Loading...
Thesis
Browse
102 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access The studies on bionomics of brinjal shoot and fruit borer(Dr. B.S.KKV., Dapoli, 2006-05) Gaurat, A. B.; Godase, S. K.Brinjal (egg plant) Solanum melongena Linnaeus is an important solanaceous vegetable crop. Among the several insect pests infesting brinjal, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) is the most destructive pest causing considerable loss in crop yield and also responsible for deterioration of fruit quality which ultimately affect the market value of the fruits. Though, the research work on the biology, seasonal incidence and chemical control of shoot and fruit borer has been reported from other parts of country, no comprehensive information is available on this pest, particularly under the conditions of Konkan region of Maharashtra State. In view of the seriousness of the pest and scarcity of information, the present investigation entitled, “Biology, seasonal incidence and management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee with newer insecticides” was undertaken with some specific objectives viz., biology of the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, seasonal incidence and to find out effective chemical control measures against the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee. The results of the present studies are summarized below. Studies on bionomics of the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, revealed that mating occurred during night hours. The mating took place end to end position. The mean pre-oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition period lasted for 1, 3.4 and 1.8 days, respectively. A female moth laid on an average 168.2 eggs. Eggs were deposited mostly singly or even in batches of 2 to 4 on the undersurface of leaves. Freshly laid eggs were oval, somewhat elongated, creamy white in colour. Before hatching, eggs turned yellowish brown with a prominent black spot. Average length and breadth of eggs were 0.75 and 0.52 mm, respectively. Incubation period ranged from 3 to 5 days with an average of 3.6 days. The newly hatched larva was tiny, cylindrical, dirty white in colour with a prominent dark brown head. Body covered with numerous setae. The larva moulted four times and passed through five larval instars. The average duration of first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar larvae were 2.1, 2.75, 2.65, 2.5 and 2.8 days, respectively. A total larval period varied from 10 to 15 days with an average of 12.35 days. The full grown larva was dark pink in colour, slightly spindle shaped, swollen in the middle portion and slightly tapered anteriorly and posteriorly and measured for 16 to 18 mm with an average of 17.2 mm in length. Freshly, hatched larvae bore into tender shoot and fed on internal tissues and closed the opening with frass. Wilting and drooping down of shoots indicates its infestation. After fruit formation, newly hatched larvae entered into fruits from the below calyx and fed inside the fruits on internal tissues. The full grown larvae came out of fruits by making circular exit holes. Pupation was observed on dry leaves of the plant and also in soil under field condition. Prepupal period ranged from 1 to 2 days with an average of 1.2 days. The prepupa was light pink to dark pink in colour. Mean length and breadth of prepupa was 14.04 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively. The newly formed pupa was of obtect type, light brown in colour and covered with light brown cocoon. The duration of pupal stage ranged from 6 to 10 days with an average of 7.45. The average length and breadth of pupa was 10.4 and 3.4 mm, respectively. The adult moth was medium sized and whitish grey in colour. Forewings white in colour and marked with golden brown markings. Hind wings were white and marked with black, brown specks. Abdomen of female moth was whitish grey, swollen in the middle and marked with tuft of white dark brown hairs at the intersegmental portion with distinct brownish ovipositor. Female moth measured 14.4 mm in length and 21.2 mm across the wings, while male moth measured 10.5 m in length and 17.8 mm across the wings. Male moth comparatively smaller than female. Female and male moth lived for on an average of 1.9 and 1.3 days without food, while when fed with 5 per cent honey solution, female and male moths lived for on an average of 3.6 and 2.7 days, respectively. Female to male sex ratio was 1.43 : 1. A single generation of female was completed within 22 to 38 days with a mean of 28.2 days while male took 22 to 36 days with an average of 27.3 days to complete single generation. The infestation on shoot was not observed throughout the cropping season. However, incidence on fruit was noticed at the first harvest of the crop (12th week after transplanting) in the last week of January with 12.25 per cent fruit infestation coinciding with 5th meteorological week. Further, it was suddenly increased to 46.67 per cent during the first week of February and remained more or less constant with peak infestation (55 per cent) in the 8th meteorological week which corresponding to the 3rd week of February. Further incidence was declined slightly but it was more or less remained constant in the range of 28.21 to 35.18 per cent till the last week of March. The correlation between weather parameters and per cent fruit infestation was worked out. There was no any correlation observed. The results of an insecticidal treatments against brinjal shoot and fruit borer indicated that out of seven insecticides tested, emamectin benzoate 0.0006 per cent was found to be the most effective treatment followed by 0.066 per cent Polytrin C. The maximum yield of marketable fruits was also recorded with these two treatments.ThesisItem Open Access FOOD GRAIN STORAGE PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY THE FARM WOMEN(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2009-05-15) CHAVAN, KAVERI MALHARI; Mehta, P.G.The present research project entitled ‘Food grain storage practices followed by the farm women’ was undertaken with the following specific objectives. 1. To study the personal and socio-economic characteristics of the farm women. 2. To understand the level of knowledge of the farm women about improved food grain storage practices. 3. To study the food grain storage practices followed by the farm women. 4. To find out association of the personal and socio-economic characteristics of the farm women and their knowledge level about food grain storage practices. 5. To assess the training needs of the farm women regarding storage of food grains. 6. To know the constraints faced by the farm women regarding storage of food grains. The study was conducted in Raigad district of the Konkan region. In all, ten villages from two tahsils namely Karjat and Roha were selected based on the maximum area under food grain production. An interview schedule was specially designed, in line with the objectives set forth, to collect the needed information. The data were collected by personally interviewing 120 randomly selected farm women from these villages. The findings of the study are summarized below. 96 5.1 Personal and socio-economic characteristics of the farm women. It was observed that majority (66.67 per cent) of the respondents belonged to ‘middle’ age group and average age of the respondents was 42.69 years. Majority (58.33 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ education with an average education of 6th standard. Majority (84.17 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ family size with average family size 6 members. Majority (67.50 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ farming experience. With average 23 years of experience in farming. Three fourth (75.00 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ land holding with average land holding of 1.05 ha. It was revealed that majority (69.17 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ annual income. The average annual income of the respondents was Rs. 67,431/-. More than one half (53.33 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ use of information source. It was observed that large majority (91.66 per cent) of the respondents had low cropping pattern. It was noticed that two third (67.50 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ food grain production, and food grain storage (65.00per cent). It was revealed that majority (84.17per cent) of the respondents had low marketable surplus. 5.2 Knowledge level of the farm women about improved food grain storage practices. The data regarding ‘knowledge’ about improved food grain storage practices revealed that three fifth (60.00 per cent) of the respondents had ‘medium’ knowledge. While 17.50 per cent and 22.50 per cent respondents had ‘low’ and ‘high’ level of knowledge respectively. The average knowledge score was 30. It was observed that almost all the farm women had knowledge of prevention of food grain from moisture and control measures for stored grain pest on pulses. On the other hand only few respondents had knowledge about precautions at the time of use of fumigants (11.67 per cent), percentage of the moisture in food grain at the time of storage 97 (6.67 per cent). All the respondents were not knowing the name of insecticides (100.00 per cent). 5.3 Food grain storage practices followed by the farm women.. 5.3.1 Traditional practices The data regarding traditional practices used by the farm women for storage of food grains revealed that majority (87.50 per cent) of the respondents used gunny bags as container for food grain storage. Most (93.33 per cent) of the respondents used neem leaves to protect the food grain from stored grain pest. Three fourth of the (76.67 per cent) of the respondents plugging the hole cracks, crevices in storage room. 5.3.2 Improved practices The data regarding practice-wise adoption revealed that, majority of the respondents had ‘fully’ adopted the practices namely, ‘proper drying and cleaning of food grain on threshing yard ’ (91.66 per cent), ‘sun drying’ (93.33 per cent), ‘proper aeration in the storage room’ (63.33 per cent). Majority of the respondents had ‘partially’ adopted the practices namely ‘keeping gunny bags away from ceiling’ (65.83 per cent) ‘sieve the food grain after threshing’ (54.17 per cent), and ‘use of rodenticides (42.50 per cent). Majority of the respondents had ‘not adopted’ the practices namely ‘use of silo bin, pusa bin, kisan kothi’ (100.00 per cent), ‘use of fumigants ’ (94.17 per cent), ‘spraying of insecticides on storage material before storage of food grains’ (95.84 per cent). 5.4 Association between personal and socio-economic characteristics of the farm women and their knowledge level about food grain storage practices. The association between characteristics of the farm women, namely, age, education, family size, farming experience, use of information source, and knowledge level of the farm women 98 about food grain storage practices was significant. However, the association of annual income, size of land holding, cropping pattern, quantity of food grain produced and stored and marketable surplus with knowledge level of the farm women about food grain storage practices was non-significant. 5.5 Training needs of the farm women regarding storage of food grains The data revealed that majority (55.00 per cent) of the respondents felt that training is needed more in respect of use of fumigants at stored place, use of preventive measures at stored place (46.67 per cent), protection of food grain from rodents (39.17 per cent). While 40.00 per cent of the respondents moderately needed the training in use of improved storage structure, followed by use of chemicals (38.33per cent). The 41.67 per cent of the respondents felt less training need in respect of methods to be used, followed by precautions in using chemicals (39.17per cent). 5.6 Constraints faced by the farm women regarding storage of food grains Major constraints faced by the respondents in food grain storage practices were, ‘high cost of improved storage structure ’(85.00 per cent), ‘lack of knowledge on identification of stored grain pest’ (69.16 per cent), ‘unavailability of different storage structure’ (56.66 per cent), ‘chemicals and their proportion in use’ (41.66 per cent), ’inadequate space for storage’ (34.16 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access ASPIRATIONS OF SCHOOL GOING AND SCHOOL DROPOUT TRIBAL TEENAGERS FROM THANE DISTRICT(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2008-06-01) Jadhav, Yogesh Bhagavan; Nirban, A. J.It was observed that the school going and school drop out tribal teenagers significantly differed in respect of age, family education status, type of family and mass media exposure. Both the groups had medium level of aspirations. However, the school going tribal teenagers had higher educational and professional aspirations, while school dropout tribal teenagers had higher self employment aspirations than their respective counterparts. The aspirations of tribal teenagers were substantially influenced by their family education status and gender. Dominance of nepotism, lack of finance, career guidance and parents’ support were the major perceived problems by the tribal teenagers in fulfilling their aspirations.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on heterosis and combining ability in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2004-11-04) Gawande, Prafulla Pralhadrao; Dhonukshe, B.L.The present investigation involved the assessment of heterosis, combining ability, genetic component of variation and gene action by diallel analysis. The two models i.e. Griffing (1956) and Hayman (1954 a) were used in the present investigation. The evaluation of performance of the parents and F1 hybrids revealed that there was a wide range of variation among them for various characters studied. Considerable amount of heterosis was observed for all of the characters with the different level of magnitude for various characters under studied. The highest significant mid-parent heterosis was observed for number of fruits per plant (169.73%, A. Alok × M.L.-15) followed by fruit yield per plant (165.65%, LE-415 × M.L.-15). The considerable amount of heterosis was observed for number of branches per plant (83.15%) followed by fruit weight (68.11%), pericarp thickness (44.67%). The moderate amount of mid parent heterosis was observed for ascorbic acid content (36.55%), TSS (34.10%), titratable acidity (33.56%), fruit diameter (28.06%) and fruit length (22.79%). While negative mid parent heterosis was observed for number of loculi per fruit (-48.57%) followed by days to flower (-22.53%), days to first picking (-15.77%), pH (-11.84%) and days to last picking (-8.17%). The parents A. Alok, M.L.-15, Sonali, Hawaii-7998 and L.E.-415 were best general combined for yield and yield contributing characters. The promising hybrids were selected on the basis of higher per se performance, desirable level of SCA effects, mid parent heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for yield included L.E.-415 × M.L.-15, A. Alok × M.L.-15, DPL-T-14 × Hawaii-7998, A. Alok × Hawaii-7998, M.L.-15 × Sun-7610, Hawaii-7998 × Sun-7610, DPL-T-14 × BL-342-1, L.E.-415 × BL-342-1 and A. Alok × Sonali should be tested in multilocation trial and those showed stable performance should be released for commercial cultivation of Konkan region. The narrow sense heritability for fruit yield per plant was found to be low. The magnitude of dominance components (H1 and H2) and additive component (D) revealed that all characters except fruit length were governed by nonadditive type of gene action and could be exploited only by means of heterosis breeding.ThesisItem Open Access STABILITY ANALYSIS IN SWEET POTATO (Ipomoeabatatas L. (Lam.)(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2005-11-05) Haldavanekar, Pradeep Chandrakant; Joshi, G.D.The present investigation entitled "Stability analysis in sweet potato (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.) was conducted with the following objectives: 6. To identify stable, high tuber yielding genotypes of sweet potato for both Kharif and Rabi seasons. 7. To study range of variability for growth, yield and tuber parameters during Kharif and Rabi season. 8. To study range of variability for nutritive value among different genotypes. 9. To study the nature and magnitude of heritable and non-heritable components in sweet potato. 10. To study the post-harvest handling of different genotypes of sweet potato: e. Storage behaviour in ambient temperature, cool chamber and cold storage conditions. f. Drying and dehydration of sweet potato tubers. g. Processing quality. h. Cooking quality. The method of experimentation and silent findings emerged out of the study are summerised below. The experiment was conducted with 20 sweet potato genotypes procured from All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Tuber crops (other than potato) sub centers, Wakawali Taluka - Dapoli, Dist. – Ratnagiri, (M.S.) These genotypes were Amroli, Belgaon, Doorshet Khandala, H 82/6, IB 90-11-1, IB 90-15-9, IB 700, IGSP 12, Konkan Ashwini Nante Red, S 22, S 30/25, S 56-2, S 62, S 73, Sree Bhadra, Sree Vardhini, 288 X 5, X 109-2 and X 110-2. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications in four environments at education farm, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri during kharif and rabi seasons of the year 2003-04 and 2004-05. Observations were recorded on growth, yield and tuber characteristics. These observations were length of main vine (cm), length of subsidiary vine (cm), number of subsidiary vines per plant, number of nodes per plant, internodal length (cm), Leaf area (cm2), length of petiole (cm), weight of vine (g), number of tubers per plant, yield of tubers per plant (g), yield of tubers per hectare (t/ha), biological yield per plant (g), harvest index (%), tuber length (cm), tuber girth (cm), tuber weight (g), tuber volume (ml), tuber specific gravity, shape, skin colour and flesh colour of tuber. In addition to these nutritive qualities of tuber viz., Moisture, Total soluble solids (T.S.S.), Ascorbic acid, Sugars (reducing and total), Non-reducing sugars, Starch, crude fiber and carotene content were also studied. For postharvest handling study, first ten genotypes were selected, on the basis of yield obtained during four season's field trial. These genotypes were Doorshet Khandala, H 82/6, IB 90-11-1, IB 90-15-9, IB 700, Konkan Ashwini, S 56-2, S 73, Sree Bhadra and Sree Vardhini. Effect of different storage conditions on storage behaviour of sweet potato tubers namely PLW, sprouting behaviour and shelf life was observed at three storage conditions, viz., ambient temperature, cool chamber and cold storage. Further drying and dehydration, processing, cooking and their sensory qualities were also studied. Statistical analysis for Estimation of standard error, critical difference, components of variation, coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance were also worked out as per the methods prescribed by Panse and Sukhatme (1957). Estimation of stability parameters was worked out as per procedure suggested by the Eberhart and Russel (1966). All the genotypes differed significantly for all the characters except tuber girth and specific gravity as indicated by highly significant mean squares due to genotypes. Significant mean squares due to environment for 289 all the traits indicated significant differences for all four environments studied. The mean squares due to G × E (linear) were statistically significant for all the traits except weight of tuber, volume of tuber, and harvest index. Mean squares due to pooled deviation were also statistically significant only in harvest index characters. Thus, it is concluded that major portion of variation due to G × E was the linear component in these characters. Present studies on ‘Stability analysis in sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L. (Lam.)) indicated that by and large, none of the genotype showed general adaptability for all the characters under study. However, the genotypes H 82/6, IB 700, IGSP 12, S 22, S 56-2, S 73 and Sree Bhadra showed relatively stable performance for length of main vine characters. The genotypes Amroli, Belgaon, Doorshet Khandala, H 82/6, IB 700, IGSP 12 and Nante Red were relatively stable for number of sub vines. For the character length of sub vines, the genotypes Belgaon, H 82/6, IB 90-15-9, IB 700, IGSP 12, Konkan Ashwini, S 22, S 56-2, S 73, Sree Bhadra and Sree Vardhini were relatively stable. The genotypes IB 700, IGSP 12, Nante Red, S 56-2, S 73, Sree Bhadra, and X 109-2 were relatively stable for number of nodes. Internodal length character was found to be relatively stable in the genotypes Doorshet Khandala, S 56-2, Sree Bhadra and X 109-2. For petiole length, Belgaon, Konkan Ashwini, S 22, S 56-2, S 62, S 73 and Sree Bhadra were found to be relatively stable. However, the genotypes IB 700, Nante Red, S 30/25 and S 62 were near to stability for leaf area and leaf area index. The genotypes Amroli, Doorshet Khandala, IB 90-11-1, IB 700, Nante Red, S 30/25 and S 62 were relatively stable for weight of vine. For the character yield of tubers per vine the genotypes IB 90-11-1, IB 90-15-9, IB 700, S 56-2, Sree Bhadra and Sree Vardhini were relatively stable. The genotypes IB 90-11-1, IB 90-15-9, IB 700 were near to stability for number of tubers per vine. The important character i.e. yield of tubers per hectare; the genotypes S 56-2, Sree Vardhini, IB 90-159, IB 700, IB 90-11-1 and Doorshet Khandala were found near to stability. Thus, genotypes IB 700 showed relatively stable performance for the maximum number of characters i.e. 13 characters. However, none of the cultivars under study was ideally stable for all characters. 290 Tubers of sweet potato genotypes were differed in their shape, colour of skin and flesh. Tuber shape of different genotypes was long elliptic/irregular, round/obovate, obovate/ irregular, obovate, long elliptic, and obovate elliptic shaped. With regards to tuber skin colour, the genotypes under study were roughly classified as white and red skinned genotypes. White skinned tubers were observed in IGSP 12, S 22, S 62 and X 5 genotypes. Red skinned colour genotypes were further classified in different groups on visual observation. They showed slight variation in red colour namely Light pink, light reddish purple and light brick colour. The flesh colour of the genotypes were white flesh and light orange/ white With respect to variability, highly significant treatment differences revealed presence of high amount of variability for most of the characters under study except tuber girth, specific gravity, moisture, acidity and crude fiber. In general the magnitude of phenotypic variances was greater than genotypic variances. The characters leaf area, yield of tubers per vine biological yield and weight of vine noticed higher value of genotypic variance. Higher phenotypic variance recorded for leaf area followed by biological yield, yield of tubers per vine and weight of vine. The environmental variances were lower than genotypic variances for length of main vine, subsidiary vine, number of sub vines, internodal length, petiole length, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, weight of vine, number and yield of tubers per vine, tuber weight tuber volume, specific gravity, biological yield and harvest index. The high magnitude difference between GCV and PCV indicated the little role of environment on the expression of various characters. In general, phenotypic coefficient of variation was greater than genotypic coefficient of variation. Among growth, yield and tuber characters studied, yield of tubers per ha; number and yield of tubers per vine and leaf are index showed relatively high value of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation. The characters main vine length, petiole length, tuber number per vine, tuber yield per vine and per hectare, tuber weight, tuber volume and harvest index, showed very high estimates of heritability. The high estimate of genetic advance was recorded for character tuber yield per vine followed by weight of vine. Further it was noticed that 291 genetic advance, as percent of mean was high in tuber yield per ha. Very high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for the character tuber yield per vine, it means the selection for this character would be useful for improvement in this crop. Regarding nutritive parameters, the genotype S 73, Konkan Ashwini, H 82/6, IB 700, Sree Bhadra, Sree Vardhini, S 56-2, showed comparatively better performance in most of the nutritive parameters, while IB 90-15-9 and IB90-11-1 had in carotene content. However, sweet potato genotypes possessed substantial variation for total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total reducing and non-reducing sugars, carotene, and starch. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was greater than genotypic coefficient of variation in general. Highest phenotypic as well as genotypic coefficient of variation was noticed in the character carotene content. The characters starch exhibited very high estimates of heritability. The genetic advance as well as genetic advance as a percent of mean was the highest in carotene. During 60 days storage study of sweet potato tubers, PLW was significantly varied in genotypes as well as storage condition. The highest PLW was observed at ambient temperature while lowest was in cold storage conditions. With regards to genotypes, the lowest PLW was noticed in S 73 followed by Sree Bhadra, Doorshet Khandala, IB 90-11-1, S 56-2, Konkan Ashwini, H 82/6, IB 700, IB 90-15-9 and Sree Vardhini. During 60 days storage, sprouting variation was also observed in all the genotypes as well as storage conditions. The lowest sprouting percentage was in cold storage followed by cool chamber and then ambient temperature. However, the sprouting percent in genotypes was nonsignificantly varied. Cold storage was found to be the best storage method that imparted lowest PLW and sprouting of tubers with irrespective of genotypes. The shelf life of sweet potato tubers was significantly varied in all the genotypes and storage conditions. Significantly the lowest shelf life was observed in ambient temperature while highest was in cold storage 292 conditions. The shelf life in cool chamber was in intermediate between cold storage and ambient temperature. In drying and dehydration comparative study of sweet potato tubers, it could be revealed that sensory score was maximum in dehydrated chips. The genotype S 73 recorded significantly the highest sensory score in dried as well as dehydrated chips for colour, flavour and texture. In all 10 genotypes, S 73 secured the highest score for colour flavour and texture among all the genotypes for processing. Further it could be concluded that dehydrated fired chips showed relatively higher score than dried chips in all genotypes under study. With regards to sensory quality of cooked tubers, significant variations among genotypes were observed. However, all genotypes were acceptable. The genotypes IB 700 and Sree Bhadra secured first position followed by S 73 and Konkan Ashwini.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CONFECTIONERY GROUNDNUT(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2006-11) MHASKAR, NAMDEV VITTHAL; Patil, B. P.Field experiment was conducted during rabi 2004-05 and 2005-06 at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri. The soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture, slightly acidic in pH (5.55) and high in organic carbon (1.63) content. It was low to medium in available nitrogen (275.88 kg/ha), low in phosphorus (10.72 kg/ha) and moderately high in available potassium (211.35 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatment comprised of poultry manure alone and its integration with EM + PSM coupled with sulphur and calcium and RDF alone and its integration similar as PM and high degree on integration of PM + RDF + EM + PSM + S+ Ca and control. The results revealed that the growth characters like height (cm), number of branches, leaves, nodules and dry matter per hill (g), yield attributes like matured pods and total number of pods/hill, weight of pods, 100 kernel weight as well as pod, haulm and kernel yield were significantly enhanced by application of PM + RDF + EM + PSM + S + Ca followed by Ca coupled with sulphur and biofertilizers alongwith PM and RDF. The oil content, oil and protein yield in confectionery groundnut kernel were also 15 significantly improved due to the said treatment, whereas, protein content did not differ significantly due to different nutrient treatments. Nitrogen and potassium removal in different plant parts of groundnut kernel, haulm, shell and total uptake was improved by application of PM and RDF alone and its subsequent integration with biofertilizers, S and Ca. The values of phosphorus uptake by kernel and total phosphorus uptake was higher with high integration of nutrients i.e. PM + RDF + EM + PSM + S + Ca. Sulphur and Calcium containing nutrient treatments caused higher uptake of S and Ca by different components of groundnut than non-sulphur and calcium treatment. Application of PM alone and in integration with biofertilizers S and Ca proved similar in effects regarding growth characters, yield attributing parameters, uptake of N, P, K, Ca and S to that of RDF alone and its corresponding combinations with biofertilizers S and Ca. However, dry pod yield increased due to RDF alone and its integration with biofertilizers over PM alone and its integration with biofertilizers. After harvest of groundnut crop different nutrient treatment did not show significant effect on soil physical and chemical properties except soil pH. The calcium integration treatment recorded significantly higher pH than non-calcium integration. PM alone and in progressive combination with EM + PSM, S and Ca caused numerically higher values of water holding capacity, porosity, organic carbon and organic matter of soil and lower values of bulk density compared to RDF alone and its respective combination with EM + PSM, S, and Ca. The biofertilizers combination with RDF recorded significantly higher number of bacteria whereas, PM along with biofertilizers, S and Ca improved number and type of fungi appreciably. It was noticed that the available Nitrogen in soil after harvest of groundnut was ameliorated over initial values due to PM individually as 16 well as in each successive combinations with biofertilizers, sulphur and calcium and their highest integration. Available phosphorus in soil slightly increased due to different nutrient treatments. The highest degree of integration as well as no integration i.e. PM and RDF alone caused positive balance of Potassium. Sulphur integrated treatment and calcium containing treatments showed positive influence on available sulphur and calcium status over initial values while remaining treatment showed depletion of these nutrients. Integrated application of PM and RDF in combination with biofertilizers sulphur and calcium recorded maximum net profit (Rs.96990.83/ha). While sulphur combinations with biofertilizers coupled with RDF and PM recorded highest B: C ratio of 2.48 and 2.47, respectively. Thus, considering high yield, net profit, nutrient status and physicochemical and biological properties of soil after harvest of groundnut, it can be concluded that integration of PM + RDF + EM + PSM + S + Ca is the best combination for sustaining the productivity of confectionery groundnut (var. TPG-41) under lateritic soil of Konkan during rabi season.ThesisItem Open Access Management of Major Diseases of Cashewnut (Anacardium occidentale L.)(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2006) Karande, Mahesh Gorakhnath.; Raut, S.P.Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) belonging to family Anacardiaceae is a native of South-Eastern Brazil and is cultivated mainly for its’ kernels, cashewnut shell liquid (CNSL), cashew apple and for checking soil erosion. In recent years there has been growing awareness about cashew cultivation in India. One of the constraints in the cultivation of this plantation crop observed in the Konkan region was the fungal attacks on trees. Even though there are many diseases reported on cashew, but the serious diseases are very few only and the magnitude of loss due to diseases is also very low but in Konkan region the incidence of diseases like inflorescence blight and die-back is increased in recent years. In roving survey conducted in Konkan region. The PDI for inflorescence blight ranged from 18.83 – 43.61 and for dieback it was ranged from 13.33 – 32.27 at various locations i.e. in Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Raigad districts. The fungal pathogen were isolated and its pathogenicity on cashew var. ‘Vengurla-4’ trees was proved. The pathogen was identified as Fusarium oxysporum Schl. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. 34 Screening of fungicides in vitro revealed that Bavistin (0.1%) and Tilt (0.1%) were most effective against Fusarium oxysporum Schl. As they totally inhibited the mycelial growth of fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schl. whereas Bavistin (0.1%) Copper oxychloride (0.1%), Tilt (0.1%) and Score (0.1%) were most effective against Coletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. As they totally inhibited the mycelial growth of fungus Coletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Among the different bio-organics screened the Purna (0.3 %) was found effective against F. oxysporum Schl. and C. gloeosporioides Penz. The various bioagents tested included Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. koningii, T. lingorum, Gliocladium virens, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. Out of these tested Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride were most effective antagonists of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. when test fungus is at centre. Among the various botanicals screened the Garlic clove extract was found most effective against Fusarium oxysporum Schl. and leaf extract of Tulsi was found most effective against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN HORSEGRAM (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.)(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2006-05) PAWAR, DIPALI VITTHAL; Shinde, A. K.Drought is the major constraint which limits the crop productivity. In drought prone condition grain legumes are the major components. Improved drought resistance can be achieved by two major approaches, one is physiogenic approach, which includes selection of crop species and varieties or breeding varieties, which have combination of potential traits for drought resistance and another is physioagronomic approach which includes developing package of practices for sowing time, nutrition, PGR, intercultural operations, etc. Horsegram has innate drought tolerance and is generally grown as sole crop in less fertile soils on residual moisture. Considering the most important drought tolerant pulse crop, it is necessary to pay attention to develop horsegram varieties having salient features like high yield, drought tolerance, short duration, etc. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to screen different genotypes of horsegram under water stress for drought tolerance. An experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Dapoli during the Rabi season 2005-06 in a split plot design with three replications. Main plot treatment consists of stress and no stress treatment and in sub-plot treatment twenty genotypes of horsegram were grown. In stress treatment two irrigations were given i.e. 1st at the time of sowing and 2nd 15 DAS. In no stress treatment irrigation was given at 15 days interval. The important findings emerged from the present studies are drought tolerance depends open the assemblage of the characters of growth and yield. Among the different attributes of structural growth, plant spread and stem dry weight, foliage growth leaf area, leaf dry weight and leaf area index, in root characters root thickness and root dry weight were most susceptible to drought. Number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, biological yield, grain yield per plant and grain yield (q/ha) were also susceptible to drought. Terminal water stress resulted in loss of 44.84 per cent grain yield in horsegram. Chlorophyll stability index is inversely related with drought tolerance. Water stress reduced the relative water content of leaves in all the genotypes. The genotypes 12 B, RJP 2, KHP 1, RTPL D, SOG 1, CRIDA 1-18 R, Goval 1 and CHP 5 are rated as drought tolerant due to higher grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, relative water content and low chlorophyll stability index.ThesisItem Open Access BIOECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF SAPOTA SEED BORER, Trymalitis margarias Meyrick (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae(DBSKKV DAPOLI, 2006-05) GODASE, VINOD NARAYAN; Narangalkar, A. L.Sapota locally called as 'Chiku' Manilkara achras (Mill) Forsberg, is one of the most important tropical fruit crop grown extensively in Thane district of Maharashtra. Amongst the pests infesting sapota, seed borer, Trymalitis margarias Meyrick (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae); bud borer, Anarsia achrasella (Lepidoptera : Gelechidae) and leaf webber, Nephopteryx eugraphella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) are the key pests of sapota causing considerable losses both in yield and quality of fruits. The sapota growers from Thane district of Konkan region had made series of queries with government agricultural agencies/ institutes for finding out solutions for management of these pests. With this in view, present investigation entitled "Bioecology and management of sapota seed borer, Trymalitis margarias Meyrick (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)" was undertaken with some specific objectives like, seasonal incidence, bionomics and development of integrated management packages for sapota seed borer, T. margarias. The results of present studies are summarized below. The observations recorded on the seasonal incidence of sapota seed borer at Agricultural Research and Development Foundation (ARDF) farm, Met, Tal. Wada, Dist. Thane during 2005-06 indicated that its infestation fluctuates throughout the period of study with two peak periods of infestation i.e. first in the month of November with 14.72 per cent infestation and second in the month of January with 12.21 per cent infestation. Studies on the bionomics of sapota seed borer, T. margarias revealed that the mating took place mostly during evening hours between 8 to 10 pm. The average pre - oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods lasted for 1.55, Results and discussion 32 1.98 and 1.17 days, respectively. The eggs were laid singly or in batches of 2 to 4 on eighter upper or lower surface of leaf. Freshly laid eggs were oblong with convex upper surface, dirty white in colour and remained glued to the surface of the leaf. A female laid 82 to 237 eggs with an average of 165.20. Average length and breadth of an egg was measured to 0.54 and 0.33 mm, respectively. Incubation period was ranged from 9 to 11.85 days with an average of 10.40 days. The hatching percentage varied from 70 to 100 with an average of 84. The newly hatched larvae were very active, whitish in colour and sparsely covered with hairs. Their colour became pinkish in later instars. Last instar larvae were dark pink to red in colour. The larval development was completed in 11.60 days. Average length, breadth and head width of first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar larvae of sapota seed borer were measured to 2.01, 0.37 and 0.29; 4.65, 0.66 and 0.49; 8.33, 1.83 and 0.90, 11.50, 2.32 and 1.46; 12.75, 2.71 and 1.90 mm, respectively. The freshly hatched larvae entered into seed, feed on inner content and remained inside the seed throughout its life. The full grown larva came out of fruit tunneling its way through the mesocarp. Due to an exit hole, quality of fruit gets deteriorated. Further, the exit holes were also found to invite micro-organisms and secondary insects to enter inside and spoiled the whole fruit. The prepupal period lasted for 16 minutes, pupation took place in the leaf fold. Pupal stage remained for 11.72 days. The average length and breadth of pupa was measured to 7.79 and 3.10 mm, respectively. Adult moths were small, dirty white in colour. Gray and brown coloured irregularly scattered bands were observed at the apical region of the forewings. Hindwings were yellowish white with thick hairs at margins. Females were generally bigger than males. Longevity of male and female was 4.14 and 4.56 days, respectively. Male moths measured 8.24 mm in length, 2.26 mm in breadth and 17.75 mm across the wings. Female moth measured 9.65 mm in length, 2.48 mm in breadth and 18.97 mm across the wings. The adults survived for 3.5 to 5.4 days. The male to female sex ratio was 1:1.15. One generation was completed within the total period of 28 to 37.85 days.
