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ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PORTABLE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURAL FILED OPERATIONS(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2022-07-26) Er. ADE GAJANAN SHESHRAO; Dr.A. G. Mohod; Dr.Y. P. Khandetod, D.r. K. G. Dhande; Dr.R. T. ThokaABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PORTABLE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURAL FILED OPERATIONS by Er. Ade Gajanan Sheshrao College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. – Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India 2022 Research Guide:- Dr. A. G. Mohod Department: - Agricultural Engineering The state of agricultural mechanization in the country would characterize with large variations in terms of power availability varying form 0.60 kW/ha to 3.5 kW/ha with average farm power available was about 1.5kW/ha (Mani et al. 2015). Agriculture filed operation like water pumping, threshing, winnowing, chaff cutting, spraying, etc., required 1.5 kW secure and uninterrupted power supply (Singh, 2016). The timely power supply produced by fossil fuels at farm level is one of the scare communities in Indian agriculture. India is blessed with various renewable energy sources at decentralised manner and capable to provide the required electrical power at farm. Among the all renewable energy resources, solar energy is the most essential and prerequisite resource of sustainable energy because of its abundance, sustainability, regardless of the intermittency of sunlight. It is available at the rate of 450-600 W/m 2 for 7 to 8 hours in a day and 300 days in a year (Sengar et.al, 2012). The photovoltaic conversion technology is the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity are rugged and simple in design requiring very little maintenance and scalable from microwatts to megawatts. The portable solar photovoltaic power system with 1.28 kW (DC) capacity was developed to operate field appliances between 0.25 hp to 1.0 hp (A.C.). The developed portable system consist of 4 wheels trolley, with pulley attachment, mechanical jack for tracking and 04 solar panels (320 Wp each). The suitable convertor for converting Direct Current (D.C.) solar power to Alternating Current (A.C.) was used for operating xxiiiconventional field (AC) appliances. The portability of system help to accomplished the field operations on site locations and increased the overall utilization of solar panels throughout the year. The newly developed portable solar photovoltaic power system was techno-economically evaluated for remote power supply to the agricultural field operation appliances. The tracking study of solar panel (80 Wp and 35 Wp) to find the change in the output power as compared to fixed position compared revealed that, the average power gain by SPV panels were found to be more in the month of February (33.3 % to 30.4 %) as compared to March (23.1 % to 24.13 %) in tracking mode. The percent power output gain from the tracked solar panel were found to be higher as compared to fixed position and the % power gain were reduced as the solar intensity increase. The developed portable solar photovoltaic power system was evaluated for different tracking mode and at no load condition and revealed that, the average power input (DC), power output (AC) and conversion efficiency of portable solar photovoltaic power system were, 872 Wp, 698 Wp AC and 29.57 % for winter season and 893 Wp, 715 Wp AC and 31.93 %, respectively for summer season. The statistical analysis of tracking study data of newly developed PSPPS revealed that, there is significant effect of solar intensity and dual axis tracking mode on the power output and conversion efficiency of PSPPS. The load / field testing of Portable Solar Photovoltaic Power System for the operation of various field appliances revealed that, the average power consumption, rated water delivery ( 1200 lph) period of the surface water pump (1 hp) were found to be 727.3 W and 4.5 hrs during winter and 737 W and 06 hrs during summer, respectively. The average power consumption and output capacity of the paddy thresher (1 hp) was found to be 723.9 W and 96.8 kg/hr for winter and 728.37 W. and 98 kg/hr for summer season, respectively. The average power consumed by the lighting (1.2 hp) was found to be 714.46 W and 748.5 W during winter and summer season, respectively. The lighting delivered more than 195000 lux of lighting for 5 hrs in winter and 06 hrs in summer season. The average power consumption, air flow and operating period of the electrical blower (0.28 hp) were found to be 210 W, 153m 3 /hr. and 5.5 hrs for winter and 210 W, and 6 hrs in summer season, respectively. The sprayer (0.12 hp) consumed 100.0 W power and delivered more than 20 lit/hr of liquid continuously for 6 hrs of operating xxivperiod in winter and summer. The dyer exhaust fan (0.45 hp) consumed average 795.5 W and 820.3 W during winter and summer season, respectively. It delivered more than 240 m 3 /hr. for 5.5 hrs and 06 hrs during winter and summer season, respectively. The winnowing fan (0.73 hp) consumed more than 542 W delivered more than 9000 m 3 /hr air continuously for more than 5 hrs irrespective of seasons. The economic analysis of newly developed PSPPS revealed that, the portable power system for agricultural field operations was found to be economical feasible with NPW ( 256854.78 ), BC ratio ( 2.38) and Payback period ( 3 year, 9 month and 23 days). It is concluded that, the development and evaluation of portable SPV power system with AC output for supply of electrical power for selected agricultural field operations performed by small and marginal farmer was found to be technically and economically feasible. The portability of system helped to accomplish the field operations on site locations and increased the overall utilization of solar panels throughout the year with secured power supply. Keywords: Solar Photovoltaic, Power pack, portability, tracking mechanism, power matrix, Agricultural appliances. xxvThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL TRANSPLANTING SYSTEM FOR FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn)(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2022-08-29) Deogirikar Amit Ashokrao; Dr .DHANDE.K.G; Dr. U.P. Shahare, Dr .A.G MOHDO; Dr. DHEKALE.J.S, Dr. AWARE.V.VABSTRACT Finger millet is a staple food crop grown in more than 25 countries of Asia and Africa due to its ease of cultivation, drought tolerance, and high nutritional content. In locations with moderate rainfall, finger millet is often planted as a manually drilled or broadcasted crop that has disadvantages of weed infestation, prolonged crop duration, high seed rate, and non-uniform plant density. Transplanting is preferred in locations such as Konkan with heavy rainfall. The most significant obstacles in finger millet production are timely availability of labour during transplanting season followed by high wage rates. Mechanical transplanting is a possible solution over it. However, small land holding and socio-economic status of farmers of the region compels to use small machines. Hence, it was planned to develop finger millet transplanting system. As mechanical transplanting system requires uniform seedlings, a manually operated four row seed cum fertilizer drum seeder was developed for uniform distribution of seeds for uniform growth of seedlings. A PVC pipe of 75 mm diameter was used for drums of seed and fertilizer. The rows of 12 (H 1 ) and 24 (H ) orifices (3 mm diameter) equally spaced in circumferential lines that are spaced 100 mm on the drum are made for seed metering at 100 mm row spacing. Similar drums were made for fertilizer metering with three rows of orifices, spaced at 100 mm. The performance of drum seeder was tested in laboratory for seed rate, seed distribution efficiency and uniformity using both drums, wheels of 165 mm (D 1 ) and 230 mm (D ) diameter at forward speeds of 1 (S 1 ), 1.5 (S 2 ) and 2 (S ) km/h. The physical parameters like seedling shoot length, root length, canopy spread, thickness, width and weight of seedlings obtained on 25 to 50 days after sowing (DAS) were measured. The seed rate 3 obtained with different operating combinations of drum seeder ranged from 6.24 to 24.03 kg/h with seed distribution efficiency ranged from 11.36 to 43.64% and uniformity coefficient 0.93 to 0.97. The depth of seed placement and seed density ranged from 10 to 20 mm and 230 to 960 plants per square meter respectively that observed to increase with speed of operation. The developed drum seeder sow seeds spaciously and uniformly as compared to manual method which resulted into healthy seedling growth in nursery. The operating combination of drum seeder i.e. 24 orifices, 165 mm diameter wheels and 1 km/h speed (H 2 D 1 S ) that produced best quality seedling was chosen for performance evaluation of proposed transplanting system. 1 xxiii 2 2 A 3.5 hp engine driven semi-automatic, self-propelled, gravity fed, walk behind type finger millet transplanting system with fertilizer metering mechanism, two drive wheels and a steering wheel, suitable for wet soil (18 – 20 % moisture) and small fields was designed and developed for bare root finger millet seedlings performed satisfactorily with specific operating conditions. The output speed of engine is altered with a reduction gearbox and sprockets. Two ground wheel driven revolving carousel type seedling metering mechanisms were used to meter seedlings. It was set to operate with seedling feed rate of 24, 31 and 38 seedlings/min., 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 km/h speed at 250 mm row spacing using seedlings of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 DAS. A cup feed type urea briquette metering mechanism is used for fertilizer application. The transplanting system was developed and tested in laboratory in jacked up condition to evaluate the performance of seedling metering mechanism and to decide number of operators required for operation. This test revealed that two operators are required for efficient seedling feeding. The system was tested on plain land that produced similar results. Hence, the transplanting system was tested in field using seedlings of 35, 40, and 45 DAS, which gives minimum seedling damage and missing. The number of seedlings per meter, hill to hill distance and hill/m observed were 35 to 37, 265 to 279 mm, and 28 to 30 hills, respectively. The Response Surface Method tool of ‘Design Expert 10’ programme was used to optimize the operational parameters. The best values for resulting solution were 0.498 km/h, 29.16 seedlings/min seedling feed rate, and 41.28 DAS seedling age. The performance of transplanting system was evaluated at 0.5 km/h speed, 31 seedlings/min seedling feed rate and 40 DAS seedlings that gave 4.75 seedlings/m, 247.5 mm hill to hill distance, 36.25 seedlings/m 2 , 1.75 seedlings missed and damaged/m 2 with 73.4% transplanting efficiency and 1.2% seedling mortality. The field capacity and field efficiency of developed transplanter were observed to be 0.01 ha/h and 78.64% respectively at 0.5 km/h speed. The cost of transplanting with the developed system was found to be H 19,278/ha, compared to H 29,700/ha for hand transplanting. Keywords: semi-automatic transplanter, revolving carousel metering mechanism, finger millet, transplanter, transplanting efficiency, transplantingThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM COMPATIBLE TO SCHEFFLER SOLAR CONCENTRATOR FOR ELEPHANT FOOT YAM(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2022-07-30) Er. BIRWATKAR VISHAL RAJARAM; Dr. Y. P. Khandeto; Dr. A. G. Moho, Dr. P. U. ShaharABSTRACT Design and Development of Steam Generation System Compatible to Scheffler Solar Concentrator for Elephant Foot Yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius.) by Mr. Birwatkar Vishal Rajaram College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2022 Research Guide Department : Dr. Y. P. Khandetod : Electrical and Other Energy Sources In present scenario solar energy had wide scope in solar thermal sector, because prices of conventional fuels are increasesing day by day. Hence, present experiment solar steam generation system based on Scheffler solar concentrator for processing of Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius.) was design and developed. To overcome the problem of traditional cooking, efforts are made to design and develop steaming vessel for proper uniform steaming of Elephant Foot Yam slices in solar based steaming unit. During study system component such as copper receiver, header tank, steaming vessel were fabricated and installed at the experimental site. For the tracking purpose solar photovoltaic based tracking mechanism was provided which needed one time manual adjustment at morning throughout the day. Initially during study direct heating test was performed both for summer and winter season and average thermal efficiency of direct heating system was calculated in term of water boiling test. The overall thermal efficiency of direct heating system water boiling test was found to be 15.68 per cent in winter season, and 16.94 per cent in summer season. The performance of steam generation system was carried out by conducting three consecutive trials in summer and winter season each. A known quantity of 30 liter water was filled in the storage tank and was heated by concentrating xxxradiations reflected from the Scheffler solar concentrator on receiver. The various observations were recorded viz, solar energy availability, inlet and outlet temperatures through receiver, receiver surface temperature, ambient temperature, steam quantity and pressure at an interval of 5 minutes throughout the day. During winter and summer season initial 1.5-2 hours were required for sensible heating of water from room temperature to boiling point, thereafter gradually steam pressure increased due to convection current and it showed continuously increasing trend for all consecutive trials. The maximum steam pressure was observed 2.3 kg/cm 2 and corresponding average solar intensity 454 W/m 2 respectively. Maximum steam generation profile observed in between 12 to 2.30 p.m. After that it was observed in decreasing trend due to decrease in solar intensity and combined effect of many factors such as ambient temperature, thickness of insulation, tracking error, aperture area, wind velocity and humidity. The average steam generation rate was observed 7.2 kg/day in summer season with corresponding average beam radiations 448 W/m 2 . The average steam generation rate observed 6.8 kg/day for winter season with corresponding average beam radiation 378 W/m 2 . It was observed that, the average overall thermal efficiency of steam generation system was 18.14 per cent in winter season and 21.79 percent in summer season. The performance of steaming test was carried out by conducting the steaming test for Elephant Foot Yam. The batch wise 3kg of samples were taken in the steaming pot. The steaming was carried out at three different steam pressures which are 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 kg/cm 2 and corresponding steaming duration 10, 15 and 20 minutes respectively. It was observed that increasing operating steam pressure reduced the steaming time for Elephant Foot Yam. After steaming of Elephant Foot Yam slices, samples were dried for Open Sun Drying (OSD), Oven Drying (OD) and Solar Cabinet Drying (SCD) method and studied the drying characteristics of Elephant foot yam samples in term of moisture content, moisture ratio and drying rate. Maximum drying rate was found for oven drying method which was at par with solar cabinet drying method and significantly higher than OSD method due to average drying temperature in OSD method was comparatively lower than SCD and OD method. The average drying time required for a steam processed Elephant Foot Yam xxxislices for Open Sun Drying (OSD), Oven Drying (OD) and Solar Cabinet Drying (SCD) methods were 19-22, 11-12 and 14-16 hours respectively. The result obtained from proximate studies showed that there was not much variability observed for moisture content of control without steaming and steam processed sample of solar cabinet drying i.e. (7.68 to 8.90 %), ash content (2.94 to3.04 %) of Elephant Foot Yam flour obtained by different drying method. The functional properties of Elephant Foot Yam flour revealed that properties such as water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and swelling index were considerably improved in steam processed flour than control sample (without steaming). The Oxalate content of yam were considerably lowered in steam processed flour than raw sample of yam flour. From the results of nutritional properties of flour, it was revealed that Elephant Foot Yam flour has high percent of protein (3.84 to 3.96%), fiber (2.02 to 2.13%) reducing sugar (0.85 to 0.98 %) and low in fat (0.34 to 0.41%) which showed that Elephant Foot Yam flour was nutritionally rich and wide scope for product preparation in processing industries. Also, it was more effective for diabetic and piles patient. In steaming method, as the food was not immersed in water, so the vitamins and minerals did not leach out. When cooked with steam, foods retain their natural color and flavour. Organoleptic evaluation of samples revealed that maximum score was observed for treatment P2T3. Hence it is observed that sample from those treatments may be most suitable for eating purposes. The net present value of developed steam generation system for processing of Elephant Foot Yam was Rs. 2,69,541.50 Benefit-Cost ratio of steam generation unit for Elephant Foot Yam was 1.33. The payback period of solar steam generation unit for Elephant Foot Yam processing was found to be 1 year 5 months Keywords: Scheffler solar concentrator, copper receiver, steaming vessel, Elephant Foot Yam flour, Open Sun Drying, Solar Drying, Oven Drying. xxxiiThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOLAR ENERGY BASED CASHEW APPLE ETHANOL PRODUCTION SYSTEM(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,, 2018) Er. CHOPADE VAIBHAV JAGANNATH; Dr. Y. P. Khandetod; Dr.U.P Shahare, Dr .A.G Mohdo; Dr. N. G .Thakor, Dr. B .S. SwamiABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOLAR ENERGY BASED CASHEW APPLE ETHANOL PRODUCTION SYSTEM by Chopade Vaibhav Jagannath College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashrta State (India) July 2017 Research Guide : Dr. Y. P. Khandetod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources Cashew is evergreen tropical crop generally grown in hilly slopes. After harvesting of cashew nut a huge quantity of cashew apple remains in the field as a waste. Cashew apples have a great biomass potential since it has suitable substrate properties required for ethanol production through biochemical conversion processes. Perishable nature of cashew apple limits its utilization for preparing other products. To overcome this problem of the solid waste management and for its commercial utilization the project entitled “Development and evaluation of solar energy based cashew apple ethanol production system” was undertaken. The present investigation has three major operations viz., fermentation, distillation and dehydration. The first step i.e. fermentation has stages such as collection of fruit, extraction of juice, preparation of must and fermentation of must as per the selected treatments. The „Vengurla-4‟ variety of cashew majorly grown by the farmers of Konkan region; hence it was selected for the experimental study. The juice of cashew apple was extracted by mechanical press and filtered to remove foreign particles. Furthermore to study the comparative differences between natural fermentation and standardardized fermentation process, two different treatments of fermentation were practiced i.e. without adjusting TSS and pH levels of juice (T1) and with adjusting TSS and pH levels of juice (T2). In addition to this, the cashew apple juice storage study was also conducted. In which the fresh cashew apple juice was boiled followed cooling, filtering, and addition chemical preservatives and sealing in plastic container and storing it under cold storage conditions. The distillation of fermented cashew apple juice (broth) was carried out by using the solar energy based unit in order to obtain ethanol with higher alcohol concentration. The fermented cashew apple juice obtained from treatment T1 and T2 was used as raw (feed) material in the distillation system. The distillation system comprised of major three components such as prismatic solar still, solar water heater and auxiliary heating system. The prismatic solar still as main component was augmented with solar water heater and automatic auxiliary (electrical) heating system. The distillation system performance was tested on the six different modes of distillation such as, active forced circulation mode (AFC), active natural circulation mode (ANC), passive mode, modified active mode, hybrid mode and automatic auxiliary mode. The tests on distillation system were conducted at Dapoli (India) on the normal sunny days during the 08.00 to 17.00 hrs of the day. In advance to the conduction of actual load tests, the no load tests were also carried out on each distillation mode. During no load tests, the thermal profile of the distillation system was studied; whereas under load tests, in addition the distillation quantity and quality (alcohol concentration) parameters were also observed. All the distillation tests were conducted with three initial liquid depths in the still basin i.e. 10, 15 and 20 mm. Since the basin area of solar still was 1 m 2 , the depth of liquid in basin indicated the volume of feed liquid. The distillation process was carried in two stages, the first stage fermented juice (broth) was distilled to obtain ethanol called as the first distillation and in second stage the distillate ethanol was redistilled (second distillation) at same depth to increase the alcohol concentration of ethanol. The dehydration of liquid ethanol using 3A zeolite molecular sieve was attempted to upgrade the ethanol obtained from distillation process. The two methods viz., adsorbent soaking with agitation and adsorbent soaking without agitation were used. Comparative performance between these two soaking methods was studied with different soaking times i.e. 02, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min. The cashew apple juice fermentation study showed that, the fermentation process required 13 days time period for completion. Cashew apple juice (CAJ) fermented with standardized fermentation method (T2) produced more alcohol (11% v/v) than natural fermentation (T1) produced (6% v/v). From the cashew apple juice storage studies it was observed that, using chemical preservatives under the cold storage the juice could be stored for 6 months. The ethanol distillation study on solar energy based system showed that, the hybrid mode (solar + electrical) of distillation resulted maximum distillate output of 5905 ml at 20 mm initial depth and the maximum distillation recovery was alsoThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PYRAMID SHAPE SOLAR BIOMASS HYBRID DRYING SYSTEM FOR NUTMEG(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,, 2019-05-13) Er. PAVANE DEEPALI RAGHUNATH; Dr. Y. P. Khandetod; Dr. K. G. Dhande, Dr.A.G MOHDO; Dr.U.P.Shahare, Dr.P.A.SawantABSTRACT 256 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PYRAMID SHAPE SOLAR BIOMASS HYBRID DRYING SYSTEM FOR NUTMEG by Pavane Deepali Raghunath College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2019 Research Guide : Dr. Y. P. Khandetod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources The project entitled “Design and development of pyramid shape solar-biomass hybrid system for nutmeg” was undertaken Subsequently, these technologies were designed, developed, installed for 25 kg per batch capacity and evaluated for their technoeconomic feasibility at the Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology. Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri- 415712 (MS) India. With the objective to evaluate the solar -biomass hybrid dryer for nutmeg in rainy season in view to drying hours in a day and to compensate over the use of conventional energy sources for drying of agricultural produce. A direct type natural convection pyramid shape solar dryer retrofitted with biomass combustor was used for drying of nutmeg. It was found that the system could generate an adequate and continuous flow of hot air in the temperature range of 50 to 60 °C required for drying. Nutmeg kernels in different forms were successfully dried in developed system with reduced drying time as compared to shade drying. Pyramid shape solar-biomass hybrid drying method is an effective alternative to traditional shade drying, where retention of volatile oil, protein fat, ash and crude fiber was high, with less drying time. Dried nutmeg kernels obtained under pyramid shape solar biomass (hybrid) drying by three different treatments viz., Drying temperature has three levels of 35 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C, Air flow rate 1.5 m 257 3 /min, 2.0 m 3 /min, 2.5 m /min, biomass feed rate 0.5 kg/h, 1 kg/h, 1.5 kg/h respectively were similar in quality with respect to physical appearance like color, texture etc. The quantitative analysis showed that the traditional drying i.e., shade drying took 7 to 8 days to dry the kernels while pyramid shape solar biomass drier took only 2 to 3 days for the samples having different treatments and produced better quality produce. The nutmeg kernel dried in SBHD and SD, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Two term and Lewis models were found to be best fitted. The maximum efficiency of biomass combustor and pyramid shape solar-biomass hybrid dryer obtained were found to be 74.84 and 29.10 per cent, respectively. The important quality parameter of nutmeg and mace is volatile oil. The volatile oil content in nutmeg dried in SBHD system was found in the range of 9.65 to 15.92 per cent as compare to SD samples 2.18 per cent, respectively. The recovery of volatile oil was found better in SBHD system. It was found that method of curing and drying affect the volatile oil, protein, fiber, fat and ash content was found to be more in nutmeg dried in SBHD than SD. The economics of pyramid shape solar-biomass hybrid dryer indicated its feasibility, with a pay back period of 6 month and 12 days, for drying of nutmeg kernels. On the basis of economic analysis, it is revealed that drying of nutmeg seems to be economical in SBHD.
