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ThesisItem Open Access IN-VIVO EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDE COMBINATIONS AGAINST Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. SMITH (LEPIDOPTERA : NOCTUIDAE)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2021-11) PARKAR, HUZAIFA HANIF; Karmarkar, M.S.; Naik, K.V.; Borkar, P.G.The research project entitled “In- vivo efficacy of insecticide combinations against Spodoptera frugiperda, J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)” was undertaken in a laboratory at Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Dapoli in year 2020- 21. Experiment were conducted in four different sets for both second and fourth instar larvae of S. frugiperda, for studying efficacy of insecticide combinations. The treatments in set one included recommended dose of insecticides under study while second set included full dose of synthetic pyrethroids + ½ dose of remaining insecticides under study. Similarly third and fourth sets had ½ dose of synthetic pyrethroids + full dose of other insecticides and ½ doses of both synthetic pyrethroids and other insecticides. In case of recommended dose of insecticides alone, treatment with 0.00003 per cent fipronil gave cent per cent mortality of second instar larvae of S. frugiperda which was followed by 0.05 per cent thiamethoxam (93.33%) and 0.005 per cent fenpyroximate (85.10%). Similarly, fipronil 0.00003 per cent (100%) and thiamethoxam 0.05 per cent (96.67%) gave the best results with fourth instar larvae too but cypermethrin 0.01 per cent did not prove to be effective with only 13.33 per cent mortality. The treatment of combinations of cypermethrin 0.01 per cent with thiamethoxam 0.05 per cent and fipronil 0.00003 per cent were the most effective in second set in case of second instar which gave 96.67 per cent mortality each while for fourth instar larvae while for fourth instar larvae cypermethrin 0.01 per cent when mixed with fipronil 0.00003 per cent or thiamethoxam 0.05 per cent and bifenthrin when mixed with 0.005 per cent fenpyroximate proved to be the best with 100, 96.67 and 96.67 per cent mortality, respectively. In third set, fipronil 0.00003 per cent with cypermethrin 0.005 per cent and bifenthrin 0.004 per cent gave best results (100%) for second instar larvae while for fourth instar cypermethrin 0.005 per cent + thiamethoxam 0.05 per cent was best. While mixture of cypermethrin 0.005 per cent + fenpyroximate 0.005 per cent was least effective. Fipronil 0.000015 per cent when mixed with bifenthrin 0.004 per cent gave best results in case of both second and fourth instar larvae for fourth set. Overall results indicated that combination of synthetic pyrethroids with fipronil at any concentrations gave good results in most of the cases.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LAYERS OF CEREALS ON INFESTATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PULSE BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus (FAB.) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2023-01-19) DETHE, SOMINATH RADHAKISAN; KALE, S. N.; SAWANT, V.P.; JOSHI, M.S.; DESAI, S.D.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY AND BIOINTENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF FALL ARMYWORM Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) INFESTING MAIZE IN KONKAN REGION(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2022-10-03) DUBALE, JITENDRA JAYANT; SHINDE, B.D.; MEHENDALE, S.K.; BODAKE, P.S.; SAWARDEKAR, S.V.The investigations on ‘Biology and biointensive management of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) infesting maize in Konkan region’ was carried out to study the biology on different host, seasonal incidence, survey, different biointensive management practices and their effect on natural enemies during two consecutive Rabi seasons, viz., 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the research farm of the Tetawali-B, Central Experiment Station, Wakawali, under Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The biological studies of fall armyworm revealed that, the average fecundity on maize, rice and fingermillet was 1125.4, 1082.4 and 480 eggs, respectively with average incubation period of 2.40, 2.35, and 2.95 days respectively. The mean larval period on maize and fingermillet was 16.07 and 16.38 days, respectively however, on rice it was 18.18 days. The pupal period on maize, rice and fingermillet was 9.13, 9.13 and 9.00 days, respectively. The total life cycle of male and female on maize was 34-38 and 37-39 days, on rice 36-38 and 38-41 days and on fingermillet it was 35-38 and 38-40 days, respectively. The incidence of fall armyworm population ranged from 0.03 to 0.45 larvae per plant. The incidence observed during 2nd SMW and the peak population was noticed during 8th & 9th SMW. The population of fall armyworm was observed in declining condition after peak incidence till maturity of maize crop. The weather parameters such as evening relative humidity and bright sunshine hours played an important role in population density of fall armyworm. The survey data of Konkan region indicated that, the incidence of S. frugiperda was found in all the districts with varying infestation, it ranged from 13.70 to 48.18 per cent. Fall armyworm per cent infestation was highest in Palghar district (48.18%) followed by Sindhudurg district (42.14%). The Raigadh and Ratnagiri district recorded 27.58 and 24.16 per cent infestation, respectively. Lowest infestation was recorded in Thane district (13.70%). The effect of bioinsentive management practices against S. frugiperda infesting maize indicated that, all the treatments were found effective against fall armyworm as compare to untreated control in all three management practices applied at vegetative (whorl) as well as reproductive (cob) stage of maize. Among Indigenous Technology Knowledge (ITKs) treatments, wood ash was found most effective against fall armyworm followed by rock powder. Among the bio pesticides, Spinosad 45 SC was found most effective against fall army worm followed by Nomuraea rileyi 2×108cfu/g. However, insecticides used against fall armyworm revealed that, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was found most effective treatment followed by Lambdacyhalothrin 4.6 + Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 ZC, Emamectin benzoate 5 SG and Spinetoram 11.7 SC. The effect of different biointensive management practices on natural enemies had a significant difference among different treatments. Among Indigenous Technology Knowledge (ITKs) treatments, the Lime powder + Saw dust (1:1) was found safe for lady beetles as well as spiders population followed by saw dust, soap solution, lime powder and paddy husk. Among bio-pesticides treatments, Pongamia oil 1% was safe for lady beetles and spiders followed by Bacillus thuringienesis 0.5% WP, Metarhizium anisopliae 2×108 cfu/ml, Beauveria bassiana 2×108 cfu/ml, Azadirachtin 10000 ppm and Nomuraea rileyi 2×108cfu/g. The effect of insecticides revealed that, all the insecticides were unsafe to lady beetles and spiders. Economics of all three management practices revealed that, ITK wood ash was most economical one recording highest yield (114.62 q/ha) and ICBR 1:35.99 followed by T4- Rock powder recording yield (111.79 q/ha) and ICBR of 1:30.45. In bio-pesticides, Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/l was the most economical one recording highest yield (130.63 q/ha) and ICBR 1:36.07. It was followed by Nomuraea rileyi @ 4 g/l, Beauveria bassiana @ 5 ml/l and Metarhizium anisopliae @ 3 ml/l recording ICBR of 1:12.72, 1:11.73 and 1:11.57 respectively. Among insecticides, Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4g/l emerged as the most economical one recording highest ICBR 1:32.61. It was followed by Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/l and Lambdacyhalothrin 4.6 + Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 ZC @ 0.6 ml/l recording ICBR of 1:22.43 and 1:20.86 respectively. Next economic treatments were Thiamethoxam 12.6 + Lambdacyhalothrin 9.5 ZC @ 0.25 ml/l, Spinetoram 11.7 SC @ 0.5 ml/l, Lambdacyhalothrin 5 EC @ 0.6 ml/l and Deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 0.9 ml/l, which recorded ICBR 1:18.99, 1:18.72, 1:17.95 and 1:17.89, respectively. The Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/l had highest yield (150.89 q/ha) and it was followed by treatment Lambdacyhalothrin 4.6 + Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 ZC @ 0.6 ml/l (134.48 q/ha), Spinetoram 11.7 SC @ 0.5 ml/l (132.63 q/ha) and Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.4g/l (121.15 q/ha). But due to low cost of Emamectin benzoate in market, it had high ICBR.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY OF STINGLESS BEE AND ITS IMPACT ON POLLINATION IN RADISH, Raphanus sativus (L.)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2022-11-15) SHAIKH, ARSHAD KADAR; WANKHEDE, S. M.; KALE, S.N.; SANAP, P. B.; MULE, R.S.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SOWING TIME AND ESTABLISHMENT METHODS ON PEST COMPLEX OF RICE VARIETIES(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2020-11) DALVI, NEHA SAMEER; Desai, V.S.; Narangalkar, A.L.; Mehendale, S.K.; Chavan, S.A.; Dhekale, J.S.The field experiment on ‘Effect of sowing time and establishment methods on pest complex of rice varieties’ was conducted during Kharif season of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 at Agronomy farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli.ThesisItem Open Access BIOLOGY, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF RUGOSE SPIRALLING WHITEFLY, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus MARTIN INFESTING COCONUT IN KONKAN REGION(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2021-10) CHAVAN, SUDESHKUMAR SHIVAJIRAO; Narangalkar, A. L.; Mehendale, S. K.; Khandekar, R. G.; Dhekale, J. S.The population of rugose spiralling whitefly was recorded throughout the year. The population of rugose spiralling whitefly was in the range of 4.24 to 102.87 adults per frond per palm, however the outbreak was noticed during 15th SMW (9/04/2019 to 15/04/2019) i.e., 102.87 adults per frond per palm while the minimum population was recorded at 40th SMW (01/10/19 to 07/10.19). The rugose spiralling whitefly completed its life cycle in 58.15 ± 3.24 days on coconut with eggs, nymphal and adult period of 6.78 ± 1.17, 30.97 ± 2.32 and 20.4 ± 2.22 days, respectively. Longevity of female and male were found to be 20.4 ± 2.22 and 14.0 ± 1.24 days respectively. The pre-oviposotion and ovipostion period found to be 3.2 ± 0.58 and 4.4 ± 0.65 days respectively, while fecundity was 53.2 ± 6.14. The female to male sex ratio was 1:0.45. A. rugioperculatus was found in all the districts of Konkan region with varying intensity ranging from 37.87 per cent to 76.86 per cent. Intensity of infestation was high in Palghar district (76.86%) which was found to be statistically at par with Raigad district (74.50%). It was followed by Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district which recorded 52.14 and 41.51 per cent respectively. Low intensity of infestation was recorded in Thane district (37.87%). Infestation index was medium in all the districts. The intensity of infestation was found to be high in coastal part of all the districts and decreases as move away from coastal area. Rugose spiralling whitefly was recorded on 19 plant species viz., Guava (Psidium guajava), Papaya (Carica papaya), Banana (Musa paradisiaca), Custard apple (Annonas quamosa), Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), Coconut (Cocus nusifera), Bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae), Rose apple (Syzygium samarangense), Ramphal (Annona reticulate), Mango (Mangifera indica), Chafa (Plumeria alba), Heloconia (Heliconia rostrata), Sapota (Achras zapota), Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), Black pepper (Piper nigrum), Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasinensis), Arecanut (Areca catechu) and Teak (Tectona grandis) in costal districts of Konkan region. Out of these 19 plants, only egg stage was recorded on 6 plants viz., sapota, Aonla, Black pepper, Hibiscus, arecanut and teak which might be accidental egg laying. While the mango, Chafa and Heliconia plant recorded with eggs and nymph stage. Total twelve species of natural enemies were recorded on RSW. Among twelve natural enemies ten were predators while two were parasitoids. Among ten predators recorded, two were from Chrysopids, one from Cybocephallids, four from Coccinelids, one each from Phytoseiid, Psocoptera and Dermaptera, while two parasitoid species from aphilinids were recorded. Although diverse natural enemies were found to be associated with RSW, the most dominant parasitoid species was Encarsia guadeloupae. While other Encarsia spp. was found to be rare on RSW on coconut. The treatment with neem oil 0.2 per cent was found to be most effective with lower number of eggs survival at 3 and 7 DAS. The treatment with fish oil rosin soap 0.2 per cent was found to be most effective for the control of nymphs of RSW. The treatment with detergent powder 5 per cent was found to be most effective in controlling the adult population. The treatment profenofos 50 EC was found to be most effective with ovicidal action in controlling eggs of RSW. The treatment imidacloprid 17.8 SL was recorded significantly lower number of nymphal population. The treatment with imidacloprid 17.8 SL was found to be most effective in supressing the population of adults of RSW.ThesisItem Open Access BIO-INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR PESTS INFESTING OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2021-08) SAPKAL, SAGAR DATTATRAY; Mehendale, S. K.; Shinde, B. D.; Sanap, P. B.; Dhekale, J. S.The investigations on ‘Bio-intensive management of major pests infesting okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.)’ were carried out to study the seasonal activity of okra pests and their natural enemies, screening of different genotypes, effect of border crops and evaluation of bio-pesticides against okra pests and their natural enemies during two consecutive Summer seasons, viz., 2019 and 2020 at the research farm of the Vegetable Improvement Scheme, Central Experiment Station, Wakawali, under Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. The results revealed that the seasonal incidence of sucking pests viz., jassid and aphid were started during 10th SMW while, whitefly during 11th SMW and reached its peak level in 16th (20.75), 15th (12.25) and 14th (5.80) SMW, respectively. Whereas, the per cent shoot damage was started during 9th SMW and reached its peak (11.11%) in 14th SMW, while per cent fruit damage was started during 13th SMW and reached its peak in 16th SMW (35.45% and 33.25%) in both number and weight basis, respectively. The weather parameters such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, bright sunshine, wind speed, evaporation play an important role in abundance of above pests. The population of coccinellids and spiders started during 11th SMW and reached its peak in 16th SMW (3.15) and 17th SMW (2.15), respectively and were commonly observed throughout the season when there was more incidence of sucking pests. Screening of different genotypes of okra against major pests indicated that none of the tested genotypes were found free from the pest infestation. The population of sucking pest’s viz., jassid and whitefly were recorded minimum in Arka anamika (3.77 and 2.39, respectively) while, maximum in Bantiware Local (12.69) and Okra Local (6.05), respectively. However, aphid population was minimum in Kashi Pragati (5.63) while, maximum in Pusa Sawani (10.91). The per cent shoot and fruit damage was lowest in HRB-108-4 and highest in Pusa Sawani. The trichomes and phenol content in leaves found significantly negative correlation with sucking pests while, phenol content in fruits found significantly negative and sugar content in fruits found significantly positive correlation with shoot and fruit borer. Effect of different border crops on major pests and their natural enemies of okra revealed that, the population of sucking pest’s viz., jassid, aphid and whitefly were minimum in maize border with okra crop while, maximum in untreated control plot (without border crop). Whereas, the per cent shoot and fruit damage was lowest in sunflower border with okra crop while, highest in untreated control plot (without border crop). The population of coccinellids and spiders were maximum in maize border with okra crop while, minimum in untreated control plot (without border crop). However, the population of coccinellids and spiders were maximum in maize while, minimum in castor border crops. Evaluation of different bio-pesticides against major pests and their natural enemies of okra indicated that, all the treatments were found to be significantly superior in recording minimum number of sucking pests as well as shoot and fruit borer damage over untreated control. Among the all treatments, the treatment T7 (thiamethoxam 25 WG) was found most effective against sucking pests followed by T6 (emamectin benzoate 5 SG), T5 (Lecanicillium lecanii 2 x 108), T1 (azadirachtin 10000 ppm) and T3 (Beauveria bassiana 2 x 108). Whereas, the treatment T6 (emamectin benzoate 5 SG) was found most effective against Earias spp. followed by T7 (thiamethoxam 25 WG), T1 (azadirachtin 10000 ppm), T2 (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 3.5 ES) and T4 (Metarhizium anisopliae 2 x 108). All the bio-pesticides were found to be safest to the natural enemies except chemical insecticides treatment T6 (emamectin benzoate 5 SG ) and T7 (thiamethoxam 25 WG). Economics of all the treatments revealed that, the treatment T7- thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.20g/lit emerged as the most economical one recording highest ICBR 1:20.21. It was followed by, T6- emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.32g/lit and T2- B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki 3.5 ES @ 1.5ml/lit recording ICBR of 1:16.72 and 1:11.50, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access SEASONAL INCIDENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF PESTS INFESTING WATERMELON, Citrullus lanatus (THUNB.)(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli., 2022-11-04) KALE, RUSHIKESH GORAKH; JALGAONKAR, V. N.; Karmarkar, M. S.; Sanap, P. B.; Kale, S. N.The field experiments entitled "Seasonal incidence and management of pests infesting watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)" were carried out at Vegetable Improvement Scheme (VIS), Central experimental Station, Wakavali during summer 2021-22. From the investigation it was found that seasonal activity of pests attacking on the watermelon viz., aphid, whitefly leaf miner and pumpkin caterpillar was observed between 6 SMW to 16h SMW. The peak population of aphids and whitefly was recorded in the third week of March (11th SMW) maximum leaf infestation of leaf miner and pumpkin caterpillar was observed in the second week of April (14th SMw) and fourth week of the March (12" SMW) respectively. All the weather parameters were non-significantly correlated with pests infesting watermelon. The efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin benzoate, Spirotetramat, Thiomethoxam, PVriproxyfen, Azadirachtin and Beauveria bassiana was evaluated. Spirotetramat was found superior and most effective in controlling sucking pests such as aphid and whitefly. The treatment Emamectin benzoate was found etfective to control leaf miner leaf infestation. The plot treated with Chlorantraniliprole noticed less infestation by pumpkin caterpillar leaf infestation. Spirotetramat was effective insecticide which gave highest (35.81 t ha) vield as compared to other treatments.ThesisItem Open Access NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS FRACTIONS AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS AND FYM UNDER YAM BEAN (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) CULTIVATION(Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, 2021-06) BIRADAR, SAYALI UTTAM; Salvi, V.G.; More, S. S.; Manjarekar, R. G.; Bedse, T. J.An investigation entitled “Nitrogen and phosphorous fractions and soil organic carbon content as influenced by different levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and FYM under yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) cultivation” was undertaken during Kharif, 2020 at research farm of All India Co-ordinated Research Project on tuber crops, Central Experiment Station, Wakawali, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri. Thirteen treatment combinations comprising different levels of nitrogen (80,100,120 kg ha-1 ), phosphorous (40, 60, 80 kg ha-1 ), FYM (10, 15, 20 t ha-1 ), a constant dose of potassium (100 kg ha-1 ) and an absolute control were replicated thrice in randomized block design. The experimental soil was lateritic, sandy loam in texture and moderately acidic in reaction. It was very high in organic carbon content, medium in available nitrogen, low to medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium content. The maximum values of inorganic nitrogen fractions such as total nitrogen, exchangeable NH4-N, NO3-N, fixed NH4-N and all organic nitrogen fractions except unidentified hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable-N were noted under treatments receiving highest levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and FYM application. However, increasing levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and FYM significantly increased phosphorous fractions in soil viz., total-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, saloid-P, occluded-P, residual-P, reductant soluble-P and organic P. The treatment T13 consisting 120:80:100 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 + 20 t FYM ha-1 recorded maximum values of nitrogen and phosphorous fractions which were recurringly at par with treatment T10 receiving 120:80:100 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 + 15 t FYM ha-1 . Further the increase in the organic carbon content was observed due to treatments receiving higher levels of FYM (15 to 20 t ha-1 ) at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest of yam bean. A stage wise decrease in organic carbon content was recorded during 30 days after sowing to 60 days after sowing and again stipulated increase was recorded at harvest from 60 days after sowing. As far as the growth contributing characters of yam bean crop were concerned, plant height, number of leaves per plant as well as total yam bean tuber yield (23.02 t ha-1 ) recorded significantly highest under treatment T13 consisting 120:80:100 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 + 20 t FYM ha-1 , whereas yield contributing characters such as girth and fresh weight of tuber were significantly maximum under treatment consisting higher levels of nutrients and FYM (15 to 20 t ha-1 ) application. The nutrient content of yam bean leaves and yam bean tubers was observed to be highest in treatments receiving higher dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and FYM as compared to sole application of inorganic sources and absolute control. The quality parameters such as reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, starch, crude fibre, protein, moisture content and shelf life of yam bean tubers were significantly improved due to various treatments receiving combined application of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures over control treatment. A significant improvement over initial status was recorded in respect of physico chemical properties of soils such as bulk density, porosity, maximum water holding capacity and soil pH. The available nutrient status was observed to be significantly higher over absolute control as well as sole application of inorganic fertilizers at all growth stages. Significantly highest available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content was recorded under treatment T13 receiving highest level of inorganic fertilizers and FYM application. Further a stage wise decrease in nutrient status was observed from 30 DAS to harvest of yam bean. The correlation study of nitrogen and phosphorous fractions and organic carbon content with yield of tuber and soil properties was worked out, which revealed a significant and positive correlation between most of nitrogen and phosphorous fractions, organic carbon content and total tuber yield. The physico-chemical properties such as bulk density, porosity, maximum water holding capacity, soil pH, available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon content showed positive and significant correlation with all nitrogen and phosphorous fractions except unidentified hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable-N fractions and saloid-P fraction. Based on the experimental findings, it could be concluded that the lowest dose of inorganic nutrients i.e. 80:40:100 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1 along with application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 sufficiently improves nitrogen and phosphorous fractions and organic carbon content eventually improving quality and quantity of yield of the yam bean in lateritic soils of Konkan region.
