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ThesisItem Open Access Response to Graded Levels of Fertilizer with and Without Gypsum by Garlic Under Minisprinkler Irrigation(Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Department, N. M. Colelge of Agriculture Navsari Agricultural University, 2008-01) NAROTTAMBHAI, LAD ALPESHKUMAR; Patel, A. M .An experiment was conducted under the South Gujarat heavy rainfall zone (AES - III) conditions on paddy soils, with a view to studying the effect of levels of fertigation (RDF) in presence and absence of gypsum and quality parameters of on growth, yield attributes, yield garlic (c" . GAUG -I) and physicochemical changes in soil. A field experiment comprising of three levels of RDF (100 (F I), 80 (F 2) and 60 (F 3) % of RDF) and two levels of gypsum (without gypsum (Go) and with gypsum (G J» along with two controls of with and without gypsum + 100 % RDF under surface method of irrigation in FRBD with four replications at the Soil and Water Management Research Unit, NAU, Navsari during rabi season of 2006-07 .An improvement in growth attributes, viz .. number of leaves, leaf area, LA! and plant height with concomitant increase in the levels of fertigation from 60 to 100 per cent of RDF was observed. Similarly, significant increase in yields parameters i.e., length of clove, breadth of clove, equatorial diameter, polar diameter, number of clove per bulb, clove weight and bulb weight was also observed under F 1 as compared to control. The corresponding increase over control was 28.5, 73.7, 35.2, 33.2, 45.7,31.3 and 25.4 per cent. This significant improvement in yield attributes had reflected on the yield of garlic bulb. An increase in bulb yield with F1 was 7.1, 34.0 and 107.6 per cent and leaf yield was 9.6, 29.9 and 45.5 per cent, respectively over F2, F, and control (S). The application of gypsum @ 2 t ha·1 either in minisprinkler or surface method of irrigation failed to exerts any significant effect on growth parameters. But all the yield attributes were significantly changed due to the same except dry matter accumulation (g) per plant of garlic. Between levels of gypsum application, G1 proved its superiority over no gypsum by producing 26.71 and 14.08 per cent higher bulb and leaf yields of garlic, respecti vely, over Go. Among the nutrients, higher contents of N (2.41 %) and • P (0.32 %) in plant, while P (0.67 %) and S (1.10 %) in cloves were recorded in the treatment of 100 per cent RDF. In contrast, the levels of RDF failed to produce any significant effect on the remaining nutrients. Among the chemical constituents only P content in plant and cloves, while S content in leaves were significantly improved due to application of gypsum @ 2 t ha·1 over The uptake of all the macro and micronutrients by leaves and cloves recorded the highest and lowest values with FI and control, respectively. The total uptake of N ( 194 .2 kg ha-I ), P (56 .50 kg ha-I ) , K (94 kg ha-I ), S (70 .5 kg ha-I ), Fe (810 g ha-I), Mn (208 g haI ), Zn (335 g haI ) and Cu (170 g ha-I ) by garlic was significantly higher as compared to that of these nutrients under control. The qua"lity parameters viz .. protein content, reducing, non reducing and total sugar were superior with F I than control. The increase in the content of respective parameters in cloves of garlic was of the order of 18.77, 34 .55 , 13 .77 and 18 .89 per cent with FI over control (S). The TSS and dry matter content of clove were not affected significantly due to different levels of RDF as well as gypsum . The soil fertility status pertaining to availability of N, P and K differed significantly due to levels of RDF . But the availability of S as well as all the four micronutrient cations after harvest of garlic were not significantly changed . An application of gypsum @ 2 t haI either in conjunction with minisprinkler or surface method of irrigating significantly increased tbe availability , of S in kyari land soils. The availability status of other macro and micronutrients were not altered significantly. However, the positive effect of gypsum application was observed on the nutrient status of soil after harvest. A combination F 1 G1 recorded significantly higher values of all the growth as well as yield attributes of garlic than the rest of the combinations but was found to be on par with F2G1• Similarly, 100 per cent RDF + gypsum @ 2 t ha-' (F,Gd proved its superiority by producing significantly higher bulb yield of garlic followed by F2G, (6551.4 kg ha-'). The quality parameters were not affected significantly due to interaction effect. From economics point of view, F, recorded maximum net profit of Rs. 99844 ha-' with a BCR of I : 1.91. This was followed by F2 (90337 Rs. ha-') and FJ (62275 Rs. ha-'). Application of gypsum was also found economically viable as it gave 49 % higher net profit than control.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Levels of Potassium at Various Levels of Nitrogen on Yield And Chemical Composition of Rice Grown On Typic Chromusterts of South Gujarat(AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AND SOIL SCIENCE N. M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Gujarat, 1991-12) Santoki, Dilipkumar Damjibhai; Kaswala, R.R.With a view to study the effect of different levels of potassium in combination with different levels of nitrogen on yield and chemical composition of rice, two field experiments, one at Navsari with rice var. GR-11 and another at Bardoli with rice var GR-4 were conducted during Kharif season of 1990. The Factorial Randomised Block Designs were used with four levels of potassium (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg KZO/ha) and three levels of nitrogen (50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha) with a common dose of phosphorus (50 kg PZOslha) at both the locations. The potassium and phosphorus were applied as a basal dose at the time of transplanting, whereas nitrogen was applied in the three splits. To differentiate the effect of potassium and nitrogen on disease and pest incidence, no any control measures were taken at Navsari whereas at Bardoli all the control measures were taken. The grain and straw yields of rice were found to be significantly affected due to application of potassium as well as nitrogen at both the locations, but the 50 . 100 and 150 kg levels of K20 and 100 and 150 kg levels of N were at par . The magnitude of increase in the grain yield over control due to application of 50 kg K 2 0/ha and 100 kg N/ha were 5.5 per cent and 17.1 per cent respectively at Navsari and 5.3 per cent and 21.36 per cent at Bardoli. There were significant increase in potassium content and uptake by grain and straw due to potassium application but the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus were not affected. However, their uptakes were found to be increased significantly with increasing level of potassium. The different levels of nitrogen significantly increasea the content and uptake of nitrogen in grain and straw but its effect on content of PZ05 and K20 was nonsignificant, however their uptakes increase~ significantly with increasing rate of nitrogen application . It was observed that application of potassium significantly decreased the Bacterial Leaf Blight disease incidence but nitrogen showed reverse trend. It was also observed that potassium had no significant effect on stem borer pest incidence but nitrogen significantly increas~the stem borer incidence. There was no significant change in contents of organic carbon. total nitrogen. available phosphorus and available potassium due to different levels of potassium or nitrogen application.ThesisItem Open Access AGGREGATE ASSOCIATED ORGANIC CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN IN NATIVE AND CULTIVATED SOILS OF VARIOUS RESEARCH FARMS OF NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY(SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, N.M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, NAVSARI, 2013-07) Patel, Viral A.; DAS, A.An investigation was carried out with objectives to determine organic carbon, active carbon pool, total nitrogen, water-stable aggregates, their size distribution, aggregate ratio, mean weight diameter, aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen from native as well as cultivated bulk soils of the following research farms of NAU covering eight crops. 1) Niger/Soybean Research Farm, Vanarasi, 2) Wheat Research Farm, Bardoli, 3) Rice Research Farm, Vyara, 4) Sugarcane Research Farm, Navsari, 5) Sorghum Research Farm, Surat, 6) Cotton Research Farm, Surat, and 7) Fruit Research Farm, Paria with a) Mango plantation and b) Sapota plantation. Altogether 240 random samples (five from each plot) from cultivated soils and 80 random samples from native/virgin lands from above research farms along with necessary information were collected. After processing, samples were analyzed for pH2.5, EC2.5, soil organic carbon (SOC), active carbon pool, particle size distribution, total nitrogen, water-stable aggregates, their size distribution, aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen following standard procedures. The results revealed that mean soil pH2.5 varied from 6.97 to 7.71 and 7.20 to 7.85 respectively in cultivated and in native/virgin soils of various research farms which indicated their neutral to mildly alkaline status. Mean soil EC2.5 varied from 0.15 to 0.49 dS m-1 in cultivated soils and 0.16 to 0.80 dS m-1 in native soils. Mean organic carbon in cultivated soils of different research farms varied from 7.42 to 8.78 g kg-1 which indicated medium to high status and followed the order: sugarcane (8.78 g kg-1) > wheat > soybean > cotton > mango > sapota > rice > sorghum (7.42 g kg-1). In native soils, the concommitment values varied from 8.37 to 11.0 g kg-1. Mean active carbon (MAC) in cultivated soils varied from 326.9 to 345.2 mg kg-1 (3.8 to 4.5 per cent of total SOC), indicating management-induced relative degradation/response from farm to farm and followed order: wheat > rice > mango > sugarcane > sapota > soybean > sorghum > cotton crop. However, in native soils, MAC content ranged from 338.6 to 357.8 mg kg-1 in various farms. Native soils analyzed higher mean total nitrogen (MTN) than the corresponding cultivated soils. MTN in cultivated and native soils varied from 1.00 to 1.39 g kg-1 and 1.28 to 1.76 g kg-1, respectively in research farms. Amongst cultivated soils, the highest MTN was recorded after wheat crop followed by soybean, sugarcane, rice, sapota, cotton, sorghum and mango, while, in native/virgin soils, the highest and the lowest MTN were registered in Bardoli-wheat and Surat-cotton research farm, respectively. Native soils exhibited higher per cent of water stable aggregates (WSA) (>2.0 mm) in all cultivated soils, while reverse was the case for micro-WSA (<0.25 mm). However, for all size fractions, the highest and the lowest mean WSA per cent in cultivated and native soils were associated with different research farms. In cultivated soils, the highest and the lowest macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) content were recorded at Bardoli-wheat and Surat-cotton research farms, respectively, which were reflected in mean aggregate ratio (AR) as was noted to vary from 7.04 - 2.67. Similar was the case for native soils, where AR varied from 10.48 - 4.43 with higher and lower values being associated with Vyara-rice and Surat-cotton research farms, respectively. Average WSA-mean weight diameter (MWD) was higher (1.35 - 2.37 mm) in native soils as compared to those corresponding values (0.84 - 2.10 mm) in cultivated soils. Average WSA-MWD of cultivated soils was of the following order: Bardoli-wheat > Paria-sapota > Paria- mango > Vyara-rice > Navsari-sugarcane > Surat-sorghum > Vanarasi-soybean > Surat-cotton research farms. The highest and the lowest values of WSA-organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) for size fractions of >2.0, 1.0-2.0, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1.0 and <0.25 mm were associated with different research farms. However, amongst cultivated soils, the highest mean WSA-OC (8.33 g kg-1) was recorded in >2.0 mm fraction at Bardoli-wheat research farm, while the lowest (5.37 g kg-1) of the same was obtained in 0.25-0.5 mm fraction at Vanarasi-soybean research farm. Similarly, the concomitant values for native soils were associated with >2.0 mm fraction at Paria-mango (10.95 g kg-1) and < 0.25 mm fraction at Surat- sorghum (5.90 g kg-1) research farms, respectively. It was observed that OC stored in micro-aggregates (< 0.25 mm) of cultivated soils which in turn indicated stable or sequestered OC, because of dynamism and breakdown of macro-WSAs due to continuous tillage, were 2.01, 1.37, 1.53, 1.19, 0.98, 1.10, 0.94 and 0.89 g OC kg-1 in Surat-cotton, Vanarasi-soybean, Navsari-sugarcane, Paria-mango, Surat-sorghum, Paria-sapota, Vyara-rice and Bardoli-wheat research farm, respectively. Amongst cultivated soils, the highest (1.13 g kg-1) mean WSA- TN was recorded in >2.0 mm fraction at Navsari-sugarcane research farm, while the lowest (0.53 g kg-1) value of the same was obtained in <0.25 mm fraction at Bardoli-wheat research farm. Similarly, the concomitant values for native soils were associated with >2.0 mm fraction at Navsari-sugarcane (1.44 g kg-1) and < 0.25 mm fraction at Paria-mango (0.69 g kg-1) research farms, respectively. The overall results suggested that for improvement of SOC status in soils under sorghum, rice, sapota and mango, micro-aggregated OC status in soils under sorghum, soybean, mango and sapota and active carbon pool under cotton, sorghum and soybean, addition of more organic matters/manures in these soils in conjunction with adoption of appropriate/minimum tillage practices, are necessary for sustaining soil quality with respect to SOC, WSA-MWD, micro-WSA-OC-stability or sequestration, active carbon pool and ultimately for improvement of possible crop yield. Special care should be taken for nitrogen management in soils under mango, sorghum, cotton and sapota crops, so as to fulfill nitrogen requirement for possible improvement of crop yield.