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ThesisItem Open Access FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SPV PUMPING SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATION IN KONKAN REGION(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2023-04-25) MR. JADHAV SURESH KANTRAO; Dr. A. G. Mohod; Dr.Y. P. Khandetod, Dr.K.G. DhandeTHESIS ABSTRACT The Konkan region is characterized as high rainfall and hilly region and receives annual average rainfall ranging from 2500 to 4000 mm. Region receives solar energy for 8-9 months (Sept- May) in a year with average sunshine hour’s ranges between 6.5 to 7.5 hrs/day. The konkan region is a hilly area with varied topography due to which farmers have less land holdings, and variation in cropping pattern. It was revealed that overall 47.67 % area of total geographical was under cultivation. Out of cultivated area only 5.76 % area is under irrigation during summer and Rabi season. The 67.88 % farmers belongs to the marginal farmers having land holding is less than one hectare to target the group of farmers the solar powered irrigation system was designed to fulfil the irrigation requirement of one hectare land holding of five district. The peak water requirement with combination of crop excluding paddy crop for one hectare area of five district was estimated as, 27 to 38 m3 per day. The maximum energy and water horse power required to discharge the required amount of water was and found to be of 1.7 kWh/day and pump horse power was less than 2 hp. It was also observed that the farmers in konkan region was not operate the pump to their full capacity due low land holdings. The pump was operate daily less than 3 hours to meet their water requirement. The SPV pump system can be generate excess energy about 4.5 to 5.5 kWh/day. The generated excess energy could be used to agriculture field operation by identifying the appropriate machinery. a) Title of thesis : FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SPV PUMPING SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATION IN KONKAN REGION. b) Full name of student : Mr. Jadhav Suresh Kantrao c) Name and address of Major Advisor : Dr. A. G. Mohod Professor and Head, Department of REE, CAET Dr. BSKKV Dapoli d) Degree to be awarded : M. Tech (Renewable Energy Sources) e) Year of award of degree : 2023 f) Major subject : Renewable Energy sources g) Total number of pages in thesis : 69 h) Number of words in abstract : 266 i) Signature of student : j) Signature, Name and address of forwarding authority : 1. Name of Student : Mr. Jadhav Suresh Kantrao 2. Fathers / Mothers Name : Mr. Jadhav Kantrao Vitthal Mrs. Jadhav Gangubai Kantrao 3. Date of Birth : 29/04/1998 4. Name of the College : College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli 5. Residential address along with phone No. : At. Post. Patoda. Tal. Patoda , Dist. Beed Maharashtra-414204 9011144912 6. Email : jadhavsuresh619@gmail.com VITA 7. Academic qualification Sr. No. Name of Degrees awarded Year in which obtained Division/ Class Name of awarding university Subject 1) B. Tech 2020 First Class Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani Agricultural Engineering 8. Research papers published / Paper submitted Title of Paper: Studies on Solar Pump Capacity for Irrigation in Konkan Region. Place: Date: Signature of StudentThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF COOK STOVE BASED WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR WATER HEATING AND DRYING(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2018-09-04) MR. ROKADE SACHIN NARAYAN; Dr. Y. P. Khandetod; Dr. A. G. Mohod, Er. R. M. Dharaskar; Dr. K. G. DhandeABSTRACT " Development and evaluation of cook stove based waste heat recovery system for water heating and drying " by Mr. Rokade Sachin Narayan College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2018 Research Guide : Dr. Y. P. Khandetod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources Biomass is considered as a renewable energy source for energy utilization. Biomass shares most of energy for domestic cooking. Improved cook stove technology helps for development of rural people. Also it plays vital role in conservation of forests by cutback in firewood consumption, reduction in women’s drudgery, reduction in indoor pollution and reduction in cooking time. The stove was fabricated at Workshop of ASPEE farm, Tansa and tested at Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, CAET, DBSKKV, Dapoli campus. The performance of the stove was tested with different feed stocks such as mango sticks (Mangifera indica) and acacia sticks (Acacia auriculiformis). Any biomass like wood chips, briquettes, leaves, agricultural wastes such as paddy straw, rice husk can be used as feed material. Waste heat recovery is the utilization of heat energy that is otherwise wasted. Properly captured, waste heat can substitute for a portion of the new energy that would normally be required for heating, cooking and domestic hot water systems. This stove conserves fuel and time. Overall efficiency of cook stove was found to be 36.3 per cent. Waste heat utilization comprises to increase in efficiency of cook stove. It gives hot water heated from waste heat at discharge rate of 20litre/hr of temperature 65°C. Due to its light weight, and less fuel requirement it could be used for domestic cooking, trekking and picnic.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC OPERATED CREAM SEPARATOR(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2018-05) MR. NAWALE ABHISHEK NARENDRA; Dr. A. G. Mohod; Dr.Y. P. Khandetod, Dr.K.G. Dhande; Er. R. M. DharaskarABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT AND EVELUATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC OPERATED CREAM SEPARATOR by Nawale Abhishek Narendra College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2018 Research Guide : Dr. A.G. Mohod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources The milk is an important nutritive food for human being worldwide. There are over 264 million dairy cow‟s worldwide, producing nearly 600 million tons of milk every year. The global average for milk production is approximately 2,200 liters per cow. India is the second largest milk producer, accounting for 27.7 % of world production and producing nearly 166.3 million tons of milk in 2017. Maharashtra state contributes about 6.5% productions in countries total milk production India has poor electrification rate in rural areas. In 2016, only 55% of rural household had access to electricity and 85% rural household depended on solid fuels. The interrupted power supply to the house hold processor is difficult and leads to loss of milk. India has tremendous scope of generating solar energy almost throughout the year. The solar photovoltaic system converts solar radiation into electricity at house hold level. The photovoltaic powered skim milk separator eliminated the problem of interrupted power supply at rural level processing of milk. Keeping this view, the projects entitled ‘Development & evaluation of solar photovoltaic powered cream separator’ had undertaken. xviiIn this research 74 Watt solar panel was used for operating 60 watt D.C. motor. The photovoltaic panel converts solar energy into electricity. The generated electricity was used to operate centrifugal disc assembly with the help of D.C. motor. The centrifugal disc bowl revolves at a speed of 3000 to 4000 rpm and centrifugal force was generated which out ways the gravitational force due to which separated (skimmed) milk being heavier goes towards periphery. Cream being lighter comes towards the centre. The capacity of the cream separator was 60 lit/h. The overall output of skim milk and cream obtained the after separation was 89 to 92 % and 10 to 13 %. The separation efficiency of SPV operated cream separator for cow and buffalo milk was ranged between 87 to 92 %. SPV operated cream separator was found to be 0.56 Rs./lit for the feed rate 60 lit/h which is less than electric operated cream separator 0.67 Rs./lit and hand operated cream separator 0.52 Rs/lit.Thus the performance of SPV cream separator (for feed rate 60 lit/h) is economically feasible than other cream separator. xviiiThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF RICE HUSK BASED GASIFIER FOR THERMAL APPLICATION(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2018-08-31) Mr. MANKAR MANISH SHIVDAS; Dr. A. G. Mohod; Dr.Y. P. Khandetod, Dr. A. A. Sawant; Mrs. S. V. AwareABSTRACT Development and evaluation of rice husk based gasifier for thermal application by Mr. Mankar Manish Shivdas College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2018 Research Guide Department : Dr. A. G. Mohod : Electrical and Other Energy Sources In India, most of the energy demand for thermal application in domestic sector is fulfilled by using abundantly available biomass. Rice husks (or rice hulls) are hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. Rice husk, which is a large portion of biomass produced in the rice growing regions, has been laying waste at the rice mills in most part of this country. Gasification as a process of converting carbonaceous materials into gaseous products using a gasifying medium such as air, oxygen, and steam has been considered as an alternative to combustion of low density biomass materials. Gasification of rice husks has been known as one of the effective technology options for the utilization of this renewable energy resource. The rice husk based gasifier was developed which consist of all components like hopper, burner with secondary air inlet, reactor chamber for gasification, outer body, ash holder screen, primary air inlet fan box, fan for airflow, ash chamber box, stand for holding utensil, caster wheels and insulation. The capacity of the developed gasifier for meeting the heat required to boil the mango pulp per batch. The physical parameters of the traditional method were considered as capacity, fuel type, itsconsumption rate, and time required for mango pulp boiling. To evaluate performance of developed rice husk based gasifier were taken in terms of laboratory test and field test. The proximate analysis and calorific value of rice husk (Oriza sativa) revealed its suitability for gasification. The average thermal efficiency (22.63 per cent) of rice husk based gasifier was found to be higher than traditional method of mango pulp boiling indicates the greater conversion of fuel in to heat, with clean environment. The field testing of rice husk based gasifier revealed that the saving of fuel was 2.1 kg per batch over the traditional method of mango pulp boiling. The economic evaluation of rice husk based gasifier revealed that, total saving of Rs. 8430/- against the traditional method of mango pulp boiling and payback period was found 1.2 years which revealed the economic feasibility for mango pulp boiling and other boiling application.ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MODIFIED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED PADDY WINNOWER(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-08) Miss. Phadtare Prajakta Dinkar; Dr. A. G. Mohod; Dr.Y. P. Khandetod, Dr.K.G. Dhande; Smt S. V. AwareABSTRACT " PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MODIFIED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED PADDY WINNOWER " by Miss. Prajakta Dinkar Phadtare College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2019 Research Guide : Dr. A. G. Mohod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources A solar photovoltaic powered paddy winnower was developed and evaluated at CAET, BSKKV, Dapoli. The developed winnower was tested for single variety of paddy (Ratnagiri-1) and operational difficulties were reported. In order to eliminate the operational problems and difficulties, it was proposed to modify and evaluate the existing photovoltaic power operated paddy winnower, for better and improved performance with objectives, to identify operational problem of available solar photovoltaic powered paddy winnower, to incorporate the necessary modification in solar photovoltaic powered paddy winnower and to study techno economic evaluation of modified solar photovoltaic powered winnower. The existing SPV operated paddy winnower was tested for finding the operational difficulties, the physical properties of different paddy verities i.e. Ratnagiri- 1, Ratnagiri-6, karjat-3. The terminal velocity, angle of repose, bulk density were determined for testing and modification. It was found that there were various parameters for improving the performance by eliminating the operational difficulties from the existing SPV operated paddy winnower. The operational problems and difficulties observed during testing such as, irregular inflow of feed from hopper, 93irregular outflow from outlet 1 and outlet, absence of hooks on outlet for hanging of gunny bag, variable blower speed and air velocity with solar intensity, absence of auxiliary power in case of low solar intensity etc. The necessary modifications was incorporated in modified SPV operate paddy winnower. The Paint was removed from inside of hopper and surface was polished, existing two side central feed control plate was replaced with single sliding type feed control plate with inclination angle equal to hoppers slant angle. Four number of springs were provided at four corners of hopper and two vibration motors were provided for providing vibrations to the hopper for smooth and continuous flow of paddy grain. Three number of hooks were attached to outlet 1 and outlet 2 for hanging of gunny bags, to keep the blower speed constant there was need to supply constant voltage to the blower motor, to achieve this a 12 volt 7.2 Ah battery was provided with maximum power point (MPP) tracking charge controller. DC to DC step up booster was incorporated to increase the voltage supply to the blower, A DC motor speed regulator was provided to control the blower speed and air velocity suitable for different varieties of paddy, battery backup of 12 volt 7.2 Ah was provided to facilitate uninterrupted winnowing operations in case of low solar intensity. The modified SPV operated paddy winnower was tested for Ratnagari-1 Variety of paddy with feed rate of 120 kg/h constant feed rate and different distance i.e. 10, 20, 30 cm from the blower outlet. The overall cost of modified SPV operated paddy winnower was found to be Rs. 13,160 /-ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF FOLDING TYPE PYRAMID SHAPE SOLAR DRYER FOR DOMESTIC USE(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-11) MR. KARPE OMKAR SHIVAJI; Dr. A. G. Mohod; Dr.Y. P. Khandetod, Dr. R. T. Thokal , Er. R. M. DharaskarABSTRACT “Development And Evaluation Of Folding Type Pyramid Shape Solar Dryer For Domestic Use ” by Mr. Karpe Omkar Shivaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2019 Research Guide : Dr. A. G. Mohod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) ‘Balsam pear’ or ‘Bitter melon’ or ‘Karela’ is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family commonly found in many states of India. The fruits are used in a wide variety of culinary preparations. It can be fried, deep-fried, boiled, pickled, juiced and dehydrated. The folding type pyramid shape solar dryer was developed and evaluated at laboratory and field for drying of bitter gourd slices. The folding type pyramid shape solar dryer is a natural convection solar dryer having design capacity of 5 kg bitter gourd slices. The number of drying trays were 4 with area of 2.4 m 2 . The dimensions of the dryer are 1.50 × 1.50 × 1.40 meter. Drying temperature in the folding type pyramid shape solar dryer was reached up to 65 ° C. The dryer consist of drying chamber, trays, loading door, and exhaust chimney. The folding and unfolding of the dryer is facilitated by the bolting and unbolting the nut on the main frame and removing two side frames. The folding type pyramid shape solar dryer was evaluated under no load and full load conditions in laboratory and field in comparison with open sun drying method. The various parameters like solar intensity, ambient air temperature, ambient relative humidity, temperature inside dryer at various locations and relative humidity inside the dryer, moisture loss in bitter gourd samples was recorded at an interval of one hour and drying characteristics such as moisture content, moisture ratio, drying rate were studied. 98The laboratory testing were conducted at the Energy Park, Department of EOES, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli, the field tastings were conducted at selected farmers field in Vikramgad tehsil of the Palghar district. The impact assessment was carried out by the analyzing the questionnaires and oral interviews of the farmers whom the dryer has been distributed. The maximum average temperature inside the folding type pyramid shape solar dryer during no load tests was found to be 66.65 ° C, 67.3 ° C and 65 ° C during winter, summer in laboratory and field trials, respectively. The maximum temperature inside the folding type pyramid shape solar dryer during full load tests found to be 59.8 ° C (Day-1), 65.5 ° C (Day 2) and 59.7 ° C (Day-1), 62.15 ° C (Day-2) during winter, summer trials in laboratory respectively. Folding type pyramid shape solar dryer took 13 hrs. and 11 hrs. to bring down the moisture content to the safe storage level in winter and summer seasons respectively, as compared to 16 hrs. and 15 hrs. in open sun drying in winter and summer seasons respectively. The overall drying efficiency of folding type pyramid shape solar dryer for drying of bitter gourd slices found to be 28.48 and 26.36 and 26.31 per cent for winter, summer seasons (laboratory) and field trials respectively. The economic indicators of folding type pyramid shape solar dryer were, benefit cost ratio was 1.04, net present worth Rs 9080.85 and payback period 2 months and 8 days. From impact assessment studies it was concluded that farmers got the knowledge of improved method of drying, problems in the conventional open sun drying such as unhygenity, discoloration, contamination with dust and dirt get solved. The capacity of dryer found sufficient for domestic drying, hygiene was maintained during drying in folding type pyramid shape solar dryer, farmers used dried products for own consumption and this laid to curb wastage of the products. The nutritional needs of the farmers get fulfilled by consuming the dried product in off season. Wastage of products due to fungal attack, unhyginity, discoloration got curbed. 99ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CONCENTRATING FOLDING DISH TYPE SOLAR COOKER(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2019-07) MISS. GAWANDE SHUBHANGI SANJAY; Dr. Y. P. Khandetod; Dr. A. G. Mohod, Dr.K.G. Dhande; Er. R. M. DharaskarABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT AND EVELUATION OF CONCENTRATING FOLDING DISH TYPE SOLAR COOKER by Miss. Gawande Shubhangi Sanjay College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 2019 Research Guide : Dr. Y.P.Khandetod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources Energy plays a vital role in development and welfare of human being. The energy consumption in the developing countries has been growing at a faster rate. In most rural areas of India, the use of wood is even more preferred for cooking than either fossil fuel or electricity, and this has led to deforestation in many areas. However, the time spent on wood collection by women, who often walk kilometers under scorching hot, sunny conditions, can be utilized better in more productive activities. Solar energy is one of the major sources of energy which is renewable, inexhaustible, clean, and freely available which significantly contribute to world energy requirement with available conversion technology. The research work was undertaken to “DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CONCENTRATING FOLDING DISH TYPE SOLAR COOKER” at the energy park of Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli. A concentrating folding dish type solar cooker having aperture diameter of 1.4 m, depth 0.40 m and focal length of 0.30 m was developed. The commercially available SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was tested to evaluate its performance. For that no load test, water heating and cooling test and cooking test was carried out. During no load testing, the average maximum temperature at bottom of container on SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and on developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was found to be 222.7°C and 174.2°C with average solar intensity of 502 W/m 2 and 503 W/m 2 resp. This temperature was sufficient for cooking, boiling, roasting etc. Water heating and cooling test was performed to evaluate theperformance of concentrating folding dish type solar cooker in terms of overall heat loss factor (F’ UL ) and optical efficiency factor (F’ηo). The overall heat loss factor and optical efficiency factor for commercially available SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and for concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was found to be 32.95 W/m 2 K, 34.69 W/m 2 K and 0.0359, 0.008 respectively. Thermal efficiency of SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and of developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was found to be 36.45 per cent and 28.74 per cent respectively. The average cooking time required on commercially available SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker, for 250 g of Green gram it was 21 min and 25 min, for 300 g of Potato it was 20 min and 30 min, for 500 g of Rice it was 31 min and 40 min and for 500 g of Pulav it was 42 min and 53 min respectively. This indicates that all type of food items can be cooked in developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker like SK 14 parabolic solar cooker. The average time required for folding, unfolding of developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was 5 min and 11 min respectively, whereas time required for its assembling and dissembling was 13 min and 6 min respectively. The folding ability of the developed cooker will help in storing the cooker when it is not in use, thus reducing the chances of corrosion and to increase its life. The estimated cost of the SK 14 parabolic solar cooker and developed concentrating folding dish type solar cooker was Rs- 17500/- and Rs. 14,425/- with payback period of 2.3 years and 1.89 years respectively, which makes the developed cooker more economical.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM FOR SOLAR INSECT LIGHT TRAP AND BIRD DETERRENT(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2020-09-18) Miss. Gadikar Aishwarya Anand; Dr. Y. P. Khandetod; Dr. A. G. Mohod, Dr.K.G. Dhande; Dr. H. T. JadhavABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM FOR SOLAR INSECT LIGHT TRAP AND BIRD DETERRENT by Miss. Gadikar Aishwarya Anand College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 2020 Research Guide : Dr. Y.P.Khandetod Department : Electrical and Other Energy Sources Agriculture is a principal occupation of India as more than 70% of people are involved in agriculture. Every year farmers face pest problems which lead to serious damage of crops. The insect and bird pests and diseases cause considerable damage to potential agricultural production. Insect pests greatly reduced farmer’s income by infesting the field crops. Light trapping is general term which covers all methods of attracting or capturing nocturnal insects with lamps. Presently light traps are working on conventional, AC electricity which is difficult to operate in agricultural fields as supply of electricity is not available everywhere on farm. Bird control is important because pest birds can create health-related problems. Bird repeller is the dispersal of the birds using sound that makes them uncomfortable. A bird repeller is any of a number devices designed to scare birds, usually employed by farmers to dissuade birds from eating recently planted arable crops. Solar energy is one of the major sources of energy which is renewable, inexhaustible, clean, and freely available. Solar light trap and bird deterrent system is an alternative to chemical pesticides, it is eco-friendly in nature and has low cost. The research work was undertaken for “DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM FOR SOLAR INSECT LIGHT TRAP AND BIRD DETERRENT” at xixDepartment of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli. A system of solar insect light trap and bird deterrent was consisted of 18 W solar panel, lead acid battery (12 V: 7.2 Ah), charge controller, light bulb, insect collection tub, height adjustable tripod stand, sound deterrent, relay cycle timer and reflectors. The system was fabricated in the Farm Machinery and Power Workshop, CAET, Dapoli. The performance of the solar insect light trap was carried out at the orchard of Center of Excellence for Mango, Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. and the performance of bird deterrent was carried out in the rice field. The battery charging and discharging behavior was carried out at the Energy Park, Dept. of Electrical and Other Energy Sources, CAET, Dapoli. The field testing of developed solar insect light trap was carried out in three trials during the period of 6-7 pm, 7-8 pm to 8-9 pm daily. In each trial the test was conducted by using seven light bulbs (5 W LED white, blue, green, yellow, red, 5 W CFL white and ordinary light bulbs) and at three different heights (90 cm, 120 cm and 150 cm) for the performance of insect trap. The collected insects were classified as per the insect orders- Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Thysanoptera. The developed solar insect light trap (12 V, DC: 5 W white LED bulb) was compared with the electricity operated insect light trap (12 V, AC: 5 W white LED bulb) and installed at 10 m apart from each other for two consecutive days in the month of March. The testing of bird deterrent was carried out in the rice field for two days during 8 am to 10 am in the morning and 4 pm to 6 pm in the evening. In the battery charging behavior, ambient temperature, wind speed, solar intensity, panel voltage, panel current and battery voltage were recorded. The maximum solar intensity was observed to be 436 W/m 2 and the corresponding ambient temperature, wind speed, panel voltage, panel current and battery voltage were 33.53 0 C, 0.53 m/s, 15.97 V, 0.917 A and 13.17 V respectively at the time of 13.00 h. The battery was fully charged within 8 hours at the voltage of 13.9 V at the time of 15.00 h. The total insects attracted towards the all light traps were found to be 2746. The maximum insects were attracted towards the light trap at the height of 150 cm (1285) during the period of 6-7 pm, this was because of light reaching to a longer distances and attracting insects from larger area. The total insects from all three trials were found to be attracted towards each light bulb such as blue bulb (555), white bulb (455), green xxbulb (471), CFL white bulb (469), ordinary light bulb (359), yellow bulb (273) and red bulb (164). Hemiptera (947) was the insect order which attracted maximum insects towards the all light traps followed by the order of Hymenoptera (751), Coleoptera (674), Diptera (289), Lepidoptera (58), Ephemeroptera (12), Thysanoptera (9), Trichoptera (2), Neuroptera (2) and Orthoptera (2). The insect orders such as Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Thysanoptera were little attracted towards each light traps. It was found that the maximum insects were attracted towards the developed solar insect light trap (167) as compared to the electricity operated insect light trap (93). It was observed that the maximum insects were attracted towards the developed solar insect light trap during period of 6-7 pm (89) followed by the 7-8 pm (46) and 8-9 pm (32) as compared to the electricity operated insect light trap during the period of 6-7 pm (52) followed by the 7-8 pm (30) and 8-9 pm (11). The statistical analysis at 5 % level of significance of solar insect light trap was carried out by the method of randomized block design (RBD). It was found that maximum average number of insects were found in the trap with Blue LED light bulb (185) followed by the Green LED light bulb (157), CFL white light bulb (157), White LED light bulb (151), Ordinary light bulb (118), Yellow LED light bulb (90) and Red LED light bulb (55). The fixed cost and variable cost of the system were found to be 0.856 Rs./h and 0.236 Rs./h respectively. The total operating cost of the system was found to be 1.1 Rs./h which is less than the electricity operated system. It was observed that, the maximum birds were found to be in the evening as compared to in the morning. In the first trial it was found that, only 4 pigeons were present in the morning and in the evening it was found that 54 pigeons were present in the evening in the rice field. In the second trial it was found that, only 3 crows were present in the field in the morning and in the evening it was found that 32 crows were present in the rice field. It was observed that all birds were flew away from the field by the effect of the sound deterrent. xxiThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CARBONIZATION AND STEAM ACTIVATION OF COCONUT SHELL(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,DAPOLI, 2021-09-13) Miss. Salunkhe Shreya Ramchandra; Dr. A. G. Mohod; Dr.Y. P. Khandetod, Dr.K.G. Dhande; Mrs. S. V. AwareABSTRACT “STUDIES ON CARBONIZATION AND STEAM ACTIVATION OF COCONUT SHELL” by Miss. Salunkhe Shreya Ramchandra College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra State (India) 2021 Research Guide : Dr. A. G. Mohod Department : Agricultural Engineering Coconut shell (Cocos Nusifera) is considered as an agricultural waste and is known for its characteristics of less amount of ash, more carbon, volatiles and available with lower cost in rural areas during almost all seasons of the year. Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores used for adsorption of impurities which is produced from any carbonaceous material. Conversion of coconut shell to AC (Activated Carbon) involved carbonization process to produce bio-char and it was activated to form AC by reaction with steam at a temperature around 500 oC to 600 oC. The process of carbonization resulted into liberation of volatiles which were combusted to produce flame that can be used to convert water into steam for activation of bio-char and maintain a temperature required for activation process. Thus, utilizing the waste heat of carbonization process for activation purpose reducing the amount of biomass burned to achieve activation temperature is necessary. Hence, this work is undertaken to simultaneous carbonization and activation processes utilizing waste heat and thus increasing the efficiency of process. The developed carbonization-activation integrated unit consisted the steaming jacket and activation reactor coupled with open top gasifier. The combustion chamber of gasifier used as carbonization reactor by closing its open top with steaming unit. The height and diameter of steaming unit was 0.10 m and 0.26 m, respectively. The activation reactor had diameter of 0.09 m and height of 0.2 m. The steam produced in xxsteaming unit fed into the activation reactor through steaming pipe. The activation reactor containing powdered bio-char of 0.250 kg, screwed to the steaming unit and placed inside carbonization reactor. A 6.1 kg of dried coconut shells were used into the carbonization reactor and carbonization start with auxiliary fuel. The coconut shells charcoal were steam activated for 1 h and 2 h residential time with constant steam flow rate of 0.75 kg/h. The average maximum temperature of flame and inside carbonization reactor was 636 oC and 540 oC for 1 h residence activation process at 20 min, after starting the gasifier and 624 oC and 550 oC for 2 h activation process, respectively. The total operating time required for 1 h and 2 h residential time activation processes was 1.38 min and 2.38 min, respectively. The charcoal produced after carbonization was 0.77 kg and 0.37 kg for 1 h and 2 h steam activation, respectively. The mass conversion efficiency of carbonization was found to be 16.49 % and 12.60 %. The yield of activation process was 88 % and 80 % for 1 h and 2 h residence time, respectively at constant steam flow rate of 0.75 kg/h. During the steam activation, moisture content and volatiles of coconut shell charcoal was reduced from 1.33 % and 11.08 % to 1.01 % and 8.85 %, respectively for 1 h and 2 h residence time. Besides the ash content and fixed carbon increased from 2.05 % and 85.54 % for 1 h to 2.27 % and 87.87 % for 2 h residence time. Bulk density of activated carbon lowered for activation creating more porosity. The results obtained in the experiments showed that the suitability of coconut shell for producing steam activated carbon with good adsorption capacity. It can be seen from the experimental results that there was an increase in adsorption properties with increase in residence time. But with increase of residence time resulted in decrease in yield. From the experimental results it was observed that for constant steam flow rate of 0.75 kg/h and temperature around 550 oC, activated carbon produced by 2 h activation process residence time with lower pH of 6.67 resulted best value of iodine number as 546 mg/g and methylene blue number of 318 mg/g than activated carbon at 1 h residence time with pH 6.93, iodine number as 485 mg/g and methylene blue number of 288 mg/g. Keywords: Coconut shell, Carbonization, Steam activation, Activated carbon, Residence time, Iodine number, Methylene blue number. xxi
