance consistency, commercial unavailability and several design related problems associated with their metering mechanisms, placement depths, choking of outlets, output per workday, operators comfort, etc. Hence in order to reduce the drudgery, improving operators comfort, work output precision, proper placement of briquettes to a required depth, there is urgent need to develop low cost briquette applicator of higher capacity suitable for Konkan region Keeping these views in mind it is proposed to “Development and Testing of Urea Briquette Applicator” with following objectives. Objectives: 1. To develop urea briquette applicator for rice crop 2. To test developed urea briquette applicator under field condition for its feasibility 3. Ergonomical evaluation of developed urea briquette applicatorThesisItem Open Access DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED PADDY THRESHER(DBSKKV., Dapoli, 2016-05) Gadhe, Balaji Digambar; Shahare, P. U.ABSTRACT ABSTRACT DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED EVALUATION OF HIGH CAPACITY ENGINE OPERATED PADDY THRESHERPADDY THRESHER PADDY THRESHERPADDY THRESHERPADDY THRESHER PADDY THRESHER PADDY THRESHERPADDY THRESHER By Balaji Digambar GadheBalaji Digambar Gadhe Balaji Digambar GadheBalaji Digambar Gadhe Balaji Digambar GadheBalaji Digambar GadheBalaji Digambar Gadhe Balaji Digambar GadheBalaji Digambar Gadhe College of College of College of College of College of College of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology,Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, DapoliDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli -415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra)Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra) 2015 . Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. ShahareResearch Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Research Guide: Dr. P. U. Shahare Department: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and Power Department: Farm Machinery and PowerDepartment: Farm Machinery and Power India is predominantly an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. India has largest area under rice (43.95 million ha) and with the production of about 106.54 million tonnes, it ranks second only to china with the productivity of about 2424 kg/ha during the year 2013-2014. Maharashtra has 1.56 million ha land under rice cultivation with rice production of about 3.01 million tonnes and productivity is 1925 kg/ha during the year 2013-2014. In Konkan it is grown on 0.40 million ha with the production of 1.12 million tones and productivity is 2768 kg/ha. Threshing operation is one of the important operations as it contributes to about 12 % of total input cost. Threshing is time consuming, drudgerious operation. In Konkan mechanization status is very low and farmer’s follows traditional methods of threshing to a large extend which involve high labour cost. In some of the area pedal operated hold on type paddy thresher and electric motor operated hold on type paddy thresher are used. The capacity of pedal operated paddy thresher and of electrical power operated thresher is low. It required winnowing operation separately.Electricity is not available on many farms in Konkan region. Looking into the limitations of Konkan region it was needed to develop high capacity engine operated paddy thresher having good threshing and cleaning efficiencywith automatic feeding and conveying mechanism so as to get straight erected straw.Design of new engine operated chain conveyer type thresher mainly consisted of various component i.e. threshing drum, blower, gear box, concave (screen) and frame. The main frame of the machine was made from 25 × 25 × 3 mm MSangle welded together to form square pipe. The overall width, length and height are 800 mm, 1100 mm and 1130 mm respectively. The developed thresher was operated at three different cylinder speed i.e. 9.63, 11.72, and 13.83 m/s, three feed rates i.e. 200, 400, and 500 kg/hand two different grain moisture levels i.e. 13.5 per cent (wb) and 16 per cent (wb). The best operating parameter were selected from the results obtained. Finally at cylinder speed 13.83 m/s, grain moisture 13.5 per centand feed rate as a variable, the thresher was operated for 30 minutes for each test. The performance of engine operated conveyor type paddy thresher was satisfactory. On increasing cylinder speed from 9.63 to 13.83 m/s, the threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency, grain loss is increased from 93.11% to 95.14, 98.01 to 99.34% and 2.56 to 3.24% respectively. On increasing feed rate increased from 200 to 500 kg/h the value of threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency decreased from 96.20 to 94.01 and 98.88 to 97.09 per cent respectively. The grain loss increased from 2.05 to 4.05 per cent. The maximum threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency and minimum 69 grain loss of 96.20%, 98.88% and 2.45% was obtained at cylinder speed 13.83 m/s, feed rate 200 kg/h and 13.5% grain moisture. Comparatively better value of threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency and grain loss obtained at 13.5%ngrain moisture. In order to get maximum output capacity 217.97 kg/h the thresher can be operated at 13.83 m/s, feed rate 500 kg/h and grain moisture 13.5%. The maximum output capacity resulted into 2.19%, 1.79% lower threshing efficiency and cleaning efficiency respectively while higher grain loss by 1.64%. The cost of fabrication for the developed thresher was Rs 24830/- and the total operating cost for thresher without power source was Rs 67.67 per quintal.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR PADDY WINNOWING(DBSKKV., Dapoli, 2017-08) JAGADALE, MANISHA; Mohod, Dr .A .G .ABSTRACT Development and Evaluation of Solar Photovoltaic system for Paddy winnowing. by Miss. Manisha Hanumant Jagadale College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology 48 Dr. BalasahebSawantKonkanKrishiVidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2017 Research Guide : Dr. A. G. Mohod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources The project work on SPV operated paddy winnower was carried out at Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli. The newely developed SPV operated paddy winnower was evaluated for winnowing application. The paddy winnowing is the major time consuming post harvest operation which required large manpower and depend on natural wind velocity when carried out manually. It required uninterrupted and costly power supply when carried out using electrical winnowers. The Solar photovoltaic powered paddy winnower was developed and evaluated to overcome the above problems in the field. It consists of metal frame, D.C Centrifugal blower, hopper, Feed control plate, Solar panel, speed control regulator and Castor wheel for movement of the winnower. The newely developed SPV operated paddy winnower was evaluated in term of laboratory and field testing. The laboratory testing included physical properties of paddy and straw, testing of SPV operated panel for I-V characteristics and P-V characteristics, no load performance of SPV operated paddy winnower. The field testing of SPV operated paddy winnower using constant feed rate was carried at different distance i.e. 10, 20, 30 cm from outlet of blower to determine the cleaning efficiency. The overall cost of the SPV operated paddy winnower was found to be Rs.8320.A single worker is required during the operation which reduces the manpower as well as operated on natural solar power. It was observed that, the variety which was selected for development and performance of SPV operated paddy winnower i.e. Ratnagiri-1 had terminal velocity 9.56 49 m/s and straw had terminal velocity 2.26 m/s. It was observed that,the selected 37 Watt solar panel was suitable to operate the selected D.C motor coupled with blower. It was also observed that, the suitable time of operation for SPV operated paddy winnower was found 9:00 to 15:00 with rpm of blower more than 2240 which is 80% of rated rpm of blower (i.e.2800 rpm) and the air velocity which is required for winnowing operation was obtained throughout day i.e. from 8:00 to 17:00 hrs. It was observed that, the cleaning efficiency at outlet-1 varied from 94.55 % to 96.99 % when material was dropped at 10 cm distance from blower as compared to 86.45 % to 89.51 % at 20 cm and 95.4 % to 98.40 % at 30 cm, respectively. Also, the cleaning efficiency at outlet-2 varied from 13.31% to 45.14 % for the distance of 10 cm from blower as compared to 89.25% to 91.31% at 20 cm and 89.04 % to 89.19 % at 30 cm, respectively. It was observed that, the output capacity at outlet-1 when material was dropped at 10 cm distance from blower was varied from 107.56 kg/h to 109.06 kg/h as compared to 39.79 kg/h to 46.12 kg/h at 20 cm and 0.8 kg/h to 1.49 kg/h at 30 cm, respectively. Also, the output capacity at outlet-2 at distance 10 cm from blower was very low and varied from 9.54 kg/h to 11.32 kg/h as compared 72.95 kg/h to 79.75 kg/h at 20 cm and 118.24 kg/h to 119.03 kg/h at 30 cm, respectively. It was revealed that, the cleaning efficiency as well as output capacity at both the outlets were nearly constant for operating period from 9:00 to 17:00 h. This revealed the least effect of solar intensity variation on cleaning efficiency and output capacity of paddy winnower. The smooth operation of SPV operated paddy winnower from 9:00 to 17:00 hrs with high cleaning efficiency and output capacity, revealed its suitability of its operation at distance of 10 cm from blower. The system was found economically feasible on the basis of the cost of operation of SPV operated paddy winnower 0.25 Rs./kg for the feed rate 120 kg/h which is less than power operated paddy winnower 0.30 Rs./kg (Kadam,2011), power operated fan 0.58 Rs./kg (M/s. Benson Agro Engineering), manual operated fan 0.82Rs./kg (M/s. Benson Agro Engineering) and manual winnowing operation 1.5Rs./kg. The newly developed portable solar photovoltaic operated paddy winnower is technoeconomicaly suitable for winnowing of paddy at feed rate of 120 kg/h.The average cleaning efficiency of paddy winnowing is more than 95% and low operating cost of 0.25 50 Rs./kg.The developed SPV operated paddy winnower provided the solution for on farm paddy winnowing without dependency on climatic condition and secure electric supplyThesisItem Open Access SOIL EROSION AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY MODEL FOR RATNAGIRI DISTRICT(DBSKKV., Dapoli, 2017-08) Salunkhe, Sanjani; MAHALE, Prof. dilipABSTRACT LISS Linear Imaging Self Scanner LS Topographic factor LU/LC Land use/ land cover LUP Land use planning M Million m Meter m3 Cubic meter Mha Million hectare MJ Mega Joule mm Millimetre mm/hr Millimetre per hour N North NBSS National Bureau of Soil Survey No. Number OC Organic carbon OM Organic matter P Conservation practice factor R Rainfall erosivity factor RS Remote sensing S Slope steepness factor SCS Soil Conservation Service SOI Survey of India SPAW Soil-Plant-Air-Water SRTM Satellite Radar Topography Mission T Tonne USDA United States Department of Agriculture USLE Universal soil loss equation viz. Namely yr Year "SOIL EROSION AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY MODEL FOR RATNAGIRI DISTRICT" By Sanjani Sunil Salunkhe Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist- Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 2017 Research Guide : Prof. dilip MAHALE Department : Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Soil degradation has reached alarming proportions in many parts of the world, especially in the tropics and sub-tropics because of its uneconomic overexploitation. Also soil degradation is one of the most critical environmental hazards of recent times. A large area suffers from soil erosion, which in turn, reduces productivity. For protection of land and to meet the increasing demand of food, it is necessary to understand soil formation and erosion process. This kind of study is very essential in Konkan region of Maharashtra due to extreme weather conditions and huge loss of soil through runoff. Therefore, there is need to study estimation of actual soil loss and tolerable soil loss which helps to convert topsoil loss into productivity loss. Ratnagiri district of Konkan is located between 15040' and 18°5' N latitude and 7305' and 73055' E longitude. The total geographical area of Ratnagiri district is 8,461 sq. km. with average annual rainfall of 3,591mm, which comprises of nine tehsils. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model was used to predict soil loss from the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, India. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were applied to prepare various layers of USLE parameters which interactively estimate soil erosion from Ratnagiri district. Average annual soil loss was estimated with the help of average annual R factor obtained from 28 years rainfall data, K, LS, C and P. The average annual erosivity of Ratnagiri district was 10,195.48 MJ-mm/ha-hr-yr. Soil erodibility factor for different villages of Ratnagiri district were found in the range of 0.0346 to 0.0636 t-ha-hr/ha-MJ-mm. The values of LS factor for study area was found in the range of 1.953 to 4.393. Crop management factor (C) values for study area were ranging from 0.024 to 0.12. Conservation practice factor was considered 1 before recommendation of soil and water conservation measures and used to estimate soil loss. Average annual soil loss from the Ratnagiri district was 43.61 t/ha/yr before recommendation of soil and water conservation measures. It was observed that about 57.62 % area was under severe erosion class, 24.24% area was under very severe erosion class and 14.17% area was under extremely severe erosion class of Ratnagiri district without soil and water conservation treatments. Thus, more than 80% of area from Ratnagiri district comes under severe (20-40 t/ha/yr) to extremely severe (>80 t/ha/yr) erosion classes. This proves the high need of soil and water conservation measures in the watershed for the sustainable management of natural resources. Tolerable soil loss of Ratnagiri district was estimated based on imperial relations with the help of bulk density, depth of soil and other data. Estimated average tolerable soil loss and conservation practice factor (P) values for Ratnagiri district are 9.45 t/ha/yr (for moderately deep soil) and 0.21, respectively. Average annual soil loss from study area would reduce to 9.31 t/ha/yr after adoption of recommended soil and water conservation measures and following 7 years of crop cycle. It was observed that about 58.32% area is expected to come under moderate erosion class, 26.19% area under slight erosion class, 13.07% area under severe erosion class, 2.40% area under moderately severe erosion class, and 0.01% area under very severe erosion class after adoption of soil and water conservation measures. Thus, soil erosion and crop productivity model can be effectively used for planning of soil and water conservation measures in Ratnagiri district.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF VARIOUS MULCHES AND IRRIGATION LEVELS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta) UNDER INLINE DRIP IRRIGATION(DBSKKV., Dapoli, 2017-03) Shinde, Himalaya; Ayare, B. L.Effect of various mulches and irrigation levels on growth and yield of marigold (Tagetes Erecta) under inline drip irrigation. H. S. Shinde, B. L. Ayare1, S. T. Patil, M. S. Mane, B. G. Thaware and U. S. Kadam Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli - 415 712 M.S. (India) ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at the instructional farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli, to study the effect of various mulches and irrigation levels on growth and yield of marigold (Tagetes Erecta) under inline drip irrigation with three irrigation levels namely as 0.6 ETc, 0.8 ETc and 1.0 ETc and four Mulches namely as non-mulch (M1), dry grass mulch (M2), silver polythene mulch (M3), black polythene mulch (M4). Among the yield attributes, an irrigation level I2 (0.8 ETc) and silver mulch (M3), individually gave superior results on yield of marigold as compared to the rest of the treatments. The result also indicate that average maximum individual yield of marigold was obtained in I2 (0.8 ETc) and silver mulch (M3) were 6.3 t.ha-1 and 7.88 t.ha-1, respectively. The interaction effect of irrigation levels and mulch showed that treatment combination I2M3 was found significantly superior in terms of attaining maximum yield (8.74 t.ha-1). The lowest yield (3.57 t.ha-1) was obtained in treatment combination I1M2. KEY WORDS: Irrigation Levels, Marigold, Mulching, Biometric Parameters _____________________________________________________________________ _____ Drip irrigation is one of the efficient irrigation systems under micro irrigation. Drip irrigation is also known as trickle irrigation which differs from the other conventional methods of water application and supplying irrigation water directly into the crop root zone. The drip irrigation method results in slightly higher marketable yield and irrigation xxi _____________________________________________________________________ _____ 1- Corresponding author, AICRP on Irrigation Water Management, C.E.S.Wakawali, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli-415 712 , Dist- Ratnagiri(M.S.)E-mail : blayare@yahoo.co.inMobile No. 09422382074/7769827080 production efficiency as compared to micro sprinkler method, whereas surface irrigation methods give considerably lower yields and irrigation production efficiency (Kumar and Senseba, 2008). Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is native of Central and South America, especially Mexico. From Mexico it spread to different parts of the world during early part of the 16th century. It is adaptable to different types of soil conditions and thus can grow successfully in a wide variety of soils (Lalsingh et al., 2012). These plants are rich in alkalonoids, terpenes, flavanoids, phenolic compounds etc. Since ancient era, all the parts of the plants are used in medicine for curing many diseases. The plant is subjected to physicochemical screening to prove that the floral parts are effective for alternate medicine. Crop has a good demand in decoration, garlands, loose flower and religious function etc, so can be marketed to major/ big cities where these can be supplied to hotels, institutions, etc. (Kołota and Adamczewska-Sowińska, 2013). Mulching is the process or practice of covering the soil or ground to make more favorable conditions for plant growth, development and efficient crop production. Mulch technical term means „covering of soil‟, while natural mulches such as leaf, straw, dried leaves and compost have been used for centuries, during the last 60 years the advent of synthetic materials has altered the methods. When compared to other mulches with plastic mulches are completely impermeable to water; it therefore prevents direct evaporation of moisture from the soil and thus limits the water losses and soil erosion over the surface. In this manner, it plays a positive role in water conservation. It also reduces weed intensity. It maximizes water use efficiency. Mulch is defined as any material spread or laid on the soil surface or any protective covering of the soil surface (Masarirambi et al., 2013). METHODOLOGY Experimental details: Field experiment was conducted during the summer of 2016 from January to April at Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, BSKKV, xxii Dapoli to study the effect of various mulches and irrigation levels on growth and yield of marigold under inline drip irrigation. The experiment involved twelve treatment combinations. It was arranged in split-plot design with irrigation levels in the main plots and mulching levels in the sub plots. Treatments were replicated four times.