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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF LAND SITUATIONS, VARIOUS PLANTING GEOMETRY AND LEVELS OF FERTILIZER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) GROWN UNDER LATERITIC SOIL OF KONKAN REGION(Dr.Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2019) Mane, Mahadeo Jagannath; Mahadkar, U.V.; Chavan, L.S.; Dodake, S.B.; Burondkar, M.M.; Dhekale, J.S.Two years research experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 and 2018 to investigate the, "Effect of land situations, various planting geometry and levels of fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) grown under lateritic soil of Konkan region” at Agronomy Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.). The soil of the experimental plot was clay loam to sandy clay loam in texture, moderately acidic in reaction, high in organic carbon content. It was medium in available nitrogen, low in available phosphorus and fairly high in available potassium during the both years of experimentation. The field experiment was laid out in split-split plot design comprising 25 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Main plot treatment consisted of three land situations viz., upland situation (LS1), midland situation (LS2) and gently sloppy (Varkas) land (LS3) The sub plot treatment consisted of five planting geometry viz.,15 cm x 10 cm (PG1), 20 cm x 10 cm (PG2), 25 cm x 10 cm (PG3), 30 cm x 10 cm (PG4) and 20 cm x 15 cm (PG5),while, sub-sub plot treatment comprised of five fertilizer levels viz., 80: 40: 0 NPK kg ha-1 (RDF) without FYM (F1), 80: 40: 0 NPK kg ha-1 (RDF) with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F2), 80: 40: 40 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F3), 100: 50: 50 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F4) and 120: 60: 60 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5). The experimental results revealed that, finger millet crop grown in upland situation during kharif season recorded significantly higher growth as well as yield attributes resulting into significantly higher grain and straw yield. The quality parameters protein content in grain and straw were significantly more in upland situation (LS1), followed by gently sloppy land (LS3). However, significantly higher values of N, P and K uptake recorded in upland situation (LS1), followed by gently sloppy land (LS3). The available status of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after harvest of experimental crop was significantly higher in upland situation (LS1), followed by midland (LS2). The finger millet crop grown on upland situation (LS1) recorded highest gross monetary returns of 86,287, 1, 26,644 and 1, 06,465 ha-1, net monetary returns 12,348, 43,398 and 27,873 ha-1 and benefit to cost ratio of 1.18, 1.54 and 1.36 during the years 2017, 2018 and pooled mean respectively. Among the various planting geometry 25 cm x 10 cm (PG3) found to be significantly superior for all the growth parameters and yield attributing characters than rest of planting geometry under the investigation. The grain yield, straw yield and quality parameters were significantly enhanced and recorded higher values under the planting geometry 25 cm x 10 cm (PG3), followed by 20 cm x 15 cm (PG5) planting geometry during both the years. The higher values of N, P, K content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed under the treatment of 25 cm x 10 cm (PG3) planting geometry, followed by 20 cm x 15 cm (PG5) planting geometry. Similarly, the values of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were significantly higher under 15 cm x 10 cm (PG1) planting geometry over rest of planting geometry during the year 2017 as well as 2018. Significantly the higher gross monitory returns of 63, 481, 99,535 and 81,508 ha-1, net monitory returns of -6,580, 23,683 and 8,577 ha-1 and B: C ratio of 0.98, 1.40 and 1.19 were registered under the planting geometry 25 cm x 10 cm (PG3) during both years of experimentation and in the pooled mean, respectively. Application of 120: 60: 60 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) recorded significantly higher growth parameters and yield attributing characters as compared to the rest of fertilizer levels and at par with 100: 50: 50 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F4). The grain yield, straw yield and quality parameters were significantly enhanced and recorded highest values under 120: 60: 60 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) as compared to rest of fertilizer levels and remains at par with 100: 50: 50 NPK kg ha-1 with 5 t ha-1 FYM (F4) during both the years in respect of grain yield and in straw yield during 2017. The highest values of N,P,K content in grain and straw and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed under the 120: 60: 60 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) as compared to rest of fertilizer levels in that descending order of significance. The values of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of soil after harvest of finger millet crop were higher in 120: 60: 60 NPK kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) than other fertilizer levels during both the years in that descending order of significance. Maximum gross returns of 70,262, 1, 03,517 and 86,890 ha-1 and net return -7,348, 17,502 and 5,077 ha-1 and B: C ratios of 0.88, 1.18 and 1.03 were obtained when finger millet crop was supplied with 120 : 60 : 60 N,P,K kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) during the years 2017, 2018 and in case of pooled mean respectively. However, 120 : 60 : 60 N,P,K kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) and which was followed by 100 : 50 : 50 N,P,K kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F4) during the years 2017, 2018 and in case of pooled mean, respectively In respect of economics the treatment combination of upland situation (LS1) with 25 cm x 10 cm (PG3) planting geometry and application of 120 : 60 : 60 N,P,K kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) i.e. LS1 PG3 F5 recorded maximum values of gross returns ( 1,15,508, 1,51,134 and 1,33,321 ha-1) net returns ( 30,686, 60,300 and 45,493) and B: C ratio (1.36, 1.66 and 1.51), followed by treatment combination of upland situation (LS1) with 25 cm x 10 cm (PG3) planting geometry and application of 100 : 50 : 50 N,P,K kg ha-1 with FYM 5 t ha-1 (F5) i.e. LS1 PG3 F4 recorded maximum values of gross returns ( 1,11,189, 1,49,246 and 1,30,217 ha-1) net returns ( 28,128, 60,012 and 44,070) and B: C ratio (1.34, 1.67 and 1.51) during the years 2017, 2018 and in mean, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ORGANIC INPUTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES, YIELD AND QUALITY OF CASHEW NUT (Anacardium occidentale L.) IN LATERITIC SOILS OF KONKAN(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2019-08) SONAWANE, PRANETI HEMANT; Dodake, S. B.; Salvi, V. G.; Salvi, B. R.; Dhekale, J. S.; Thokal, R. T.The present investigation entitled “Effect of organic inputs on soil properties, yield and quality of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) in lateritic soils of Konkan” was conducted in cashew orchard (cv. Vengurla-7) at the farm of Rukhi Block, C.E.S. Wakawali, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19. The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and eight treatments comprising of absolute control (T1), 100% N through FYM + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw (T2), 100% N through vermicompost + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw (T3), 50% N through FYM + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB + Azospirillum ratio 1:1:1) 200 g + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw (T4), 50% N through vermicompost + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB + Azospirillum ratio 1:1:1) 200 g + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw (T5), 25% N through FYM + 25% N through vermicompost + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB + Azospirillum ratio 1:1:1) 200 g + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw (T6), 50% N through FYM + 50% N through green leaf manuring (glyricidia) + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw (T7), 50% N through vermicompost + 50% N through green leaf manuring (glyricidia) + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw (T8). There were two trees selected under each treatment. All the organic inputs were applied in the month of June during both the years of experimentation. The effect of organic inputs on periodical changes in soil and leaf nutrient content and their effect on yield and quality of cashew at different growth stages viz., after harvest of the nuts of previous season, new emergence of shoot, flowering stage, nut setting stage and at harvest of the nuts were studied. The physical properties of soil (bulk density, particle density, porosity, MWHC and particle size analysis), physico-chemical properties of soil (pH, EC and OC) major nutrients (available N, P2O5, K2O) and micronutrients (DTPA extractable Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined. The leaves samples were analyzed for the major nutrients (N, P, and K) and micro nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). The collected mature nuts were processed by removing kernel from nut and analyzed for various quality parameters like protein, oil content and nutrient contents (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). The result emerged out indicated that the treatment T2 significantly improved the physical properties (bulk density, particle density, porosity, MWHC and particle size analysis) and organic carbon of soil, whereas, the treatment T5 recorded significantly highest pH, EC, available N, P2O5, K2O, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content in soil and total N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content in leaves irrespective of all stages. All nutrients in soil and leaves were increased at new emergence shoot stage as compared to initial and then decreased gradually up to harvesting stage. The result further indicated that the yield response with the treatment T5 i.e application of 50% N through vermicompost + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB + Azospirillum ratio 1:1:1) 200 g + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw found significantly higher cashew yield per tree (6.86 kg tree-1 in first year and 6.90 kg tree-1 in second year), minimum number of nuts (108.12 kg-1 in first year and 107.45 kg-1 in second year) and maximum weight of nut (9.25 g in first year and 9.31 g in second year). The lowest yield (3.38 kg tree-1 in first year and 3.45 kg tree-1 in second year), maximum number of nuts (112.86 kg-1 in first year and 112.20 kg-1 in second year) and minimum weight of nut (8.86 g in first year and 8.91 g in second year) was recorded in treatment T1 (Absolute control). The highest nutrient content (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu), protein and oil content in cashew kernels and maximum net return with highest B:C ratio, during first and second year were noted in the treatment T5 where 50% N through vermicompost + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB + Azospirillum ratio 1:1:1) 200 g + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw was applied during both the years of the investigation. In general it can be concluded that, in the present study application of 50% N through vermicompost + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB + Azospirillum ratio 1:1:1) 200 g + 100% P2O5 through rock phosphate + 100% K through paddy straw T5 in a year is useful for sustaining the soil fertility and boost the yield of cashew.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON SOIL PROPERTIES, YIELD, QUALITY AND UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2019-08) WAHANE, MANOJ RAMDAS; Salvi, V. G.; Dodake, S.B.; Salvi, B. R.; Joshi, M.S.; Dhekale, J.S.The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of phosphorus (viz., 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha-1) and biofertilizers (viz.,VAM @ 10 kg ha-1, PSB @ 10 kg ha-1, VAM + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 each and VAM + PSB @ 10 kg ha-1 each) on soil properties, yield, quality and uptake of nutrients by groundnut cv. Konkan Trombay Tapora / TKG-Bold (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on Alfisol in Konkan region of Maharashtra. The experiment was undertaken during Rabi, 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Research Farm of Department of Agril. Botany, College of Agriculture, Dapoli with Factorial Randomized Block Design with twenty treatment combinations, which were replicated thrice. The soil and plant samples were collected at peg initiation stage, at pod formation stage and at harvest stage and the soil samples were analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological properties. The plant samples were analysed for major and micronutrients content as well as the quality parameters of groundnut were estimated. The results of the experiment showed that the application of graded doses of phosphorus (viz., 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha-1) and biofertilizers (viz.,VAM @ 10 kg ha-1, PSB @ 10 kg ha-1, VAM + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 each and VAM + PSB @ 10 kg ha-1 each) noted significant increase in pH however, the electrical conductivity and organic carbon content was decreased from peg initiation stage to harvest of the crop during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The bulk density, particle density, porosity and maximum water holding capacity showed non-significant effect due to application of various treatments. The cation exchange capacity was significantly highest with application of phosphorus @ 60 kg ha-1 and inoculation of VAM + PSB @ 10 kg ha-1 each. There was significant and graded increase in biological properties with the application of graded doses of phosphorus (viz., 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha-1), where the highest dose of phosphorus i.e. 60 kg ha-1 (RDF) and inoculation of VAM + PSB @ 10 kg ha-1 each and their interaction recorded the significantly highest value. The soil biological properties increased from peg initiation stage to pod formation stage and thereafter decreased at harvest. The available nitrogen and potassium content was increased irrespective of treatments from peg initiation stage to pod formation stage and then decreased gradually up to harvest stage. Irrespective trend of available phosphorus content was observed. The DTPA extractable Zn and Fe content decreased from peg initiation to harvest stage. DTPA extractable Mn content decreased at pod formation stage over peg initiation stage and thereafter it increased at harvest while, DTPA extractable Cu increased at pod formation stage and decreased at harvest. As far as the yield of groundnut was concerned, the application phosphorus @ 60 kg ha-1 recorded significantly highest pod yield (35.67 q ha-1 and 36.06 q ha-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19) and it was at par with application of phosphorus @ 45 kg ha-1 i.e. P45 (31.43 and 32.49 q ha-1 during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively), which indicated that the application of phosphorus @ 60 kg ha-1 can be substituted by the application of phosphorus @ 45 kg ha-1. The application of biofertilizers (viz.,VAM @ 10 kg ha-1, PSB @ 10 kg ha-1, VAM + PSB @ 5 kg ha-1 each and VAM + PSB @ 10 kg ha-1 each) and interaction of phosphorus and biofertiizers was found to be non-significant. Application of phosphorus @ 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 through SSP along with VAM + PSB @ 10 kg ha-1 each resulted in marked improvement in growth and yield attributes, nutrient content, nutrient uptake by groundnut and oil, protein and methionine content in groundnut. The application of phosphorus @ 60 kg ha-1 with combined inoculation of biofertilizers i.e. VAM + PSB @ 10 kg ha-1 each fetched maximum net returns and mean net returns/rupee invested (` 1.34). The results of present investigation have clearly indicated that, the application of phosphorus @ 60 kg ha-1 + 100 per cent recommended dose of N and K along with VAM and PSB 10 kg ha-1 each may be instrumental in harvesting a good groundnut crop alongwith quality and improving soil quality status of Alfisol under Konkan condition. However, keeping in view the optimum net return with higher B:C ratio, the application of phosphorus @ 60 kg ha-1 with VAM and PSB 10 kg ha-1 each can be used for enhancing groundnut production.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF FRESH ,GREY AND FILTERED GREV WATER THROUH DRIP IRRIGATION ON GRWOTH ATTRIBUTES OF SPINACH (SIPNACEA OLERACEA )(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-03-06) Miss. RUPNAR .S.S; Dr. S. T. Patil; Prof.Dr. U. S. Kadam, Dr. MANE .M.SABSTRACT EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF FRESH ,GREY AND FILTERED GREV WATER THROUH DRIP IRRIGATION ON GRWOTH ATTRIBUTES OF SPINACH (SIPNACEA OLERACEA ) By Ms. Rupnar Sandip kisan Regd. No. ENDPM 2016/114 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering , College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli 415712 Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Research Guide : Er. S. T. Patil Department : Department of Irrigation and Drainage EngineeringThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INLINE LATERALS OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CAPSICUM ALONG WITH THEIR HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE UNDER PROTECTIVE COVER(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-08) MS. WANKHADE SNEHAL SUDHIR; Dr. U. S. Kadam; Dr. M. S. Mane, Mahale.D.MABSTRACT EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INLINE LATERALS OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CAPSICUM ALONG WITH THEIR HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE UNDER PROTECTIVE COVER 20by Ms. Wankhade Snehal Sudhir Regd. No. ENDPM 2017/139 College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. 2019 Research Guide : Prof. Dr. U. S. Kadam Department : Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering The present study entitled, “Effect of different inline laterals of drip irrigation systems on growth and yield of capsicum along with their hydraulic performance under protective cover” was carried out at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The experiment was conducted during year 2017-18 under protective cover (poly tunnel) and in open field to study the effect of different inline laterals of drip irrigation systems on growth and yield of capsicum along with their hydraulic performance. The study consist comparison of six inline laterals of three different makes available in the market with same specification. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with six inline laterals and six replications. The study concluded that the green capsicum shows positive response to different inline laterals under study under the protective cover (poly tunnel) over open field condition. The results revealed that the biometric parameters such as plant height, number of internodes and spread area (canopy) was found maximum in inline lateral CG001 and CN005 in open field and under protective cover. Whereas inline lateral CG001 was also found better in obtaining maximum number of branches and leaf size in open field as well under protective cover. The stem girth was found greater in case of CN005 in open field as well under protective cover, respectively. Inter-nodal distance and number of fruit was found maximum in inline lateral CJ004 in open field and under protective cover in CN005, respectively. The yield parameters such as average number of fruits, yield per plant and total yield were observed maximum in inline lateral CJ004 and CG001 in open field and under protective cover. The inline laterals CJ004, CG001 and CN005 were found significantly superior in terms of attaining maximum yield of capsicum i.e., 28.83 t.ha -1 , 28.74 t.ha -1 and 28.64 t.ha -1 in open field respectively. Whereas under protective cover the maximum average yield per ha was observed in 21CG001 treatment as 57.43 t.ha -1 , followed by CN005 (57.26 t.ha -1 ). The maximum water use efficiency 6.04 q.ha-1.cm -1 and 12.11 q.ha-1.cm -1 were found in CJ004 and CG001 treatment and in open field and under protective cover, respectively. The inline laterals were also tested for the hydraulic parameters such as average emission discharge (lph), variation of emission rate (lph), coefficient of manufacturing variation (Cv), emission uniformity (%), comparative pressure discharge relationship of different laterals under study and emitter exponent at the three operating pressure viz.1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg.cm -2 . At 1 kg.cm -2 the results revealed that the inline laterals CN005, CG001 and CJ002 gave more or less similar discharge as claimed by the manufacture. Minimum variation in emission rate i.e., 2.55 % was obtained in CG001 followed by CN005 (3.97%), while the maximum variation was observed in CG006 as 9.60 %. The maximum emission uniformity of 98.55 % was observed in CG001 treatment followed by 98.21 % in CN005 treatment. The discharge of all six inline laterals under study were influenced with the operating pressure, whereas there is slight increase in the discharge with increase in operating pressure from 1 kg.cm -2 to 2 kg.cm - 2 for inline laterals CG001 and CN005. The emitter exponent of the emitters was lowest as 0.422, while the highest emitter exponent of 0.610 was observed in case of CG006 and as per the standards all inline laterals under study were having fully turbulent flow except treatment CG006 which was having mostly turbulent flow. The maximum yield, maximum net returns and maximum benefit cost ratio were observed under protective cover in inline lateral CG001 and CN005 followed by CJ004 than in open field with the same inline lateral under study. Which indicated that the maximum yield was gained due to favorable climatic conditions under protective cover. However it is also due to maximum precision in manufacturing in inline laterals of CG001, CN005 and CJ004 considering their hydraulic parameters such as average emission discharge (lph), variation of emission rate (lph), coefficient of manufacturing variation (Cv), emission uniformity (%), comparative pressure discharge relationship of different laterals under study and emitter exponent. 22ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION LEVELS THROUGH INLINE DRIP IRRIGATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA COUPLED WITH MULCH IN KONKAN REGION(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-12-03) Mr. TONE RAJENDRA PRAKASH; M. S. Mane; Dr.Kadam.U.S., Mahale.D.M; Dr. P. M. IngleABSTRACT EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION LEVELS THROUGH INLINE DRIP IRRIGATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA COUPLED WITH MULCH IN KONKAN REGION by Mr. Tone Rajendra Prakash Regd. No. : ENDPM 2017 / 138 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli- 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Project guide : Dr. M. S. Mane Department : Irrigation and Drainage Engineering The present investigation entitled, “Efficacy of different irrigation and fertigation levels through inline drip irrigation on growth and yield of okra coupled with mulch in Konkan region’’ was carried out at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Okra or Lady’s finger is one of the important vegetable crop grown throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world. It was originated from Africa. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) crop belongs to the family Malvaceae. The nutritional value of 100 g of edible portion of okra contains 1.9 g protein, 0.2 g fat, 6.4 g carbohydrate, 0.7 g minerals and 1.2 g fiber. In India, okra is grown for its mature fruits and is widely used in stuffing and baking. In Konkan region mainly mono cropping i.e., paddy during monsoon season is being adopted. On residual moisture immediately after monsoon some farmers are growing some vegetables on very meager area. Most of the vegetables are being supplied from the western Maharashtra. Therefore, there is an urgent need to xxivintroduce the okra in the Konkan region to reduce the demand from western Maharashtra. Generally, in India and particularly in Maharashtra state okra is grown under the open field. Therefore, it felt necessary to study on okra in the open field coupled with micro-irrigation, fertigation levels, and mulches. The okra crop of Mayhco-10 variety was used for the experiment. The experiment involved eighteen treatment combinations. It was arranged in split plot design with three irrigation levels in the main plots and three fertigation levels and mulching in the sub plots. Irrigation levels includes I 1 (0.6 ETc), I 2 (0.8 ETc) and I 3 (1.0 ETc) and fertigation levels includes F 1 (80% of RDF through WSF), F 2 (100% of RDF through WSF) and F 3 (120% of RDF through WSF) coupled with M 1 (silver mulch) and M 2 (non mulch). The treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1 had maximum yield of Okra 23.12 t.ha -1 and at par with I 3 F 2 M 1 (22.48 t.ha -1 ). The treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1 had total water requirement of okra as 47.19 ha-cm under drip irrigation with silver mulch. The maximum water use efficiency (5.87 q.ha -1 .cm -1 ) was found in treatment combination I 2 F 3 M 1 . The maximum net income (Rs. 5, 18,902 /ha.) and B:C ratio (2.28) was found in treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1 and the second maximum net income (Rs. 5, 03,627 /ha.) and B:C ratio (2.28) was found in treatment combination I 3 F 2 M 1 . The yield parameters such as number of fruits per plant and average weight of fruits were observed maximum in treatment combination I 2 F 3 M 1 and I 2 F 2 M 1 , respectively , whereas the treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1 was found better in obtaining maximum number of branches, yield per plant and total yield. The study indicated that full amount of required irrigation water, 20% extra fertilizer than RDF through drip coupled with mulch yielded more and gave maximum income and B:C ratio.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COST EFFECTIVE REAL TIME SOIL MOISTURE BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH GSM(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-01-17) MR. MANE SIDDHESH SAMPATRAO; Dr.M. S. Mane; Prof. Dr. U. S. Kadam, Dr. P. M. Ingle; dilip MAHALEABSTRACT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COST EFFECTIVE REAL TIME SOIL MOISTURE BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH GSM by Mr. Mane Siddhesh Sampatrao Regd. No. : ENDPM 2017 / 128 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli- 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Project guide : Dr. M. S. Mane Department : Irrigation and Drainage Engineering The present study entitled, “Design and Development of Cost Effective Real Time Soil Moisture Based Automatic Irrigation System with GSM’’ was carried out during the year 2017-19 at the Laboratory and the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The physical properties of the soil such as textural class, infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, porosity, field capacity and permanent wilting point were determined by using standard procedures. The value of the field capacity of the soil was given as the higher set point to the system in order to OFF the solenoid valve and pump. The value of the desired depletion of available moisture (50 percent AMC) was given as the lower set point to the system to ON the solenoid valve and pump. The unit of the automatic irrigation system was developed by assembling the various hardware components such as Arduino Mega (controller), soil moisture sensors, relays, GSM module, Bluetooth module, solenoid valve, motor, cabinet, wires and other accessories. The programming required for controlling the solenoid valve and motor was done in the Arduino IDE. Dual probe conductance based and xxanticorrosive soil moisture sensors were used to record the real time soil moisture content from the field. The field testing of the system was done by installing the system in the field. Under calibration, a unit of the automatic irrigation system was compared to moisture content readout with gravimetric moisture content. The non-linear polynomial equation of degree 3 in terms of ‘x’ and ‘y’ was developed and the other values of corresponding moisture content were determined using interpolation. The comparative study of three depth of placement of sensors i.e. 7.5 cm, 10 cm & 12.5 cm. were carried out. According to that, three sensors were installed in the field by adopting a standard procedure. The controller was installed in the field for the entire crop period from 09/12/2018 to 06/03/2019. The field performance and testing of sensors include the sensor readout which was compare with the moisture content by gravimetric method. The readout showed by SMS-I to SMS-III and for the depths, i.e. 7.5 cm to 12.5 cm were found to be nearly matching with the actual moisture content of the soil by gravimetric method. It is found that SMS-III was at 12.5 cm depth shown 50 % soil moisture depletion earlier than SMS-II and SMS-I. The results were revealed that the biometric parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, spread area was found maximum in 7.5 cm depth of sensor whereas 10 cm depth of sensor was also found better as compared to 12.5 cm depth of the sensor. The yield parameters such as average weight, specific gravity, diameter of curd and yield per ha. were observed maximum in 7.5 cm depth of the sensor. The minimum depth of water applied over crop period was observed in SMS-I i.e. 22.80 cm, while the maximum was observed in SMS-III i.e. 28.18 cm. This clearly indicated that as depth sensor increases from 7.5 cm to 12.5 cm. The total time 24.11 hrs. was required to deliver the water as per climatological approach. In spite of that the time of operation saved over climatological approach ranging from 32.47 % to 21.52 % in SMS-I to SMS-II. The maximum water use efficiency was found in 7.5 cm depth of sensor i.e. 19.40 q.ha -1 .cm -1 followed by 10 cm depth of sensor (16.91 q.ha -1 .cm -1 ), while minimum observed in 12.5 cm depth of sensor i.e. 14.74 q.ha -1 .cm -1 . Hence, it is revealed that the use of an automatic irrigation system with 7.5 cm depth of placement of the sensor is working efficiently and effectively. The total cost incurred for the design and development of the controller along with accessories is Rs. 11330/-. Thus, the developed system is a low cost system. The B:C ratio was found to be maximum of the automatic irrigation system with 7.5 cm xxisensor depth i.e. 2.32 followed by irrigation system with 10 cm depth of sensor i.e. 2.30 and minimum in irrigation system with 12.5 cm depth of sensor i.e. 2.23. The net income obtained in automatic irrigation system with 7.5 cm sensor depth is 9.75 % and in automatic irrigation system with 10 cm depth of the sensor is 8.10 % more than the automatic irrigation system with 12 cm depth of the sensor. Therefore the designed and developed automatic irrigation system with GSM is found cost effective and working efficiently with saving water and energy.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION LEVELS THROUGH DRIP IRRIGATION, COUPLED WITH MULCH, ON YIELD, GROWTH AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF GREEN CAPSICUM(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-03-03) MS. KARMARKAR SUMITA SHANKAR; Dr.U.S.Kadam; Dr. M. S. Mane, S. T. Patil; dilip MAHALEABSTRACT STUDIES ON DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTIGATION LEVELS THROUGH DRIP IRRIGATION, COUPLED WITH MULCH, ON YIELD, GROWTH AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF GREEN CAPSICUM by Ms. Karmarkar Sumita Shankar Regd. No. : ENDPM 2016 / 103 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli- 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Project guide : Prof. Dr. U. S. Kadam Department : Irrigation and Drainage Engineering The present investigation entitled, “Studies on different irrigation and fertigation levels through drip irrigation, coupled with mulch, on yield, growth and water use efficiency of green capsicum’’ was carried out at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is commonly known as Capsicum, Shimla mirch, green pepper, cherry pepper or bell pepper and it belongs to Solanaceous group of vegetables. In India, capsicum is grown for its mature fruits and is widely used in stuffing and baking. It is also used in salad, noodles, soup, burger and pizza preparation. In Konkan region mainly mono cropping i.e., paddy during monsoon season is being adopted. On residual moisture immediately after monsoon some farmers are growing some vegetables on very meager area. Most of the vegetables are being supplied from the western Maharashtra. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce the green capsicum in the region to reduce the demand from western Maharashtra. Generally in India and particularly in Maharashtra state green capsicum/coloured capsicum are grown under protective cover. However to provide the protected cover again it involves the additional investment and technical skill. 20Therefore, it felt necessary to study on green capsicum in open field coupled with micro irrigation, fertigation levels and mulches. The green capsicum crop of Indus variety was used for experiment. The experiment involved eighteen treatment combinations. It was arranged in split plot design with three irrigation levels in the main plots and three fertigation levels and mulching in the sub plots. Irrigation levels includes I 1 (0.6 ETc), I 2 (0.8 ETc) and I 3 (1.0 ETc) and fertigation levels includes F 1 (80% of RDF through WSF), F 2 (100% of RDF through WSF) and F 3 (120% of RDF through WSF.). The treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1 was found to be significantly superior in terms of attaining maximum yield of capsicum (27.64 t.ha -1 ). The best treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1 had total water requirement of capsicum as 48.30 ha-cm under drip irrigation with silver mulch. The maximum water use efficiency (6.54 q.ha -1 .cm -1 ) was found in treatment combination I 2 F 2 M 1 . The maximum net income (Rs. 5, 04,113.99 /ha.) and B:C ratio (2.55) was found in treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1 . The yield parameters such as number of fruits, average number of fruits, yield per plant and total yield were observed maximum in treatment combination I 3 F 3 M 1. The study indicated that full amount of required irrigation water, 20% extra fertilizer than RDF through drip coupled with mulch yielded more and gave maximum income and B:C ratio. 21ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC HYDROPONIC UNIT FOR CULTIVATION OF LEAFY VEGETABLES(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-02-08) MISS. MOON SONALI VILAS; Dr.M. S. Mane; Dr.U.S.Kadam, S. T. Patil; Dr. P. M. Ingle, Dr.S. B. NandgudeABSTRACT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC HYDROPONIC UNIT FOR CULTIVATION OF LEAFY VEGETABLES by Miss. Sonali Vilas Moon Regd. No. : ENDPM 2016 / 108 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli- 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Project guide : Dr. M. S. Mane Department : Irrigation and Drainage Engineering The present investigation entitled, “Design and Development of Domestic Hydroponic Unit for Cultivation of Leafy Vegetables” was carried out at the Instructional Farm and in Laboratory of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. 18The population of the world and country is increasing intensively along with the change in the food basket. In most urban and industrial areas, there is scarcity of fertile cultivable lands due to their stiff competition among different stake holders. Under such circumstances, soil-less cultivation may be one of the prominent solutions. Soil-less cultivation systems can be classified according to their techniques employed. It supplies fresh vegetables with limited space. Plants grown in soil-less culture gives higher yield with superior quality consistently. Rapid urbanization develops multi-storied buildings where very little space is available in buildings exposing it to incident radiation. It might be in terraces, kitchen or in balcony. With an objective of utilizing very small space (area) from the available space for growing fresh vegetables along with free or minimum inorganic chemicals and selective healthy vegetables, it was felt necessary to do study on design and development of household soil-less hydroponic unit for cultivation of leafy vegetables in limited space. The two hydroponic units were designed and developed according to design norms and criteria and by observing different hydroponic units available in the market. Also feedback from review, the area availability limitations and requirement of an average family member of four persons were considered to design for cultivation of short duration vegetable crops into it. It was a multi-storied structure for cultivation of vegetable crops in PVC pipes filled with different media combinations. Two frames of structure viz., one vertical and one tripod section were selected to fulfill the vegetable consumption requirement of small and medium families. Total seven medias were used in five media combinations viz. rice husk + cocopeat + vermicompost, perlite + cocopeat + vermicompost, vermiculite + cocopeat + vermicompost, saw dust + cocopeat + vermicompost, sand + cocopeat + vermicompost in 50:25:25 proportion to study the growth of fenugreek, coriander and spinach. The physical and chemical properties of media such as electrical conductivity, pH, bulk density and particle density were determined by using standard procedures. The best results of vermiculite + cocopeat + vermicompost media combination among all five media combinations in both the developed hydroponic units having electrical conductivity of 0.89 dSm -1 , pH of 6.60, bulk density of 474.33 kg.m -3 and particle density of 1190 kg.m -3 for each crop were observed. Growth of the plants was found to be favorable when good environment and maximum surface area was provided to the crop. Though two hydroponic units viz. vertical and tripod type were designed and developed, the vertical hydroponic unit is recommended based on the benefit cost ratio 19and area limitation. The total cost incurred for the design and development of the vertical hydroponic unit along with accessories was Rs. 2394.13. The maximum net income of Rs. 117.24 per 0.63 m 2 area was recorded in crop combination of fenugreek (0.24 m 2 ) + coriander (0.24 m 2 ) + spinach (0.12 m 2 ). The maximum B: C ratio of 5.03 was observed in crop combination of fenugreek (0.24 m 2 ) + coriander (0.24 m 2 ) + spinach (0.12 m 2 ), followed by 4.85 and 4.37 in crop combination of fenugreek (0.12 m 2 ) + coriander (0.24 m 2 ) + spinach (0.24 m 2 ) and in fenugreek (0.24 m 2 ) + coriander (0.12 m 2 ) + spinach (0.24 m 2 ), respectively.
