Thumbnail Image

Thesis

Browse

2005 - 200912010 - 201922
 Reset filters

Settings

Subject: Animal Genetics and Breeding ×

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 9 of 24
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF FEEDING COMPLETE FEED BLOCKS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF KONKAN KANYAL GOATS (Accession No. T06707)
    (dbskkv., Dapoli, 2019) AGARE, HARESH RAMESH; Bhagat, D. J.
    The complete feed block is a promising method of ensuring supply of diet in 60:40 proportion by mixing of roughages and concentrates. The complete feed block has potential to fulfill the nutrient requirements of animal, incorporation of tree leaves/ shrubs in routine diets besides the potentiality to protect loss of feed ingredients during sneezing, cheaper in storage and transportation of bulky roughage sources and also time and labour saving. During present research project the complete feed blocks were prepared during 01st October 2017 to 20th February 2018 with all the operations viz. harvesting, drying, chaffing, grinding and standardization etc. The feeding trial was conducted on Twenty Konkan Kanyal goats were selected with similar age and body weight. The animals were randomly assigned to four treatments and five replications with separate compartments of experimental unit of Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. The treatment details of experiment were T1 - Basal diet (CO- 3 + Guinea grass on vegetative phase with concentrate mixture of maize crumble + groundnut cake), T2 - Complete feed block- I, T3 - Complete feed block- II and T4 - Complete feed block- III. From the results of present investigation, it was observed that feeding of Complete feed block- III had proportionally combination of roughages and concentrates mixture, optimum particle size of ingredients for preparation of complete feed blocks, while its significant (P<0.05) incremental effect on the dry matter intake (965.40 g), digestibility coefficient (65.78 OM, 63.50 DM, 75.56 CP, 69.58 EE and 59.98 NFE per cent, respectively), nutritive value in respect to the DCP 11.01 per cent and TDN 62.74 per cent, body weight gain (102.73 g), body measurement gain (wither height 12.66 cm, body length 15.18 cm and chest girth 16.74 cm), blood parameters (haemoglobin 8.14 g/dl, cholesterol 43.86, glucose 57.78, high density livo protein 23.91, low density livo protein 11.58 and triglycerides 17.93 mg/dl, respectively). During feeding trial the storage studied was 14.11 per cent protein and changed color after 15th weeks, pleasant odor up to 14th weeks, compact texture up to 14th weeks and mould growth was visible after 14th weeks. The total storage period during seasons of complete feed block - III was not deteriorate in winter and summer season but in rainy season it was deteriorate in July month. The total storage period was calculated as 268 days. The net profit (Rs. 2205.69) and B:C ratio (1.37) were found higher in complete feed block – III (T4) than the rest of treatments. It was concluded that feeding of complete feed blocks – III (T4 – Dried mulberry leaves, dried sampoorna grass, paddy straw and nagli straw have 15:15:15:15 proportion) are more acceptable, palatable, economical and good storage capacity with good quality.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Nutritional flushing, photoperiod and Buck effect on Prolificacy of Konkan Kanyal Goats. (Accession No. T06702)
    (2019) UNDE, SUNIL PRABHAKAR; Desai, B. G.
    The effect of nutritional flushing, photoperiod and buck effect on prolificacy in Konkan Kanyal goats was investigated with three levels of flushing diets viz. T1 (200g/d/doe), T2 (250g/d/doe), T3 (300 g/d/doe); three levels of photoperiods viz. L1 (Natural day light condition 2.75 hrs), L2 (Short-day photoperiod of 9 hrs), L3 (Long-day photoperiod of 15 hrs) and three levels for „buck effect‟ regarding presence of male viz. M1 (continuous presence of buck with does), M2 (keeping the male in front of does) and M3 (introduction of male only at estrus). The study was conducted with doelings and does group each of 27 animals. It is established that altering the day-length by controlled light hours can be used to induce estrus. Light tends to influence the timely ovulation in female animals with seasonal estrus. The light had noticeable effect on prolificacy percentage. The photoperiod of L2 and L3 had lower values of prolificacy percentage which range from 50 per cent to 88.89 per cent. Under L1 the prolificacy percentage was higher (100%) than L2 or L3. There is increase in prolificacy per cent due to nutritional flushing which was 83.33 per cent in T2 and T3 A critical perusal revealed that, the effect of diet varied according to male (buck) treatment. The highest percentage of 94.44 per cent prolificacy was noticed under the treatment of males when introduced only at oestrus (M3). The males constantly accompanied with does (M1), has lowest magnitude of percentage prolificacy (72.32 per cent); whereas, the males in front of does (M2) showed (77.78 per cent). This warrants that, the buck effect of M3 treatment was most promising. The nearness to the males also showed big effect on per cent prolificacy. Average of 94.44 per cent prolificacy was noticed when the males were introduced only at oestrus (M-3). Keeping the males in front of does (M-2) resulted in 77.78 per cent prolificacy as against the lowest of average 72.22 per cent prolificacy when the males were accompanied constantly with does (M-1). It is revealed that introducing the bucks only at oestrus had highest prolificacy percentage with lowest value of coefficient of variation. From logistic analysis it was found that, if exposure of goat to light increased by one hour, probability of kidding increases by nearly two per cent. It was observed from logistic regression, coefficient (– 0.2323) indicated goats were from does group the probability of kidding increased by 79 per cent. It was also found as age increased by one month then probability of kidding increased by nearly one per cent. In case of nutrition result showed that if nutrition increased by one unit (25%) per day per goat the probability of kidding in Konkan Kanyal breed increased by 0.99 per cent. The BCS recorded after nutritional flushing treatment showed lower values of prolificacy in both does as well as doelings under 2.0 BCS magnitude. In this context, prolificacy percentage under 3.0 BCS had cent per cent prolificacy/success. In 2.5 BCS category doelings showed 100 per cent prolificacy, whereas, does had 92.24 per cent prolificacy. From foregoing results it was concluded that, the Konkan Kanyal goat were well adapted to the natural cloudy, humid and warm weather conditions of Konkan region. They gave good response to every additional increment of flushing diet with moderate effect by 250 g/d/goat. Further, introducing the males only at oestrus has most promising effect on prolificacy percentage.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF INDIGENOUS COW URINE
    (dbskkv., Dapoli, 2019) KHATKE, SAGAR LAXMAN; Mayekar, A. J.
    Indian cow urine is very powerful medicine in ayurvedic side. Cow urine is believed to have therapeutic value and used in many drugs formulation. Considering the present demand of products based on panchgavya there is a huge scope in livestock farming of indigenous cows and evaluation of indigenous cow byproducts for their beneficial effects. In present investigation indigenous cows were selected from livestock unit of Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. Ten selected animals divided into two groups based on physiological phases viz. milking and dry with similar age (5-8 years) and similar body weight. The average yellow colour observed in 13 weeks was maximum (76.93%) in dry phase animal E and milking phase animal J. Urine of all dry phase animals and one of the milking animal (animal H) show clear transparency (100%). The average moderate ammonical aromatic odour was maximum in dry phase animal C (92.30%) and minimum in milking phase animal D (61.53%). The minimum and maximum range of specific gravity, pH and EC was 1.028 to 1.033, 6.66 to 6.99 and 31.84 mS to 33.24mS, respectively. There was a no significant (P≤0.05) difference in mean specific gravity, pH, EC, glucose, phosphorous and bilirubin content of urine collected from both dry phase and milking phase animals. Glucose and bilirubin constituent was negative in both dry phase and milking phase animals. The Average protein of dry phase animals (8.25 mg/dL) urine was higher than average protein of milking phase animals (7.55 mg/dL) urine. Average calcium content of dry phase animals urine was (15.85 mg/dL) less than the average calcium content of milking phase animals urine (20.47). The average nitrogen, creatine and creatinine content of urine collected from dry phase animals (10.81 g/L, 13.19 mg/dL and 24.36 mg/dL respectively) was higher than urine collected from milking phase animals (9.56 g/L, 11.42 mg/dL and 20.16 mg/dL respectively). There was significant (P≤0.05) difference between average nitrogen, creatine and creatinine content of dry phase and milking phase animals urine. During shelf life period of indigenous cow urine, colour of urine changes from yellow to amber yellow and then to light reddish, odour changes from moderate aromatic to strong ammonical and transparency changes from clear to turbid as shelf life period increases. The pH level of cow urine samples goes on increasing from slightly acidic to neutral, neutral to alkaline and then to strong alkaline as the shelf life period increases. EC level of cow urine samples also goes on increasing as shelf life period increases. The present investigation on indigenous cow shows that, the cow urine collected from dry animals was more useful than that of urine obtained from milking cows and freshly collected urine must be utilized as early as possible.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PREPARATION OF PROBIOTIC SHRIKHAND BLENDED WITH JAMUN (Syzygium cumini L.) JUICE
    (dbskkv., Dapoli, 2019) LONDHE, ASHISH SHYAMSUNDAR; Desai, B. G.
    „Shrikhand‟ is most popular fermented dairy product found in the western region of India, particularly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and some part of North India. Shrikhand is a semi-soft, sweetish-sour whole milk product prepared from lactic fermented curd. The curd is partially strained through a muslin cloth to remove the whey and thus to produce a solid mass called chakka. Probiotic term refers to specific strains of bacteria and typical probiotics include lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Milk is an excellent medium to carry or generate live and active cultured dairy products. Probiotic helps to modulate immunity, improve digestive process, prevent cancer, improve lactose intolerance etc. Fruits plays an important role in the balanced diet in human beings by providing not only the energy rich food but also provide vital protective nutrients. Jamun is one such fruit with superior health benefits. Jamun fruit is generally acknowledged to be very high quality for its curative function chiefly against diabetes. Jamun juice along with curd is good against digestive problems. Drinking of the fresh fruit juice helps in cough and asthma. Jamun juice enhances immune system and acts as anti-aging agent. In present study, shrikhand was prepared from buffalo milk. Sugar was added @ 50 & 60 per cent of chakka. Jamun juice was added @ 8, 12, 16 per cent and SMP was @ 5 per cent of chakka. From the results of present investigation it may be concluded that jamun juice could be successfully utilized for preparation of shrikhand. The most acceptable quality shrikhand can be prepared by using 12 per cent jamun juice and 60 per cent sugar which contained on an average 58.72, 8.96, 7.20, 41.57, 0.90 and 1.168 per cent total solids, fat, protein, total sugar, ash and titratable acidity, respectively. The production cost of most acceptable jamun juice (T2 S2) was ₹ 166.78/- per kg. On the basis of sensory evaluation for most acceptable level, it is found that product was acceptable only up to 2nd day of storage at atmospheric conditions and up to 8th day under refrigerated condition at 5 to 7 0C temperature.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF MULBERRY LEAF (Morus alba) MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS
    (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli , Dist : Ratnagiri, 2018) SHIGWAN, PRADNYA RAMAKANT; Mayekar, A.J.
    An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Mulberry leaf (Morus alba) meal on growth performance of broilers at Poultry Unit, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science. A day-old 200 broiler chicks were purchased from hatchery. The chicks were divided into five treatments of 40 birds each. Treatments were: control group with no supplement, T1 (25 per cent mulberry leaf meal), T2 (30 per cent mulberry leaf meal), T3 (35 per cent mulberry leaf meal) and T4 (40 per cent mulberry leaf meal). Results of experiment showed that supplementation of mulberry leaf meal have significantly (P<0.05) lowest feed intake in treatment T4 (1717.48 g/bird) and highest in T0 (1939.52 g/bird). Live body weight was obtained highest in treatment T2 (1417.20 g) and feed conversion ratio was also superior in treatment T2 (1.44). Serum total Cholesterol was lowest in T3 (124.3mg/dl) and LDL lowest in T4 (69.23 mg/dl), triglyceride slowest in T2 (83.85mg/dl) and Sr. HDL value was highest in T2 (31.23 mg/dl).RBC, WBC found highest in treatment T4 (2.6 106/mm3), (36405 cell/mm3), respectively. Haemoglobin and PCV found highest in T3 (14.65 mg/dl), (37.65 per cent). Also better meat quality and highest economic returns observed in T2 (30% MLM treatment) It can be concluded that, 30 per cent mulberry leaf meal significantly improved growth performance, dressing percentage, meat quality and economical returns over other treatments. Also 30 per cent mulberry leaf meal effectively reduced serum total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride and increased HDL, haemoglobin, RBC, WBC and PCV than control group.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL COLOSTRUM CAKE ENRICHED WITH MANGO (MangiferaindicaL.) PULP CV.ALPHONSO
    (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli , Dist : Ratnagiri, 2018) RAHATE, RASIKA SHRIDHAR; Dandekar, V.S.
    The kharvas or colostum cake is an indigenous milk product prepared from colostral milk. It is prepared since many years by adopting local procedure or recipe. i.e.by steam cooking of the mixture of colostral milk admixed with normal milk, sugar and condiments. Thus, a smooth junket is formed which is then cut into pieces of desirable size and served as delicacy, either in hot or cold state. Attempts have been made to prepare artificial colostrum cake by utilizing white of egg, whey protein powder and other ingredients. However it is found that this artificial colostrum cake lacks typical flavour. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the most popular and choicest fruit of the tropics. It is also known as „king of fruits‟ due to its high palatability, excellent taste, flavour and nutritive value. It is good source of vitamin A and C. In India more than thousand mango varieties are grown on commercial scale. Alphonso is one of the leading commercial cultivars of mango. It is the best variety for table as well as for processing purpose and is known as the “Pride of the Konkan”. Processed alphonso mango pulp has unique ability to blend with other food ingredients including milk products. It is observed that alphonso mango pulp can be successfully utilized for all categories of milk products like concentrated, coagulated, fermented and frozen. Alphonso mango pulp adds aesthetic value to the milk products as well as its nutritional significance. However so far no attempts have been made to utilize it for value addition in colostrum cake. The investigation was carried out in the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. The research was carried out in two phases. In phase I optimum level of white of egg and whey protein powder for preparation of good quality artificial colostrum cake was determined. In this phase three level of white of egg and two levels of whey protein powder were used simultaneously in combination to determine most optimum level. Overall six different mixes were prepared. The optimum level was determined on the basis of sensory evaluation of the product. The results revealed that treatment T3 i.e. artificial colostrum cake prepared by using 50 per cent cow milk, 15 per cent white of egg, 10 per cent whey protein powder and 25 per cent skim milk powder secured highest score, so it was selected for further studies in phase II. In the phase II enrichment of artificial colostrum cake was examined by blending with alphonso mango pulp. The most acceptable treatment in the present study was observed to be T3 i.e. blending with 15 per cent mango pulp with overall acceptability score of 8.07 followed by treatment T2 prepared by using 10 per cent mango pulp with score of 7.84 while lowest score was obtained by treatment T4 prepared by using 20 per cent mango pulp with score of 7.50. From the results of present investigation, it may be concluded that mango pulp could be successfully utilized for preparation of artificial colostrum cake. Addition of mango pulp in artificial colostrum cake improved sensory quality and acceptability of the product. The most acceptable quality artificial colostrum cake can be prepared by using 15 per cent mango pulp of the weight of artificial colostrum cake mix and it contained on an average total solids, fat, protein, ash and acidity as 40.62, 2.55, 14.22, 2.31 and 0.38 per cent respectively. Addition of mango pulp was observed to increase production cost of artificial colostrum cake. The cost of artificial colostrum cake production at T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 42.80, 43.10, 42.66 and 43.66 per 100 gm. The production cost of artificial colostrum cake of most acceptable level (T3) was 42.66 per 100 gm.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Production Performance of Improved Indigenous Poultry Breeds under Different Management Regimes
    (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli , Dist : Ratnagiri, 2018) SHALU KUMAR, SHALU KUMAR; Burte, R. G.
    The present investigation was conducted as per the objectives of the data pertaining to production performance of improved poultry breeds under different management regimes at Poultry Unit, Livestock Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra state.After of statistical analysis of data, the findings of the present experiment are presented and discussed in this chapter under the following heads. 4.1 Growth performance 4.1.1 Daily feed consumption (g/bird) 4.1.2 Total feed consumption (g/bird) 4.1.3 Body weight gain (g) 4.1.4Age at first laying (days) 4.2 Egg production performance 4.2.1 Hen day egg production (%) 4.2.2 Hen egg production per week (no/per bird) 4.2.3 Hen egg production per year (no/per bird) 4.2.4 Feed conversion efficiency/dozen of eggs 4.2.5 Feed conversion efficiency/kg of eggs 4.3 Egg quality parameters 4.3.1 External egg quality parameters 4.3.1.1 Egg weight (g) 4.3.1.2 Egg width (mm) 4.3.1.3 Egg length (mm) 4.3.1.4 Egg shape index 4.3.1.5 Egg shell weight (g) 4.3.1.6 Egg shell thickness 4.3.1.7 Egg specific gravity 4.3.2 Internal egg quality parameters 4.3.2.1 Yolk weight (g) 4.3.2.2 Yolk width (mm) 4.3.2.3 Yolk height (mm) 4.3.2.4 Albumen length (mm) 4.3.2.5 Albumin width (mm) 4.3.2.6 Albumen height (mm) 4.3.2.7 Albumen weight (g) 4.4 Physiological parameters 4.5.1 Rectal temperature 4.5.2 Respiration rate 4.5 Morbidity and mortality 4.6 Cost of poultry production 4.1 Growth performance 4.1.1 Daily feed consumption 4.1.1.1 Daily feed consumption during brooding period The observations on average daily feed consumption (g/bird) during chick period (1 day - 8 wks) under brooding condition are presented in Table 4.1 and graphically shown in Fig 4.1. The average daily feed consumption (g) was maximum in Srinidhi (54.01 /bird) followed by Vanaraja (50.48 g/bird), Gramapriya (34.06 g/bird) and Desi (27.32/bird). The results of this experiment showed significant (p<0.05) differences in feed sumption between different poultry ecotype during brooding stage. These results were in line ith those of Chatterjee et al. (2005) who indicated that cross of ILI 80 male× White icobari female showed significantly higher feed intake (42.76g/bird) than White obari male ith ILI 80 female birds (40.39 g/bird) at 8 weeks of age. Similar findings were also ecorded by Jatoi et al. (2014) on an overall basis, daily feed intake per bird was recorded as 5.0g/bird for Mianwali Aseel and Chatterjee et al. (2005) for White Nicobari as 40.39 g/bird and ILI -80 as 42.76 g/bird. 4.1.1.2Daily feed consumption during growing period 4.1.1.2.1 Effect of breed on daily feed intake during growing period The data of the daily feed consumption per bird are shown in Table 4.1 and graphically presented in Fig. 4.1. Breedwise significantly higher daily feed intake was recorded for Vanaraja (96.32 g/bird) followed by Srinidhi (95.57 64 g/bird), Gramapriya (86.68 g/bird) and Desi (69.68 g/bird). The findings of study were comparable with Hassen et al. (2006) who recorded daily feed intake of indigenous chickens of Ethiopia viz. Tilili, Gellilia, Debre, Ellias, Mello, Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mechaand RIR as 89.6,98.5, 87.3, 86.0, 89.7, 86.7, 91.6 and 83.3 g/bird/day, respectively. However, Awad et al. (2014) recorded non-significant differences in feed intake for experimental birds. 4.1.1.2.2 Effect of management system on daily feed intake during growing Phase The Table 4.1 and graphically in Fig 4.2 clearly showed the effect of rearing system on daily feed consumption. The results revealed that significantly maximum daily feed intake (103.38 g/bird) in deep litter system as compared to battery cage system (99.41 g/bird) and semi intensive system (58.41 g/bird). The findings of this experiment were close comparable with Gerzilov et al. (2012). They recoded average feed consumption per day as 118.8, 121.1 and 120.7 g for the layers reared in conventional cages, enriched cages and in floor/litter system. However, similar result was recorded by Bahouh et al. (2012) that birds raised on floor system consumed significantly (p<0.05) more feed than the birds in cages. 4.1.1.2.3 Effect interaction between breeds and management systems on daily feed intake during growing phase The results of effect interactions between breeds and systems on daily feed intake during growing phase (g/bird) are presented Table 4.1. The overall means demonstrated significant (p<0.05) difference in daily feed consumption with respect to different rearing systems, poultry genotypes and their interaction. This interaction significantly (p<0.05) affected daily feed intake. The result of experiment showed significantly higher feed intake in Vanaraja when raised on deep litter system (114.20 g/bird) followed by Srinidhi kept in battery cage system (112.97 g/bird), Vanaraja in battery cage system (112.95 g/bird), Srinidhi on deep litter (111.92 g/bird), Gramapriya on deep litter (102.14g/bird), Gramapriya in battery cage (96.09g/bird), Desi on deep litter (85.26g/bird), Desi in battery cage (75.62 g/bird), Vanaraja, Gramapriya and Srinidhi in semi intensive system (61.82 g/bird) and Desi in semi intensive system (48.18g/bird). Because birds of semi-intensive system were offered only 50 per cent fed. The results of study were in agreement with Yakubu et al. (2007) who recorded that the birds raised on deep litter consumed more feed than those in cages. Similar results were also recorded by Hameed et al. (2012). They observed higher feed intake from 0-24 weeks under open housing system than controlled housing. 4.1.1.3 Effect of breed on daily feed consumption (g/bird) in laying period The data of overall means of daily feed consumption are presented in Table 4.1 and depicted graphically in Fig 4.1.The results, revealed that the daily feed consumption per bird of different poultry breed was maximum for Vanaraja (103.87±1.29 g/bird) followed by Srinidhi (100.79±1.29 g/bird), Gramapriya (99.43±1.29 g/bird) and Desi (87.31±1.29 g/bird). The difference in feed intake of chicken was due to interplay of multiply genes and it could be improved through genetic selection (Chambers, 1990). These differences in feed intake could also be attributed to the environmental conditions such as season, temperature, humidity and management. However, higher feed consumption per day was recorded by Bharambe and Garud (2012) for Vanaraja (117.14 g/bird), Delham Red (115.28 g/bird), Malik and Singh (2010) as 129.62±80 g/bird for CARI Nirbheek and Anonymous (2008) for CARI Shyama. Feed consumption of indigenous birds were generally lower than commercial poultry birds (Islam and Nishibori 2010). In present study also, the feed consumption of Desi birds were low (87.31±1.29g). However, no significant differences were observed between the different genotypes of poultry for daily feed intake per bird per day (Hassen et al., 2006). Lower feed consumption was recorded for the indigenous lines compared to the RIR chickens. This could be related to the pronounced selective feeding and feed scratching behaviour that could have lead to an over estimation of the feed intake during the rearing period. Table 4.1 Average daily feed consumption (g/bird) of improved indigenous poultry breeds under different management regimes Treatments/Phases Chick stage (1 day -8 wks.) Growing (9 - 18 wks.) Early laying (19 - 33 wks.) Mid laying (34 - 44 wks.) Late laying (45 - 62 wks.) Avg. Daily FC (19-62 wks.) Breeds Vanaraja (B1) 50.48ab 96.32a 105.11a 107.17a 105.50a 103.87a Gramapriya (B2) 34.06c 86.68b 100.06b 104.37ab 103.71a 99.43b Srinidhi (B3) 54.01a 95.57a 101.57ab 99.90b 103.93a 100.79ab Desi (B4) 27.32d 69.68c 90.33c 92.99c 92.25b 87.31c S.E. 2.56 1.09 1.34 1.63 1.86 1.29 C.D. (p<0.001) 7.98 3.21 3.93 4.79 5.46 3.79 Systems DLS (M1) -- 103.38a 115.85a 113.04a 111.54a 111.30a BCS (M2) -- 99.41b 109.86b 109.99a 108.19a 107.20b SIS (M3) -- 58.41c 72.09c 80.30b 84.31b 75.05c S.E. -- 0.95 1.16 1.41 1.61 1.12 C.D. (p<0.001) -- 2.781 3.40 4.15 4.73 3.28 Breeds × Systems Vanaraja DLS -- 114.20a 122.69a 119.01a 116.06a 118.00a BCS -- 112.95a 116.03ab 116.84ab 114.51a 115.06ab SIS -- 61.82f 76.63d 85.65f 85.92cd 78.54e Gramapriya DLS -- 102.14b 113.90b 118.63a 113.96a 112.49ab BCS -- 96.09c 110.93b 113.69abc 114.20a 109.56b SIS -- 61.82f 75.36d 80.80fg 82.96d 76.24e Srinidhi DLS -- 111.92a 115.38b 109.60bcd 115.84a 113.65ab BCS -- 112.97a 113.97b 108.49cde 110.69a 111.55ab SIS -- 61.82f 75.36d 81.61f 85.26cd 77.17e Desi DLS -- 85.26d 111.43b 104.92de 100.28b 101.06c BCS -- 75.62e 98.54c 100.94e 93.37bc 92.63d SIS -- 48.18g 61.03 73.12g 83.10d 68.23f S.E. 1.89 2.32 2.83 3.22 2.24 C.D. (p<0.001) 5.55 6.79 8.29 9.44 6.55 abcdefMeans under each class in the same column with different superscripts differed significantly .4.1.1.4. Effect of management system on daily feed consumption (g/bird) in laying period The data of daily feed consumption per bird with different management systems are presented in Table 4.1 and graphically shown in Fig 4.2. The effect of management system on feed consumption during laying period was significant (p<0.05). According to system significantly higher average daily feed consumption was recorded when birds were reared on deep litter system (111.30 g/bird) than battery cage system (107.20 g/bird) and semi-intensive system (75.05 g/bird). Lower mean daily feed intake per bird (83.3 g/bird) was reported for RIR by Halima et al. (2006), Khawaja et al. (2012) as 49.48 g for RIR, Kumar et al. (2014) as 62.30±4.22 and 56.75±4.32 g/bird for Bovans White and RIR under intensive management. However, Li et al. (2017) recorded higher feed intake in cage system as compared to free range system. The previous researchers raised poultry birds under different management systems and found non-significant effect of different managements on daily feed consumption (Ahmad et al., 2010; Siopes, 1984). 4.1.1.5 Effect of interaction between breed and system on daily feed consumption (g/bird) in laying period The feed intakes of the different poultry breeds in each of the three raising systems are shown in Table 4.1. The interaction between the breeds and rearing systems significantly influenced the feed consumption per bird. The Vanaraja birds consumed maximum feed when reared on the deep litter system (118.00 g/bird) and battery cage system (115.05 g/bird) followed by Srinidhi on deep litter system (113.65 g/bird), Gramapriya on deep litter system (112.49 g/bird), Srinidhi in battery cage system (111.55 g/bird), Gramapriya in battery cage system (109.56 g/bird), Desi on deep litter and battery cage system (101.06 and 92.63 g/bird), Vanaraja, Gramapriya and Desi on semi-intensive system (78.54, 76.24 and68.23g/bird), respectively. The birds in semi-intensive system had the lowest feed intake as compared to deep litter and battery cage system. These differences in feed intakes under different rearing systems may be explained by the inherent variability in free-range raising systems; free-range birds are exposed to some factors that are inherently variable, such as light intensity, photoperiod, and temperature. Furthermore, birds raised in a free-range system had access to the various forages, insects, and worms found on pasture. These may contribute some dietary nutrients and thus interfere with their normal intake of commercial feed (Li et al., 2017). 4.1.2 Total feed consumption 4.1.2.1 Total feed consumption during brooding period The observations on average total feed consumption (kg/bird) during chick period (1 day - 8 wks) under brooding condition are presented in Table 4.2 and graphically depicted in Fig 4.3. The average total feed consumption (kg) was maximum for Srinidhi (3.02kg/bird) followed by Vanaraja (2.82 kg/bird), Gramapriya (1.90 kg/bird) and Desi (1.56 kg/bird) from 1st week to 8th weeks. All poultry genotypes had significant (p<0.05) differences in total feed consumption during chick stage. These results were in line with those of Krishna et al. (2012) who recorded 1.55 kg/bird feed intake in Rajasree birds. The results of this study showed variation in feed intake among different varieties of breeds were in agreement with Joya et al. (1979), Proudfoot and Hulan (1987), Leeson et al. (1997) and Jatoi (2012) who reported significant strain variation on feed intake in chicken and Japanese quail. 4.1.2.2Total feed consumption during growing period 4.1.2.2.1 Effect of breed on total feed consumption during growing period The breedwise average total feed consumption of experiment birds are presented in Table 4.2 and graphically shown in Fig. 4.3. The total feed consumption (kg/bird) was recorded significantly higher for Vanaraja (7.41 kg/bird) and Srinidhi (7.35 kg/bird) than Gramapriya (6.68 kg/bird) and Desi (5.36 kg/bird) birds. The present results were in accordance with the findings of Kumar et al. (2014) who reported higher feed intake/bird (kg) for Bovans White chicken (9.60±0.32 kg/bird) as compared to RIR (8.75±0.21kg/bird) upto 22 wks. Similar results were also recorded by Hassen et al. (2006). They recorded total feed intake of indigenous chicken of Northwest Ethiopia viz. Tilili, Gellilia, Debre, Ellias, Mello, Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR as 15.2, 13.5,13.3, 13.8, 13.4, 14.1 and 12.8 kg/bird, respectively during growing stage. 4.1.2.2.2 Effect of management system on total feed consumption during growing period The average total feed consumption of experiment birds with different systems are presented in Table 4.2 and graphically depicted in Fig. 4.4. In case of rearing systems significantly more feed intake was found in deep litter system (5.78 kg/bird) than battery cage system (5.56 kg/bird) and semi intensive system (3.27 kg/bird). Results of present study were in consonance with of the earlier investigation that birds in deep litter consumed more feed as compared to control housing system (Hameed et al., 2012). 4.1.2.3 Effect of breed on total feed consumption during laying period The breedwise data of total feed consumption per bird during laying period (19 to 62 wks) are presented in Table 4.2 and graphically depicted in Fig 4.3. The finding revealed significant (p<0.05) influence of breed on total feed intake during laying period. The total feed consumption of Vanaraja was significant higher than Srinidhi, Gramapriya and Desi as 31.82, 30.86, 30.74 and 27.60 kg/bird, respectively. The results were in agreement with Scheideler et al. (1998) found significant differences in feed intake among Dekalb Delta, Babcock B-300 and Hy-Line W-36. Similarly, Gunawardana et al. (2009) also found significant differences in seven commercial leghorn strains and Singh et al. (2009) found significant difference in Lohmann White, H&N White, Lohmann Brown and non-commercial cross between RIR and Barred Plymouth Rock. However, Hassen et al. (2006) observed non-significant differences in total feed consumption amongst the tested chicken lines. But, higher levels of feed consumption were recorded for the indigenous lines compared to the RIR chickens. 4.1.2.4 Effect of management system on total feed consumption during laying period The average data of the effect of systems on total feed consumption laying period are presented in Table 4.2 and graphically showed in Fig. 4.4. The systemwise average total feed consumption (kg) of present experiment was 34.12, 32.85 and 23.80 kg/bird recorded in deep litter, battery cage and semi intensive system, respectively. The results of present study were in consonance with some of the earlier investigations that birds consumed more feed in deep litter system as compared to cage system and semi intensive system (Yakubu et al., 2007; Hameed et al., 2012 and Castilho et al., 2013). However, present results disagreed with Hetland et al. (2004) who reported that hens kept in enriched cages consumed more feed compared to hens reared in conventional cages system. 4.1.2.5 Effect of interaction between breed and management system on total feed consumption during laying period The interaction effect of rearing system and genotype on feed consumption of improved indigenous birds (Table 4.2) was significant (p>0.05). The finding of present study revealed that birds on deep litter system consumed more feed than those reared on battery cage system and semi intensive system. In the interaction, the maximum (p<0.05) feed intake of 35.83 kg/bird was obtained for Vanaraja on deep litter system followed by Vanaraja in battery cage system (34.77), Gramapriya on deep litter system (34.60 kg/bird), Srinidhi on deep litter system (34.37 kg/bird), Gramapriya in battery cage system (33.97 kg/bird), Srinidhi in battery cage system (33.49 kg/bird) Desi on deep litter system (31.67 kg/bird), Desi in battery cage system (29.16 kg/bird), Vanaraja in semi intensive system (24.85 kg/bird), Srinidhi in semi intensive system (24.34 kg/bird) Gramapriya in semi intensive system (23.92 kg/bird) and Desi in semi intensive (21.98 kg/bird). These findings were close to Olaniyi et al. (2012). They recorded that birds reared on deep litter system consumed more feed than those reared on free range. This could be related to the pronounced selective feeding and feed scratching behaviour that could have lead to an overestimation of the feed intakeduring the rearing period. 4.1.3 Live body weight (g/bird) 4.1.3.1 Average live body weight during brooding period The observations on average live body weight (g/bird) of birds during their brooding period are presented in Table 4.3 and graphically shown in Fig 4.5. The average live body weight upto 8thwks was significantly (p<0.05) higher by Vanaraja (1035.62 g) than Srinidhi (905.59 g), Gramapriya (799.77 g) and Desi (593.49 g). These findings of present experiment revealed that all improved poultry genotypes i.e., Vanaraja, Srinidhi and Gramapriya gained significantly higher live body weight (g/bird) than Desi birds. This may be due to highest average body weight of day old chick of Vanaraja (35.09 g) followed by Srinidhi (33.91 g), Gramapriya (31.17 g) and Desi (28.96 g). The results of present experiment were agreement with Islam et al. (2014), who recorded significantly higher body weight for Vanaraja (768.23±6.43 g/bird) as compared to Indigenous bird (365.12±2.74 g/bird) and Deka et al. (2014) recorded weight for Vanaraja and indigenous as 861.96±44.66 and 301.96 ± 17.36 g/bird, respectively at 8 wks of age. 4.1.3.2 Average live body weight during growing period The results of live body weight during growing period (9 to 18 wks) are presented in Table 4.3 and graphically shown in 4.5. During growing phase, significantly more live body weight was recorded in Vanaraja, than Gramapriya, Srinidhi and Desi as 1741.42, 1348.81, 1232.19 and 980.10d g/bird, respectively. Similar, results were observed by Islam et al. (2014), who recorded significantly higher body weight for Vanaraja (1693.52±11.1 g/bird) than Indigenous bird (783.14±5.03g/bird) and Deka et al. (2014) for Vanaraja (1443.70±46.76g/bird) and indigenous (639.57± 23.00 g/bird) at 20 wks of age. In contrast to the present results, Niranjan et al. (2008) and Ramana et al. (2010) recorded higher body weight of Vanaraja birds at different ages as compared to other poultry genotypes. Table 4.2 Total feed consumption (kg/bird) of improved indigenous poultry breeds under different management regimes Treatments/Phases Chick stage (1 day -8 wks.) Growing (9 - 18 wks.) Early laying (19 - 33 wks.) Mid laying (34 - 44 wks.) Late laying (45 - 62 wks.) Total FC (19-62 wks.) Breeds Vanaraja(B1) 2.82ab 7.41a 11.03a 7.50a 13.29a 31.82a Gramapriya (B2) 1.90c 6.68b 10.50b 7.30ab 13.06a 30.86b Srinidhi (B3) 3.02a 7.35a 10.66ab 6.99b 13.09a 30.74ab Desi (B4) 1.56d 5.36c 9.48c 6.50c 11.62b 27.60c S.E. 1.43 0.83 1.08 1.63 2.34 5.05 C.D. (p<0.001) 4.46 2.47 4.12 4.79 6.87 15.78 Systems DLS (M1) -- 5.78a 12.16a 7.91a 14.05a 34.12a BCS (M2) -- 5.56b 11.53b 7.69a 13.63a 32.85b SIS (M3) -- 3.27c 7.56c 5.62b 10.62b 23.80c S.E. -- 0.53 1.21 0.98 2.02 4.21 C.D. (p<0.001) -- 1.55 3.57 2.90 5.95 12.42 Breeds × Systems Vanaraja DLS -- 6.39a 12.88a 8.33a 14.62a 35.83a BCS -- 6.32a 12.18ab 8.17ab 14.42a 34.77ab SIS -- 3.46f 8.04d 5.99f 10.82cd 24.85e Gramapriya DLS -- 5.71b 11.95b 8.30a 14.35a 34.60ab BCS -- 5.38c 11.64b 7.95abc 14.38a 33.97b SIS -- 3.46f 7.91d 5.65fg 10.45d 23.92e Srinidhi DLS -- 6.26a 12.11b 7.67bcd 14.59a 34.37b BCS -- 6.32a 11.96b 7.59cde 13.94a 33.49ab SIS -- 3.46f 7.91d 5.71f 10.72cd 24.34e Desi DLS -- 4.77d 11.70b 7.34de 12.63b 31.67c BCS -- 4.23e 10.34c 7.06e 11.76bc 29.16d SIS -- 2.69g 6.40 5.11g 10.47d 21.98f S.E. 1.05 2.43 1.98 4.05 8.46 C.D. (p<0.001) 3.10 7.12 5.80 11.89 24.81 abcdefMeans under each class in the same column with different superscripts differed significantly 4.1.3.3 Effect of breed on live body weight The live body weights (g/bird) of different breeds are presented in Table 4.3 and graphically depicted Fig. 4.5. The average live body weights of Vanaraja, Gramapriya, Srinidhi and Desi from early laying phase to late laying phase (19 to 62 wks) are presented in Table 4.3. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in live body weights of the four breeds (Vanaraja vs Gramapriya vs Srinidhi vs Desi) from day old. The Vanaraja had significantly higher live body weight than Gramapriya, Srinidhi and Desi from early laying phase to late laying phase. On the basis of breeds with overall mean live body weight during 19 to 62 wks was significantly higher in Vanaraja bird (2527.88 g/bird) as compared to Srinidhi (2295.00 g/bird), Gramapriya (2211.74 g/bird) and Desi (1486.54 g/bird). The results indicated that the improved breeds have significantly higher body weights than the Desi ecotype chicken from brooding stage to late laying stage. The body weights of Vanaraja were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the corresponding body weights of Gramapriya, Srinidhi and Desi chicken, which might be due to utilization of exotic germplasm for the development of Vanaraja (Islam et al., 2001)
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF AGE OF CASTRATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY OF KONKAN KANYAL GOATS
    (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli , Dist : Ratnagiri, 2018) MENDHE, SUHAS SADASHIV; Bhagat, D. J.
    Goat is the principal meat producing animal in India and therefore, goat meat i.e. chevon fetches more revenue than mutton and beef. In the newly emerging economic scenario, the demand for animal originated protein is increasing partly because of rising human population and partly because of rise in living standards. To fulfill this huge demand for animal protein we have to increase the production of meat without losing its quality. With these considerations the present experiment entitled “Effect of age of castration on growth performance and meat quality of Konkan Kanyal goats” was conducted with the following objectives, 4. To study the effect of age of castration on growth performance of Konkan Kanyal goats 5. To determine the effect of age of castration on meat quality of Konkan Kanyal goats 6. To evaluate the effect of age of castration on carcass characteristics of Konkan Kanyal goats The experiment was conducted at the goat unit, Livestock Research Station, Nileli, Tal- Kudal Dist-Sindhudurg. Twenty male goats were selected and divided into five treatments groups viz., T0- Un-castrated male goats. T1- Male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. T2- Male goats castrated at the age of 2 months. T3- Male goats castrated at the age of 3 months. T4- Male goats castrated at the age of 4 months. The monthly observations were recorded on growth performance and linear body measurements during the experimental period and at the end of experiment one representative goat of each replicate was slaughtered for meat quality and carcass characteristics analysis. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design. The data obtained on various parameters were analyzed and interpreted. The results obtained and conclusions drawn from present investigation are summarized below: 5.1 SUMMARY 5.1.1 Growth performance To study the growth performance of experimental animals monthly body weight was recorded and the monthly body weight gain was calculated. 5.1.1.1 Body weight At the end of 9th month the mean body weight of Konkan Kanyal male goats in treatment T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 13.10, 18.08, 14.45, 14.70 and 14.42 kg, respectively. The live mean body weight was significantly highest in treatment with male goats castrated at the age of 1 month whereas, lowest live mean body weight was observed in un-castrated male goats. In present study it was observed that the live mean body weight in male goats of treatment T0 (13.10 kg), T2 (14.45 kg), T3 (14.70 kg) and T4 (14.42 kg) was at par with each other. 5.1.1.2 Monthly body weight gain The total live weight gain of Konkan Kanyal male goats throughout the experiment in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 11.33, 16.76, 12.69, 12.17 and 11.68 kg, respectively. The total live weight gain was significantly highest in treatment with male goats castrated at the age of 1 month while, lowest live mean body weight was observed in un-castrated male goats. In the present study, it was recorded that difference in total live weight gain among male goats in treatment T0 (11.33 kg), T2 (12.69 kg), T3 (12.17 kg) and T4 (11.68 kg) was at par with each other. 5.1.2 Linear body measurements Body measurements were used to predict proportionate increase in growth of body which increased progressively as the age advanced. 5.1.2.1 Body length The mean body length of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 54.13, 57.50, 52.75, 53.63 and 52.88 cm, respectively. The highest body length was observed as 57.50 cm in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month and the lowest body length (52.75 cm) was observed in male goats castrated at the age of 2 months. The treatments T0 (54.13 cm), T2 (52.75 cm), T3 (53.63 cm) and T4 (52.88 cm) were at par with each other. 5.1.2.2 Body height The mean body height at wither of Konkan kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 57.62, 60.50, 59.00, 59.50 and 61.12 cm, respectively. The highest body height was observed as 61.12 cm in male goats castrated at the age of 4 month and the lowest body height (57.62 cm) was observed in un-castrated male goats. The mean body height of male goats of all treatments was non-significant to each other. 5.1.2.3 Chest girth The average chest girth of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 49.88, 55.75, 52.63, 52.88 and 52.50 cm, respectively. The significantly (p < 0.05) highest chest girth was observed as 55.75 cm in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month than un-castrated (49.88 cm) male goats and at par with treatments T2 (52.63 cm) and T3 (52.88 cm). Also, treatments T0 (49.88 cm), T2 (52.63 cm), T3 (52.88 cm) and T4 (52.50 cm) were at par with each other. 5.1.2.4 Fore leg length The average fore leg length of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 50.50, 50.88, 50.75, 50.63 and 51.00 cm, respectively. The highest fore leg length was observed as 51.00 cm in male goats castrated at the age of 4 months and the lowest fore leg length (50.50 cm) was observed in un-castrated male goats. The mean fore leg length of male goats in all treatments was non-significant to each other. 5.1.2.5 Hind leg length The average hind leg length of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 55.50, 57.63, 56.75, 55.63 and 57.75 cm, respectively. The highest fore leg length was observed as 57.75 cm in male goats castrated at the age of 4 months and the lowest fore leg length (55.50 cm) was observed in un-castrated male goats. The mean hind leg length of male goats in all treatments was non-significant to each other. 5.1.2.6 Neck length The average neck length of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 20.87, 23.25, 22.75, 22.37 and 22.00 cm, respectively. The highest neck length was observed as 23.25 cm in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month and the lowest neck length (20.87cm) was observed in un-castrated male goats. The mean neck length of male goats in all treatments was non-significant to each other. 5.1.2.7 Neck circumference The average neck circumference of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 24.75, 28.00, 25.62, 25.25 and 25.37 cm, respectively. The significantly higher neck circumference was observed as 28.00 cm in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month than castrated (24.75 cm) male goats at par with T2, T3 and T4 treatments. 5.1.2.8 Testis length The average testis length of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 11.25, 3.00, 3.62, 3.62 and 4.52 cm, respectively. The highest testis length was observed as 11.25 cm in un-castrated male goats and the lowest testis length (3.00 cm) was observed in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. 5.1.2.9 Testis circumference The average testis circumference of Konkan Kanyal male goats at the end of 9th month in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 13.88, 3.75, 4.50, 5.25 and 6.15 cm, respectively. The highest testis circumference was observed as 13.88 cm in un-castrated male goats and the lowest testis circumference (3.75 cm) was observed in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. 5.1.3 Carcass traits The average carcass weight in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 6.716, 8.985, 7.458, 7.563 and 7.225 kg, respectively. The highest carcass weight was observed as 8.985 kg in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month and the lowest carcass weight (6.716 kg) was observed in un-castrated male goats. The average testis weight in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 88.75, 12.5, 17.25, 22.25 and 27.75 g, respectively. The highest testis weight was observed as 88.75 g in un-castrated male goats and the lowest testis weight (12.5 g) was observed in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. The average abdominal fat weight in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 380, 465, 442.5, 428.8 and 421.3 g, respectively. The highest abdominal fat weight was observed as 465 g in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month and the lowest abdominal fat weight (380 g) was observed in un-castrated male goats. The average dressing percentage in treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 49.74, 51.93, 50.73, 50.40 and 49.82, respectively. The highest dressing percentage was observed as 51.93 in male goats castrated at the age of 1 month and the lowest dressing percentage (49.74) was observed in un-castrated male goats. 5.1.4 Chevon quality attributes 5.1.4.1 Chemical composition of meat The moisture per cent in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in neck meat were 75.15, 74.20, 74.59, 74.70 and 74.55, respectively and in chest meat were 74.82, 74.10, 74.44, 74.34 and 74.59, respectively. Also, the moisture per cent in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in loin meat were 75.18, 74.26, 74.85, 74.59 and 74.88, respectively and in thigh meat were 76.49, 75.75, 76.05, 75.96 and 76.08, respectively. On an average, highest moisture per cent was observed as 75.41 in treatment with un-castrated male goats and lowest moisture per cent was observed as 74.57 in treatment with male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. The crude protein content in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in neck meat were 22.10, 21.83, 21.31, 21.54 and 21.28 per cent, respectively and in chest meat were 21.91, 21.30, 21.22, 21.26 and 21.15 per cent, respectively. Also, the crude protein content in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in loin meat were 22.86, 22.44, 22.50, 22.13 and 22.06 per cent, respectively and in thigh meat was 22.49, 22.09, 21.95, 21.98 and 21.74 per cent, respectively. On an average, highest crude protein content was observed as 22.34 per cent in treatment with un-castrated male goats and lowest crude protein content was observed as 21.55 per cent in treatment with male goats castrated at the end of 4 month. The ether extract content in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in neck meat were 1.87, 2.31, 2.12, 1.93 and 1.81 per cent, respectively and in chest meat were 1.68, 2.12, 1.87, 1.93 and 1.75 per cent, respectively. Also, the ether extract content in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in loin meat were 2.00, 2.50, 2.18, 2.06 and 2.00 per cent, respectively and in thigh meat were 1.93, 2.43, 2.25, 2.18 and 2.00 per cent, respectively. On an average, highest ether extract content was observed as 2.35 per cent in treatment with male goats castrated at the end of 4 months and lowest ether extract content was observed as 1.87 per cent in treatment with un-castrated male goats. The ash content in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in neck meat were 1.55, 1.60, 1.55, 1.40 and 1.65 per cent, respectively and in chest meat were 1.40, 1.25, 1.45, 1.40 and 1.25 per cent, respectively. Also, the ash content in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 in loin meat were 1.45, 1.40, 1.55, 1.40 and 1.65 per cent, respectively and in thigh meat were 1.60, 1.55, 1.45, 1.60 and 1.45 per cent, respectively. The average ash content did not differ significantly in all treatments. 5.1.4.2 Drip loss in meat The drip loss in the meat of male goats of treatments T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 3.10, 2.65, 2.85, 2.95 and 3.00 per cent, respectively. The highest drip loss was observed as 3.10 per cent in treatment with un-castrated male goats while, lowest drip loss was observed as 2.65 per cent in treatment with male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. This is due to early age of castration of goats. 5.1.4.3 Sensory evaluation of meat The significantly highest mean score of sensory evaluation of thigh meat for colour, odour, taste, juiciness, texture and tenderness were as 8.25, 7.90, 8.37, 8.46, 8.30 and 8.42, respectively in treatment with male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. The lowest mean score of sensory evaluation of thigh meat for colour, odour, taste, juiciness, texture and tenderness were as 7.21, 7.02, 7.05, 6.90, 7.53 and 6.82, respectively in treatment with un-castrated male goats. Also, the significantly highest mean score of sensory evaluation of chest meat for colour, odour, taste, juiciness, texture and tenderness were as 8.18, 8.09, 8.25, 8.52, 8.40 and 8.52, respectively in treatment with male goats castrated at the age of 1 month. The lowest mean score of sensory evaluation of thigh meat for colour, odour, taste, juiciness, texture and tenderness were as 7.27, 7.12, 7.42, 7.18, 7.77 and 6.72, respectively in treatment with un-castrated male goats. The overall effect of age of castration on Konkan Kanyal bucks in the present study indicated that early age of castration was useful to improve growth performance, meat quality and carcass characteristics. 5.2 CONCLUSION It can be concluded from present investigation that castration of male kids at the age of 1 month significantly improved growth performance i. e. significant increase in body weight, body length, chest girth and neck circumference. The sensory quality scores obtained from the chevon of goats castrated at the age of 1 month showed significant difference in quality attributes like colour, odour, flavour, Taste, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability. It can be also concluded that there was significant difference in moisture content and ether extract per cent of the meat of goats castrated at the age of 1 month and un-castrated male goats while, there was no significant difference in the crude protein content for all treatments except lower scores were observed in the meat of male goats castrated at the age of 4 months and no significant difference was observed in ash content in the meat of goats of all treatments. On the basis of results of present investigation it is concluded that castration of male goats at the age of 1 month significantly increased pre-slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and carcass traits like neck weight, chest weight, loin weight, abdominal fat weight, fore leg and hind leg weight. It also, reduced drip loss per cent in chevon. Hence, early castration exhibit better influence on growth, meat quality and carcass traits of Konkan Kanyal goats.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SUBSTITUTE MILK FOR EARLY WEANED KONKAN KANYAL KIDS
    (Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli , Dist : Ratnagiri, 2017) PARHAD, MEENAL ARJUNRAO; Desai, B. G.
    Goats are important component of livestock industry having adaptability to harsh climates which make them suitable for landless and marginal farmers. The contribution of goats in supplying milk and milk products is high and it has significant role in rural economy and health. Goat‟s milk is high in calcium, amino acid tryptophan, and is a more healthy option than cow‟s milk. If the Doe dies or unable to produce enough milk for her kids, there is need to use a substitute for the doe‟s milk. Also, to avoid heavy mortality during weaning period and early weaning period, there is need to use a substitute for the doe‟s milk. An experiment entitled, „Substitute milk for early weaned Konkankanyal kids‟ was conducted at goat unit, Instructional farm, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. The objectives of the research trial were: 1. To determine chemical composition of experimental feeds 2. To study growth and feed efficiency of kids fed with milk substitute 3. To study comparative performance of Konkankanyal kids 4. To workout economic feasibility of milk substitute for early weaned kids Thirty six newly born Konkankanyalkids were divided into nine groups of four kids each during the trial period. The kids were reared under weaning system of management. The colostrum and normal milk were fed to each kid up to five days after birth according to their nutritional requirement. The colostrum and normal milk were fed to control group (T0) kids according to their nutritional requirement. The kids in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were fed 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent soymilk for 90 days and kids in T5, T6, T7 and T8 were fed 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent coconut milk for 90 days. Thus the feeding trial was conducted for 90 days. The feeding treatments were as fallows, T0- Control (100 per cent whole goat milk) T1-75per cent whole goat milk +25per cent Soymilk T2- 50per cent whole goat milk +50per cent Soymilk T3- 25per cent whole goat milk +75per cent Soymilk T4- Soymilk (100 per cent) T5-75per cent whole goat milk +25per cent Coconut milk T6- 50per cent whole goat milk +50per cent Coconut milk T7- 25per cent whole goat milk +75per cent Coconut milk T8- Coconut milk (100 per cent) The observations were recorded on chemical composition of feed, feed intake, water intake, feed conversion efficiency, haemato-biochemical parameters, body measurements and cost of production. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design. The data obtained on various parameters were analyzed and interpreted. The results obtained and conclusions drawn from present investigation are summarized below: 5.1 SUMMARY 5.1.1 Chemical composition and Nutritive value To meet the feed requirement of experimental kids the chemical composition and nutritive values of common nutrients were analysed and considered while formulating their diets. 5.1.1.1 Protein Protein content of goat milk and milk substitute in present study for treatments T0, T1, T2, T3T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were 3.525, 3.625, 3.750, 3.823, 4.003, 3.350, 3.200, 3.050 and 2.900 per cent, respectively. The average protein content was highest in treatment with 100 per cent soymilk (4.003 %) and lowest in treatment having 100 per cent coconut milk (2.900 %), whereas, the treatment T4 was significantly superior over all other treatments. 5.1.1.2 Fat Fat content of milk and milk substitute in present study for treatments T0, T1, T2, T3T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were 4.550, 4.074, 3.653, 3.244, 2.825, 4.143, 6.713, 9.056 and 12.750 per cent, respectively. The average fat content was highest in treatment with 100 per cent coconut milk (12.750%) and lowest in treatment with 100 per cent soymilk(2.825 %), whereas, the treatment T8 was significantly superior over all other treatments. 5.1.1.3 Acidity Acidity of goat milk and milk substitute during present study for treatments T0, T1, T2, T3T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were 0.142, 0.143, 0.155, 0.160, 0.169, 0.136, 0.145, 0.147 and 0.151 per cent, respectively. The average acidity was highest in treatment with 100 per cent soymilk(0.169 %) and lowest in treatment with 75 per cent goat milk and 25 per cent coconut milk (0.136 %), whereas, the acidity in treatment T4 was significantly higher over all other treatments. 5.1.1.4 Total solids Total solids content of goat milk and milk substitute during present study for treatments T0, T1, T2, T3T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were 12.923, 12.320, 11.725, 11.125, 10.520, 12.077, 12.305, 12.695 and 16.415 per cent, respectively. Total solids content was highest in treatment with 100 per cent coconut milk (16.415%) and lowest in treatment with 100 per cent soymilk(10.520 %), whereas, mean total solids in the treatment T8 was significantly higher over all other treatments. 5.1.1.5 Ash Ash values in experimental feeds for treatments T0, T1, T2, T3T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were 0.800, 0.753, 0.703, 0.648, 0.600, 0.723, 0.650, 0.570 and 0.500 per cent, respectively. The average ash content was highest in treatment with 100 per cent goat milk (0.800 %) and lowest in treatment with 100 per cent coconut milk (0.500 %). 5.1.1.6 Specific gravity Specific gravity of goat milk and milk substitute during present study for treatments T0, T1, T2, T3T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was1.030, 1.029, 1.028, 1.027, 1.027, 1.029, 1.028, 1.028 and 1.027, respectively. The average specific gravitywas highest in treatment with 100 per cent goat milk (1.030) and lowest in treatment with 75 per cent goat milk and 25 per cent goat milk, followed by 100 per cent soymilk and 100 per cent coconut milk (1.027). 5.1.2 Growth performance 5.1.2.1 Feed intake In present investigation average daily feed intake of thirteen weeks for treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was0.516, 0.516, 0.546, 0.446, 0.392, 0.529, 0.484, 0.473 and 0.371 kg, respectively. Average feed consumption by kids of treatment varied at T1to T8significantly from control group because of additional levels of different milk substitute. The average feed consumption was highest in treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk (0.546 kg/kid/day) and lowest in treatment with 100 per cent coconut milk (0.371 kg/kid/day). 5.1.2.2 Water intake Average daily water intake per kid during thirteen weeks of experimental period for treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was 51.751, 45.823, 51.725, 52.723, 52.374, 52.177, 51.882, 50.902 and 50.335 ml, respectively. The average daily water intake was highest in treatment with 25 per cent goat milk and 75 per cent soymilk (52.723 ml/kid/day), whereas, lowest average daily water intake was observed in treatment with 75 per cent goat milk and 25 per cent soymilk (45.823 ml/kid/day). The variation in water intake was statistically non-significant due to various treatments of kids which did not showed any definite trend. 5.1.2.3 Average body weight gain The total live weight gain of Konkankanyal kids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8was 6.633, 6.500, 6.745, 6.402, 5.629, 6.710, 6.505, 6.514 and 5.529 kg, respectively. The total live weight gain was highestin treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk (6.745 kg),whereas, lowest total live weight gain was observed in kids fedwith 100 per cent coconut milk(5.529 kg). In the present study, it was observed that difference in total live weight gain among kids in treatment T0 (6.633 kg), T2 (6.745 kg), T5 (6.710 kg) and T7 (6.514kg) was at par with each other. While, T1 (6.500 kg), T3 (6.402 kg) and T6 (6.505 kg) were at par with each other. Also, T4 (5.629 kg) andT8 (5.529kg) were at par with each other. Average daily weight gain of kids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8was 72.303, 72.178, 73.249, 71.500, 61.357, 73.107, 71.964, 71.786 and 60.893g, respectively. The difference in average weekly weight gain among kids of treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk (73.249 g) and 75 per cent goat milk and 25 per cent coconut milk (73.107 g) group was at par with each other. While, T0 (72.303 g), T1 (72.178 g), T3 (71.500 g), T6 (71.964 g) and T7 (71.786 g) were at par with each other. Also, T4 (61.357 g) andT8 (60.893g) with lower weekly body weight gain (g/day/kid) were at par with each other. 5.1.3 Feed conversion efficiency The average feed conversion efficiency of Konkankanyalkids under present research was observed as as7.778, 7.661, 8.095, 6.957, 6.964, 7.876, 7.440, 7.261 and 6.709per cent in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8, respectively. The kids of treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk showed highest (8.095%) feed conversion efficiency whereas,with 100 per cent coconut milk showed the lowest (6.709%) feed conversion efficiency. Treatment T5 (7.876%) was at par with T0 (7.778%). All other treatments differed significantly from each other. 5.1.4 Haemato-biochemical parameters 5.1.4.1 Haemoglobin (HB) The average blood haemoglobin (g/dl) in kids of different groups 1stand 3rd month for the treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8was8.613,8.563,8.810,8.325, 8.213,8.720, 8.518,8.415 and 8.113 and 9.633, 9.563,9.845, 9.338, 9.233,9.735, 9.535,9.440 and9.135g/dl, respectively. It was revealed that average blood haemoglobin of kids belongs to treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk in 1st month (8.810 g/dl) was significantly higher than all groups. Hence, treatment T2 was significantly superior over other treatments. It was also revealed that average blood haemoglobin of kids in treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk in 3rd month (9.845 g/dl) was significantly higher than all groups. Hence, treatment T2 was significantly superior over all other treatments. In 3rd month kids of treatments T1 (8.563 mg/dl) and T6 (9.535 mg/dl) were at par with each other for blood haemoglobin content. 5.1.4.2 Packed Cell Volume (PCV) The average bloodpacked cell volume(%) in kids of different groups at 1st and 3rd month for the treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was24.420, 24.355, 24.550, 24.183, 24.178, 24.475, 24.230, 24.213and 24.150 and 25.508, 25.405, 26.058, 25.253, 25.220, 25.520, 25.325, 25.313and 25.175 per cent, respectively. It was revealed that average packed cell volumein kids of group treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk in 1st month (24.550 %) and 3rd month (26.058 %) was significantly higher than all other groups. 5.1.4.3 Protein The average blood protein (g/dl) in kids of different groups at 1st and 3rd month for the treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was5.713, 5.643, 6.123, 5.508, 5.435, 5.805, 5.605, 5.538and 5.323 and 5.813, 5.765, 6.305, 5.613, 5.515, 6.105, 5.725, 5.618and 5.453g/dl, respectively. It was revealed that the average blood protein content of treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk in 1st month (6.123 g/dl) and 3rd month (6.305 g/dl) were significantly higher than all treatments. Hence, treatment T2 had significantly higher blood protein over all other treatments. 5.1.4.4 Glucose The average blood glucose (g/dl) in kids of different groups of 1st and 3rd month for the treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was41.743, 41.533, 41.933, 40.905, 40.767, 41.820, 40.975, 40.910and 40.355 and 45.720, 45.483, 45.883, 44.880, 44.717, 45.795, 44.953, 44.885and 44.330mg/dl, respectively. It was observed that the kids of treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk in 1st month (41.933 mg/dl) and 3rd month (45.883 mg/dl) showed highest blood glucose. 5.1.5 Body measurements Body measurementswere used to predict proportionate increase in growth of body which increased progressively as the age advanced. 5.1.5.1 Body length The mean body length ofKonkankanyal kids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were 46.391, 46.000, 46.806, 43.152, 43.000, 46.543, 43.491, 43.304 and 42.250 cm, respectively. The highest body length was observed as 46.806 cm in kids of treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk and the lowestbody length wasobserved as 42.250 cmin treatment with 100 per cent coconut milk. 5.1.5.2 Height at wither The mean height at wither of kids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was47.491, 46.792, 47.816, 45.492, 45.152, 47.516, 46.517, 46.152and 44.816cm, respectively. The highestheight at wither was observed in kids of treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk(47.816 cm) and the lowestheight at witherwas observed in treatment with 100 per cent coconut milk (44.816 cm). The wither height of kids in all the treatments significantly differedwitheach other. 5.1.5.3 Chest girth The mean chest girth ofkids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was46.157, 45.916, 46.430, 45.413, 45.270, 46.275, 45.767, 45.558and 45.250cm, respectively. The highest of chest girth of kids was observed in treatment in T2i.e. 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk (46.430 cm) and the lowestchest girthwas observed in treatment in T8 i.e. 100 per cent coconut milk (45.250 cm). 5.1.5.4 Fore leg length The mean fore leg length ofkids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was29.430, 29.080, 29.868, 28.536, 28.402, 29.536, 29.036, 28.591and 28.402cm, respectively. The highestfore leg lengthof kids was observed in treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk (29.868 cm) and lowest fore leg length were observed in treatment with100 per cent coconut milk(29.536 cm). 5.1.5.5 Hind leg length The mean hind leg length of kidsin treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was32.398, 31.979, 32.866, 31.563, 31.548, 32.618, 31.688, 31.607and 30.991cm, respectively. The highesthind leg length of kids was observed as 32.866 cm in treatment with50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk and the lowesthind leg lengthwas observed as 30.991cmin treatment with100 per cent coconut milk. 5.1.5.6 Face length The mean face lengthofkids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was13.723, 13.684, 14.348, 13.188, 13.009, 13.938, 13.527, 13.446and 12.839cm, respectively. The highest face length of kids was observed in treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk(14.3480 cm) and the lowest face length was observed in treatment with100 per cent coconut milk (12.839 cm). 5.1.5.7 Neck circumference The mean neck circumferenceofkids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was19.696, 19.668, 20.314, 18.777, 18.723, 19.734, 19.661, 19.143and 18.241cm, respectively. The highestneck circumference was observed as 20.314 cm in treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk and lowest neck circumference was observed as 18.241cmin treatment with100 per cent coconut milk. 5.1.5.8 Neck length The mean neck lengthofkids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8was13.875, 13.786, 14.420, 13.188, 13.089, 14.075, 13.557, 13.348 and 12.946 cm, respectively. The highest neck lengthof kids was observed in treatment with50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk (14.420 cm) and the lowest neck length was observed in treatment with100 per cent coconut milk (12.946 cm). 5.1.5.9 Ear length The mean ear lengthofkids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 were 12.727, 12.600, 12.876, 12.089, 12.063, 12.845, 12.554, 12.420 and 12.000 cm, respectively. The highestear lengthof kids was observed as 12.876 in treatment with 50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk and the lowest ear length as 12.845 for treatment with100 per cent coconut milk. In the present study, it was observed that ear length of kids of all treatments was at par with each other. 5.1.5.10 Tail length The mean tail lengthofkids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was12.179, 12.096, 12.348, 11.571, 11.518, 12.202, 11.875, 11.750 and 10.973 cm, respectively. The highesttail length of kids was observed as 12.348 cm in treatment with50 per cent goat milk and 50 per cent soymilk and the lowest tail length was observed as 10.973for treatment with100 per cent coconut milk. 5.1.6 Mortality and Morbidity Mortality is the term used for the number of animals died during experimental period. Mortality of kids was zero during experimental period. This might be due to nutritional level, agro climatic condition during experimental period and other management factors. Morbidity shows that an incidence of ill health being diseased or unhealthy within experiment. Morbidity of kids in treatment with goat milk and milk substitute during present study for treatments with 100 per cent soymilk and treatment with 100 per cent coconut milk was 50 per cent, respectively. While, there was no morbidity of kids in the treatments T0, T1, T2, T3, T5, T6 and T7. 5.1.7 Economics of feeding From the Table 4.8, it was revealed that total costs of rearing of kids in treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was 115.512, 92.207, 71.069, 43.407, 22.675, 89.408, 70.467, 48.674 and 29.089`, respectively. The highest cost was observed in T0 (`115.512) and lowest cost was observed in T4 (`22.675). The expenditure incurred for preparation of one lit. ofsoymilk and coconut milk was11.830 and 13.950 ` respectively. Whereas, net return from kids of treatments T0, T1, T2,T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8 was1501.038, 1481.793, 1538.682, 1433.294, 1137.475, 1525.742, 1447.283, 1448.226and 1050.411`, respectively. 5.2 CONCLUSION: On the basis of results of present investigation it can be concluded that there was no major difference between composition of milk and milk substitute of treatment with goat milk,treatment with 50 per cent soymilkand 50 per cent goat milk and treatment with 25 per cent coconut milk with 75 per cent goat milk. The feed conversion efficiencies of kids belongs to treatment with 50 per cent soymilk and 50 per cent goat milkand treatment with 25 per cent coconut milk and 75 per cent goat milkwassimilar, followed by treatment with goat milk and treatment with 25 per cent soymilk and 75 per cent goat milk were similar. The highest weight gain of kids was observed in treatment with50 per cent soymilk and 50 per cent goat milk followed by 25 per cent coconut milk and 75 per cent goat milk. It can be concluded that the combination of goat milk and soymilk as substitute milk (50 per cent soymilk and 50 per cent goat milk) could be successfully used for economical raising of kids. The economics of feeding Konkankanyal kids showed thatnet return fromtreatment with 50 per cent soymilkwith 50 per cent goat milk and treatment with 25 per cent coconut milk with 75 per cent goat milk was higher as compare to treatment with goat milk. Therefore, from the present investigation the results revealed that replacement of goat milkwith 50 per cent soymilk and 50 per cent goat milk or 25 per cent coconut milk and 75 per cent goat milk provides essential nutrients for growth and useful to improve growth performance, haemato-biochemical parameters, physiological performance of kids. Thus neonatal kids can be weaned by replacing goat milkwith 50 per cent soymilk or 25 per cent coconut milk without any detrimental effect on their growth performance.