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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON STORAGE ROT OF TUBER CROPS IN KONKAN REGION(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2024-02-13) AROTE RUTUJA RAJARAM; Rathod R. R.; Kadam J. J.; Mahadik S. G.; Gudadhe Pradnya S.The Elephant Foot Yam (EFY), technically known as Amorphophallus paeoniifolius from the family Araceae, is a South East Asian native. Yam Plants (Lesser Yam-Dioscorea esculenta and Greater yam- Dioscorea alata) are the members of genus Dioscorea. They belong to Dioscoreaceae family. The post harvest losses that affect other vegetable crops, same also affect elephant foot yam, lesser yam and greater yam tubers, including weight loss and pest attack. In Konkan region, during recent years, the storage rot disease found to occur on tuber crops, at AICRP on tuber crops, CES, Wakavali. (DBSKKV, Dapoli).ThesisItem Open Access EFFICACY OF GREEN NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Fusarium WILT OF GREEN GRAM(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2024-02-13) DHOLE GAURAV SAMADHAN; Patil P. D.; Rathod R. R.; Sawardekar S. V.; Meshram N. A.Green gram suffers heavy losses in yield due to many diseases especially wilt caused by Fusarium sp. Thus the present study was undertaken with emphasis on development of simple and cost-effective methods for synthesis of nanomaterials and their application in the management of the pathogen. Green synthesis methods, employing plant extracts, have emerged as an eco-friendly and clean alternative to physical and chemical methods.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH FRUIT ROT OF PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus L.)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2024-02-13) ARAI MOHAMMAD FUZAIL NIYAZ; Kadam J. J.; Joshi M. S.; Pethe U. B.; More S. S.The pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is one of the leading commercial fruit crops of the tropics belonging to family Bromeliaceae and order Poales. Among the various diseases of pineapple, fruit rot caused Penicillium funiculosum, fusarium guttiforme and Aspergillus niger alone or in association is the major hurdle in successful cultivation of pineapple. Pathogenicity test of isolated fungi proved separately on healthy fruits of susceptible variety (queen) of pineapple by proving Koch's postulates and the pathogenic fungi were identified as Penicillium Funiculosum, Fusarium guttiforme and Aspergillus niger.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON WILT OF GREEN GRAM [Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek] INCITED BY Fusarium oxysporum(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2024-02-13) DIVKAR PURVA MOHAN; Potphode P. D.; Kadam J. J.; Palshetkar M. G.; Rajemahadik V. A.Fusarium wilt of GREEN GRAM [Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek] caused by Fusarium oxysporum has been emerging as one of the major threats to profitable cultivation of green gram crop. Therefore, present study was undertaken to emphasize the efficacy of plant protection based on following objectives viz., isolation and pathogenicity, morphological and cultural characteristics, cross infectivity and integrated management of the Fusarium oxysporum wilt disease of green, during 2022-23, at the Department of Plant Pathology and Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Dapoli.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK (CNN) AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) MODEL FOR DETECTION OF LEAF SPOT OF GROUNDNUT, ANTHRACNOSE AND POWDERY MILDEW OF MANGO(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023-12-28) NALAWADE REVATI RAMESH; Sawant S. D.; Joshi M. S.; More V. G.; Ingle P. M.; Dhekale J. S.This Ph.D. thesis presents a comprehensive study on the development and application of advanced machine learning techniques, specifically Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models, for the detection and diagnosis of leaf spot of groundnut, anthracnose, and powdery mildew of mango. The objective of this research was to explore the potential of deep learning techniques in plant pathology to improve the accuracy and efficiency of disease detection. Through the integration of image processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning, this thesis aims to address the challenges associated with the early and accurate diagnosis of these devastating diseases. The research methodology involved the collection of extensive datasets comprising high-resolution RGB and thermal images of infected and healthy leaves of groundnut and mango and mango inflorescence. Pre-processing techniques, including image augmentation, thermal data extraction and data normalization, were employed to enhance the quality and diversity of the image dataset. Subsequently, deep learning models were trained and fine-tuned using state-of-the-art CNN and ANN architectures. In CNN model development, two methods were used. In first method, Teachable machine, a machine learning platform and in second method VGG-16 pre-trained model was used to develop detection model based on RGB image dataset for leaf spot of groundnut, anthracnose and powdery mildew of mango. The developed teachable machine models achieved a high accuracy of 98%, 96% and 97% for detection and classification of leaf spot of groundnut, anthracnose, and powdery mildew of mango respectively. The groundnut disease detection model exhibited 97% precision, 98% recall, and 97% F1 score, mango anthracnose detection model exhibited 97% precision, 96% recall, and 96% F1 score and mango powdery mildew model achieved 96% precision, 98% recall, and 97% F1 score, outperforming traditional approaches and showcasing the potential of teachable machine platform in plant disease detection. These models were incorporated into an android mobile application for usage. These results highlight the potential of Teachable Machine as an effective tool for plant disease detection. The findings contribute to the field of plant pathology by showcasing the feasibility and practicality of using user-friendly machine learning platforms in agricultural applications. The trained VGG-16 model achieved accuracy of 92.52% in detecting and classifying early leaf spot disease in groundnut surpassing conventional methods and highlighting the potential of deep learning for plant disease detection. The VGG-16 model demonstrated strong generalization capabilities by successfully identifying leaf spot disease in unseen groundnut leaf images. This indicates the model's ability to adapt to variations in leaf appearances and its potential for real-world deployment. The high accuracy, robust generalization, and scalability of the model hold significant implications for plant disease management, facilitating timely interventions and targeted treatments. The ANN models developed for detection of early leaf spot of groundnut and anthracnose of mango using thermal images of disease infected leaves exhibited exceptional performance with Levenberg marquardt (LM) and Conjugate descent gradient (CM) learning algorithms. among the developed ANN models, the 2-2-1 architecture models with Levenberg Marquardt and Conjugate descent gradient algorithms performed very good as compared to other developed architectures. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed models in accurately identifying and classifying early leaf spot of groundnut and anthracnose of mango. The trained CNN and ANN models exhibited high accuracy, precision, and recall rates, outperforming traditional image processing methods and manual diagnosis by experts. Furthermore, the thesis investigates the transferability of the trained models by evaluating their performance on unseen datasets. The models displayed promising generalization capabilities, indicating their potential for real-world deployment and widespread application. The findings presented in this Ph.D. thesis hold significant implications for plant disease management and agricultural practices. The developed CNN and ANN models offer a non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective solution for early disease detection, enabling timely interventions and targeted treatments. This research contributes to the broader field of plant pathology and paves the way for further advancements in leveraging deep learning techniques for disease diagnosis and monitoring.ThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON Pyricularia grisea INCITING BLAST OF FINGER MILLET(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2020-08-30) NILE SANTOSH MARUTI; J. J. Kadam; P. G. Borkar; U. B. Pethe; J. S. ArekarThe present investigation was undertaken with an aim to find out resistant or tolerant germplasm lines/varieties of finger millet to Pyricularia grisea causing blast disease and to explore different botanicals, bio-agents and fungicides for effective management of blast disease of finger millet under natural epiphytotic condition in Konkan region of Maharashtra. The fungus associated with blast infected finger millet plant was isolated on potato dextrose agar medium and on proving of Koch’s postulates the pathogenic fungus was identified as Pyricularia grisea. Among the eighteen germplasm lines and two varieties of finger millet which were evaluated for their resistance to blast disease (P. grisea) under natural field condition, none of the germplasm line/variety was found immune to blast infection. However, three germplasm lines namely N3, N20 and N26 didn’t showed any blast symptoms on neck and fingers. N5 and N27 were showed resistant reaction to neck and finger blast infection. Seven germplasm lines viz., N2, N4, N7, N24, N25, N29 and N30 were moderately susceptible to all three types of blast (leaf, neck and finger). Only Dapoli safed-1 showed susceptible reaction for all the three blast types. Bulb extract of Allium sativum and rind extract of Sapindus mukorssi were expressed complete inhibition of P. grisea. Leaf extracts of Nicotiana tabacum, Lantana camara and Azadirachta indica were also found effective against the test pathogen which showed 72.22%, 62.97% and 62.22% inhibition, respectively. In, in vitro evaluation of bio-agents, Trichoderma harzianum was emerged as the potential antagonist of P. grisea which showed 83.33 per cent inhibition of the fungus and was followed by T. virens (80.74%) and Aspergillus niger (70.37%). While, Pseudomonas fluorescens (49.08%) and T. viride (48.14%) were less effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. grisea. All the fungicides evaluated in vitro showed significant inhibition of pathogen. Tricyclazole 75% WP (0.06% and 0.1%), carbendazim 50% WP (0.1%), hexaconazole 5% EC (0.1%), mancozeb 75% WP (0.2%) and combi product carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP (0.15%) were the most effective fungicide which showed complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of the pathogen. These were followed by combi product tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG (0.05%) and Copper oxychloride 50% WP (0.25%) with 84.08 and 52.22 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth, respectively over control. The results of field trial revealed that, seed treatment with tricyclazole @ 3gm/kg + 2 sprays of tricyclazole @ 0.06% and seed treatment with tricyclazole @ 3gm/kg + 2 sprays of hexaconazole @ 0.1% at 15 days interval found superior among all the treatments against the blast disease of finger millet caused by Pyricularia grisea. Botanicals and bio-agents were also controlled the disease but were less effective as compared to fungicidesThesisItem Open Access INVESTIGATIONS ON POTENTIALTrichoderma spp.IN KONKANREGION(Dr.Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023-01-30) BARDE, PRAVINA SANJAYRAO; Borkar, P.G.; Joshi, M.S.; Pawar, C.D.; Salvi, V.G.; Dhekale, J. S.The present empirical study entitled “Investigations on potential Trichoderma spp. in Konkanregion” was carried out during 2019-2021 at Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli. Trichoderma species are monarch anti-fungal bio-agents in the current era of eco friendly plant protection because it has the power to recognize, infect and fight pathogenic fungi, insect pests, nematodes and other similar organisms. As a result, in the current investigation, out of sixty seven from various places in Konkanexhibited twenty seven isolates of Trichoderma on TSM agar media. All the isolates were found effective against Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Sclerotium spp., Colletotrichum spp. andAlternaria spp. when tested by dual culture technique. Among them seven isolates viz., T11((Rhizosphere) - Arecanut- (location) Shrivardhan dist. Raigad), T3(Mango- Lanja dist. Ratnagiri), T23(Brinjal-Karjat dist. Raigad), T5(Rice- Kolambe dist. Ratnagiri), T14(Guava- Kelwe dist. Palghar), T25(Cabbage- Karjat dist. Raigad) and T24 (Brinjal- Mahim dist. Palghar) were showed better inhibition. T11 was the most effective against Fusariumspp.(82.22% inhibition), T14against Rhizoctoniaspp. (81.11%), T23 against Sclerotiumspp. (86.11%), T5 against Colletotrichumspp.(81.33%),T25 against Alternariaspp. (86.66%). The isolate T3 ranked second in antagonism against Sclerotiumspp. (80.54%), third in control of Fusariumspp. (79.22%) and Colletotrichumspp. (80.22%) and fifth in Rhizoctoniaspp. (71.11%) and Alternariaspp. (66.11%). As far as the antagonism performance of the isolate T24 was ranked fourth against Rhizoctoniaspp. (74.11%) and Colletotrichumspp. (78.33%),sixth against Sclerotiumspp. (42.77%), seventh against Fusariumspp. (69.11%) and Alternariaspp. (63.66%). All the isolates recorded above 50 per cent inhibition of all the pathogens except Sclerotiumspp. In case of Sclerotium spp. most of the isolates recorded growth inhibition in the range of 15- 42 per cent. Among the tested three systemic fungicides, Carbendazim was sensitive to all the isolates of Trichoderma and most detrimental with 100 per cent growth inhibition rest of the, 5 isolates were fairly compatible with Sulphur (2500 ppm) while COC and Mancozeb were major inhibitors of mycelial growth. Based on morphological identification by using compound microscope under 100 xlenswith software Micam 2.0 confirmed T25 as a Trichoderma sp.aff. T. longibrachiatumRifai.,T5, T14 and T24 as a Trichoderma sp. aff. T. koningiiOudem. Morphological study viz.,colony characters, colour, hyphal structure, phialides shape, conidial shape and arrangement and measurements of structure- phialide length, conidial diameter, conidial chain length and conidiophores L × B were carried out to identify the species. Beside these molecular characterization were carried out and deposited at NCBI, USA, with their accession numbers (T11-Trichodermaasperellum- BankIt2546015 NFCCI_5020 OM471989; T3-Trichoderma harzianum-BankIt2546015 NFCCI_5021OM471990andT23- Trichoderma asperellum- BankIt2546015 NFCCI_5022 OM471991) there by concluded that, 7 indigenous Trichoderma isolates have promising antagonistic potential to combat against the five common plant pathogens in Konkan region.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CHITOSAN BY SEED PRIMING AND FOLIAR APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WAL (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) UNDER WATER STRESS(Dr.Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2023-02-03) GODASE, HRUSHIKESH MAHADEO; Mane, A. V.; Mahadik, S. G.; Pethe, U. B.; Kasture, M. C.; Deshpande, R. S.The present investigation entitled “Effect of Chitosan by seed priming and foliar application on growth and yield of Wal (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) under water stress” was carried out at Research and Education farm, Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, during the rabi 2021-22. Observations were recorded in context with phenological, morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield contributing parameters. There was a broad range of variability for the different morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics among all treatments of chitosan under moisture stress and irrigation conditions. Decrease in yield and yield components was recorded under water stress in control. Treatment P2F2 [seed priming with chitosan (2%) + foliar spray of chitosan (200 ppm)] improved water productivity by maintaining high relative water content. Among seed priming treatments P2 (2%) recorded better performance as compared to P0. Among foliar spray treatments F2 (200 ppm) noted better performance in context with all the characters. Among all interaction treatments P2F2 was found to be significantly superior reporting better performance in context with plant height, number of branches, total dry matter, leaf area, leaf area index, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll stability index, relative water content, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate along with highest yield and yield contributing components viz. number of pods, length of pod, pod yield, 100 seed weight, seed yield and harvest index when compared with rest of the treatments. Thus, the current study revealed that the use of foliar spray of chitosan (200 ppm) along with seed priming with chitosan (2%) enhanced the yield of lablab bean grown under water stress and irrigation condition. It is suggested that chitosan could be a promising material used to reduce the harmful effect of water stress on the growth and yield of Wal.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHOMOPSIS BLIGHT AND FRUIT ROT OF BRINJAL INCITED BY Phomopsis vexans (Sacc and Syd.)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2021-05) TAMBE, TOWHID NOORMOHD; Potphode, P. D.; Kadam, J. J.; Mahadik, S. G.; Arekar, J. S.The present investigation entitled “Studies on Phomopsis blight and fruit rot of Brinjal incited by Phomopsis vexans (Sacc and Syd.)” carried out in laboratory of the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist.- Ratnagiri (M.S.) during 2020-21, with objectives to isolate, study pathogenicity and symptomatology of Phomopsis Blight and fruit rot of brinjal, to study morphological and cultural characters of the pathogen, to evaluate in vitro efficacy of fungicides, botanicals and bio-agents against Phomopsis blight of brinjal. The fungus associated with Phomopsis blight and fruit rot was isolated on potato dextrose agar medium and after proving of Koch’s postulates the pathogenic fungus was identified as Phomopsis vexans. Morphological studies revealed that mycelium is hyaline, branched, septate and uneven in thickness. There were two types of conidia present alpha and beta conidia. Alpha conidia were hyaline, single celled, sub cylindrical with guttilae. Beta conidia were hyaline, single celled, filiform and guttilae were absent. Pycnidia were black-dark brown, globose, scattered unevenly on culture and minute in size. Cultural studies were carried out on eight different solid media. From the study it was observed as oat meal agar (89.8 mm) proved to be best for mycelial growth and sporulation of the pathogen followed by potato dextrose agar (87.9 mm). Which were at par with each other. All fungicides inhibited the growth of pathogen up to some extent. Best results were obtained by carbendazim 50% WP and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP which completely inhibited growth of pathogen. Followed by hexaconazole 5% EC (88.88 %), mancozeb 80% WP (80.74), thiophenate methyl 70%WP (80.04 %) and chlorothalonil 75%WP (79.04 %), the least inhibition (64.15 %) was recorded in sulphur 75 % WP. All phytoextracts inhibited the growth of pathogen up to some extent but soapnut extract showed the best results (100 %) followed by garlic bulb extract (71.56%). Rest of the extracts were also superior to the control. Least (17.48 %) inhibition was observed in tobacco leaf extract. Among the biocontrol agents used Trichoderma harzianum showed the maximum (74.44 %) inhibition of pathogen, followed by Trichoderma viride (66.33 %), Psudomonas fluorescens (60.58 %) and least (56.67 %) was observed in Aspergillus niger.
