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Open Access
Surgical management of omphalitis in calves
(Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Prasanna, D; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The study was carried out in twelve . selected clinical cases of umbilical infections in calves of different breeds of either sex presented to the Veterinary College Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. These animals were divided into two groups viz., Group I and Group II, each consisting of six animals. In Group I, the calves with extra-abdominal umbilical infection and in Group II, the calves with combined extra-abdominal and intra abdominal umbilical infections were included. The calves in Group I were within the age group of eight weeks and had the history of swelling at the umbilicus for at least a period of eight days which varied in its type, consistency, and tenderness on palpation. The size of the swelling was maximum of 10.5 cm in diameter with no connection or extension into the abdominal cavity. The swelling was either draining to the exterior through a fistula or closed. The cavity of the swelling was from 3.4 cm to 15 cm in length containing pus which varied in its consistency, color and odour. The physiological parameters were all within normal range. The haemogram was also within physiological range except for an increase in the neutrophil count. Abdominal palpation and retrograde contrast radiography confirmed that the swelling is confined to the exterior of the abdomen. The causative organisms were detected and the calves were successfully treated by routine drainage and dressing. All the calves recovered completely except one, which had recurrence of the infection during the study period. In Group II, the calves were aged between one month to five months and the maximum duration of the illness five months was reported from the oldest calf in that group. They had history of recurrence or persistence of umbilical swelling after the treatment of the swelling. The swelling was either open or closed from which pus was obtained. The swellings were mostly hot and hard. The pus varied in its consistency, colour and odour. The swellings could be felt on abdominal palpation as an extension of the umbilicus towards the liver and bladder. The extent of the cavity was measured by a probe and was able to measure 20 cm long tract. The respiration rate, pulse rate and the rectal temperature were found to be within the normal range. The haemogram showed leucocytosis and an increase in the neutrophil count. The affected structures were identified as umbilical vein that was extending towards the liver and as urachus which was extending towards the bladder by retrograde contrast radiography. The causative organisms were identified and the calves were successfully treated by surgical excision of the affected structures along with the umbilicus.
Open Access
Evaluation and management of urolithiasis in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Reshma, Damodaran; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
Ten clinical cases of canine urolithiasis were studied for age, breed and sex incidence, clinical signs, radiological evaluation, site of obstruction, effect of surgery and its complications, urine analysis, urolith composition and recurrence. The mean age of incidence was found to be 6.3 years. Incidence were more in German Shepherd Dog followed by Pomeranian and Labrador. There were nine males and one female in the study. Urethral obstruction was seen in all cases including one female. Out of ten animals one animal (D8) was dull and weak in appearance and all others were active. Difficulty in urination was reported in all the animals. Haematuria was present in five animals (D3, D5, D6, D7 and D10). Moderate abdominal distention was noticed in nine animals. Palpation of the abdomen revealed distended urinary bladder in all animals except in one animal (D8), where bladder could not be palpated and fluid thrill was felt on abdominal palpation indicating rupture of urinary bladder. Radiographic study revealed that the most common site of obstruction was in the groove of the os penis. The ten clinical cases of urolithiasis were subjected to fourteen operations viz., nine urethrotomy, two urethrotomy and cystotomy (four operations) and one cystotomy. The study revealed that relieving obstruction by surgical correction was effective, as it ensures immediate relief of obstruction and stress. Urethrotomy was found to be satisfactory in removing urethral calculi in males and compression and flushing of bladder enabled to remove small cystic calculi through the urethrotomy incision. Cystotomy was required to remove large cystic calculi. The surgical intervention adopted was found effective in relieving obstruction. The pH of the urine collected during surgery ranged from 6.5 to 8, colour varied from straw coloured to dark red. Consistency of the urine was turbid in all the animals. On microscopical examination of urine, sediments were present in all the animals. In one dog (D5) crystals were present and identified as triple phosphate and oxalate. In all animals urine samples showed growth of the microorganisms were more sensitive to ciprofloxacin followed by ampicillin and amoxycillin. Catheter tolerance was poor in all the animals. Catheter was found removed on the same day itself by all the animal. Healing of the surgical wound by granulation was good except in two animals where swelling and oedema of the scrotal sac was seen ( D1 and D8) which were subjected to post scrotal urethrotomy. In all these animals swelling subsided and healing was completed by 30th post operative day. Bleeding was noticed during and after completion of the surgery in two dogs D4 and D7. In dog D7, injury to cavernosus tissue during the removal of calculi was the cause and was controlled by suturing. In animal D4 bleeding was controlled by administering ethamsylate 1 ml intramuscular for two days. Recurrence was observed in two cases (20%). In these cases numerous cystic calculi were present when it was originally presented for treatment which might be due to migration of cystic calculi. The haematological examination showed low haemoglobin content, erythrocyte count, volume of packed red cell in all cases before surgery which increased significantly and reached towards normal by 30th post operative day. There was leucocytosis with shift to left and increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate which decreased significantly and were normal by 30th post operative day. The biochemical examination showed elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, phosphorus, serum calcium and potassium levels in all the cases before surgery and lowered significantly by 30th day. The fall in serum sodium level seen before surgery showed rise by 30th day and attained near normal value. Composition of the urolith were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, calcium formed the major component of the calculi followed by phosphorus and magnesium. Histopathological study of the urinary bladder revealed inflammation and haemorrhage in the submucosa indicating chronic irritation and injury produced by the calculi to the bladder wall. Electron microscopic study of one of the calculi (D9) was conducted which revealed deposition of concretions around the nidus in concentric rings of varying density and the outer surface showed porosity of varying diameter
Open Access
Radiographic evaluation and management of lower urinary tract disorders in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Sheeja, V M; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
The study was conducted in 15 cases of lower urinary tract disorders in 13 dogs of different breeds, age and either sex presented at the Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai.The incidence, clinical signs, radiographic and ultrasonographic observations, haematological and biochemical changes, treatment adopted, and post operative management in surgical treatment were studied. Urolithiasis was the most common disease (53%) among the 15 cases of diseases of the lower urinary tract studied followed by cystitis (33 %), urinary bladder neoplasia (6%) and prostate disease (6%). Dachshund was the most common breed affected with both urolithiasis and cystitis. Middle aged dogs were mostly affected with urolithiasis and cystitis The general conditions of all dogs with urolithiasis were dull and lethargic. Congesion of mucous membrane, Vomiting,haematuria, reduced food intake, dribbling of urine and abdominal distension were the common symptoms exhibited. The cause of urethral obstruction was mostly urolithiasis and the common site of obstruction was the ventral groove of os penis. Survey radiography was highly successful (75%) in detection of most of the calculi. Contrast radiography was useful in the detection of radiolucent calculi, space occupying lesions like blood clot and bladder tumour. Ultrasonography was highly useful tool for confirmatory diagnosis of cystic calculi, cystitis, prostatic abscess and space occupying lesions. In dogs with calculi in bladder or in urethra, cystotomy or urethrotomy or both were conducted. For urethral calculi, prescrotal urethrotomy was performed in five cases. In a case with urethral and cystic calculi, both urethrotomy and cystotomy were performed. Recurrence of the condition was noticed in two dogs, one after 25 days due to the obstruction of urethra at the level of ischial arch and was then subjected to cystotomy after retrohydropropulsion into the bladder. In other dog, recurrence of the calculi was observed after three months and was subjected to urethrotomy then. As per culture and sensitivity test, the major microorganism associated with urolithiasis was Streptococci and with cystitis, it was E.coli. Most sensitive antibiotic was ciprofloxacin in cases of urolithiasis and cystitis. On analysis of uroliths, calcium oxalate was found to be major component followed by uric acid. Calculi contained calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate and uric acid were mostly associated with Streptococcal infection and with calcium phosphate and uric acid the organism isolated was Staphylococci.
Open Access
Midazolam in combination with glycopyrrolate and xylazine as a preanaesthetic for general anaesthesia in dogs
(Department of Veterinery Surgery and Radiology, college of Veterinery and Animal Science, Mannuthy, 2007) Narayanan, M K; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The anaesthetic study was conducted in 24 female dogs of different breeds subjected to elective surgical procedures (oopherectomies). They were randomly divided into four groups viz., I, II, III and IV, each consisting of six animals and were numbered serially from 1 to 6. Animals of all the groups were administered intramuscularly, glycopyrrolate (0.011mg/kg body weight) followed by xylazine (1.0 mg/kg body weight) at 15 minutes interval. In addition, animals of Group III and IV were also administered intravenously midazolam (0.3 mg/kg body weight) 10 minutes after the administration of xylazine. Fifteen minutes after premedication to all animals ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intramuscularly to effect anaesthesia and to the animals of Group II and IV, isoflurane was also administered for the maintenance of anaesthesia. The common clinical signs manifested by the dogs after premedication with glycopyrrolate and xylazine were winking of eyes, yawning, inco-ordination of movement and assumption of sternal recumbency with head down posture. All the dogs were in lateral reccumbency following the administration of midazolam. The other symptoms noticed were vomiting, licking, urination and defecation. Salivation was scanty in all the dogs and the induction of anaesthesia was smooth in all the animals. Endotracheal intubation was easy in animals premedicated with midazolam. During recovery vocalization was not observed in those animals premedicated with midazolam. All the animals had an uneventful recovery, though the dogs showed varying degree of dullness, which lasted for two to six hours. All the dogs had normal food intake from the next day onwards. The induction time of anaesthesia in ketamine/ketamine-isoflurane combination was quicker in dogs premedicated with combination of glycopyrrolate-xylazine-midazolam than with glycopyrrolate-xylazine. The duration of anaesthesia was more or less similar, but prolonged with the supplementation of isoflurane. The muscle relaxation time was prolonged with isoflurane maintenance. The degree of muscle relaxation during anaesthesia was good in animals premedicated with midazolam and excellent with isoflurane supplementation. The depth of anaesthesia achieved with a combination of xylazine-ketamine at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg respectively was found not satisfactory for major surgical procedures like laparotomy. But it was satisfactory with midazolam premedication and good with the supplementation of isoflurane. The recovery time was prolonged in dogs in which midazolam was included for premedication. A marginal decrease in rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate was noticed after premedication and during anaesthesia in all the groups. The colour of mucous membrane was pale roseate throughout the observation. In both ketamine and ketamine –isoflurane anaesthesia, oxygen saturation level and blood coagulation time were increased. Significant increase in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures was noticed in all the groups. Electrocardiogram revealed mild to moderate tachycardia following the administration of glycopyrrolate and sinoatrial block, sinoatrial arrest, ST segment depression/elevation, ST coving, increased R amplitude, peaked T wave and ventricular tachycardia following the administration of xylazine. All the abnormalities were observed for a short period of ketamine/ketamine-isoflurane anaesthesia and disappeared during recovery. Significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, volume of packed red cells and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and marginal variations in total leukocytes and differential leukocyte counts were noticed after premedication, during anaesthesia and recovery in all the groups. The variations in total protein, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate amino transferase, alamine amino transferase, sodium, potassium and chloride parameters were within the normal physiological limits, but the increase in glucose concentration was significant. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed decreased pH with increased partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and marginal variations in bicarbonate level were observed during anaesthesia. All the dogs had the normal food intake from the next day onwards.
Open Access
Efficacy of sevoflurane for maintenance of propofol anaesthesia in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Raghavan, K S; KAU; Narayanan, M K
The present study was aimed to determine the efficacy of sevoflurane for maintaining propofol anaesthesia in dogs. The study was conducted in 12 dogs of either sex, different age groups, breed and body weight brought for various surgical procedures at Veterinary hospitals Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy. Six healthy animals for surgical procedures with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status level I and II for anaesthesia were included in Group I and those six animals for surgical procedures in compromised condition with ASA status level III and IV were included in Group II. Glycopyrrolate at the rate of 0.011 mg/kg body weight, followed by xylazine at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight at 15 minutes interval were administered intramuscularly for premedication in both the groups. Fifteen minutes later, propofol at the rate of 4 mg per kg body weight was administered by intravenous bolus injection for induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (2.5 to 6.0 %) in pure oxygen by Bain’s circuit system utilising sevoflurane vaporiser. The salient clinical signs observed following premedication in both the groups were winking of eyes, lowering of head, scanty salivation, incoordination of gait, ataxia and sitting on haunches followed by sternal recumbency with head down posture. The time for induction of anaesthesia was 1.17 ± 0.17 and 0.92 ± 0.05 minutes in Group I and in Group II animals respectively. Endotracheal intubation was possible in all the dogs. The maintenance quality was good to excellent in animals of both the groups. All surgical procedures were performed in medium plane of surgical anaesthesia. Sevoflurane maintenance provided a good controllable depth of anaesthesia with good to excellent degree of muscle relaxation. The duration of anaesthesia was 56.67 ± 4.09 and 72.50 ± 4.47 minutes in Group I and II animals respectively. The depth of anaesthesia was satisfactory in all the dogs. The recovery time was 18.50 ± 3.19 minutes in Group I and 29.00 ± 1.75 minutes in Group II animals Recovery quality was excellent in all the dogs of both the groups. Vocalisation, regurgitation and sneezing were the undesirable side effects observed during post anaesthetic period. The rectal temperature and respiratory rate recorded a decrease while pulse rate and peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation level recorded an increase with sevoflurane maintained anaesthesia in both the groups.The electrocardiographic changes were only transient and got corrected spontaneously during recovery period in both the groups.The colour of mucous membrane was pale roseate in all animals of Group I. The two animals of Group II had pale and four had congested mucus membranes. In general other than an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, capillary refill time and clotting time all haematological parameters like volume of packed red cells and total leukocyte count observed a decrease during sevoflurane maintained anaesthesia. There had non significant fluctuations with in the physiological limits in the lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte counts and serum total protein levels on account of anaesthesia, except in Group II animals. There were only non significant fluctuations from the preanaesthetic values in the blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in both the groups. All the animals had smooth and uneventful recovery from anaesthesia and surgery.
Open Access
Evaluation of plate osteosynthesis for the management of long bone fractures in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Unnikrishnan, K; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
Effectiveness of bone plating in the treatment of long bone fractures in dogs confirmed by radiography was evaluated clinically and radiographically in eight dogs. Dogs with fractures of diaphysis of long bones confirmed by radiography were selected and subjected to bone plating. Selected dogs were subjected to preoperative evaluation and all of them were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively on the immediate postoperative day, 15th, 30th and 60th post operative days. The fractures selected were four tibial, two radio-ulnar, one humerus and one femoral fracture. Anatomically two tibial fractures were short oblique; one was transverse and the other one multiple. One of the short oblique fractures had a butterfly fragment also. The fracture of humerus and femur were transverse which involved the midshaft. One of the radial fractures was 1½ month old with nonunion involving the distal third. Open reduction and plate fixation was done in all cases following standard AO/ASIF principles. Dynamic compression plates (DCP) were used in six dogs and reconstruction plates in two dogs. The DCP was applied in compression mode in five dogs and neutralization mode in one dog. Both the reconstruction plates were applied in neutralization mode. The fracture reduction and plate fixation were done following standard principles. Osteosynthesis was evaluated clinically and radiographically during the observation period. Clinical evaluation was mainly based on observation for symptoms, pain and functional limb usage evaluation. Radiographs were evaluated for apposition, alignment, angulation, apparatus, activity and architecture of the fractured bone. The fracture reduction and plate fixation was satisfactory in all cases except one. Early functional limb usage with partial weight bearing was observed in four dogs. Primary healing with filling of the fracture gap with radio opaque bone was observed in dogs where the implant maintained absolute stability. Healing with callus proliferation was observed in neutralization plating. Mixed healing was observed in cases where the implant lost some rigidity due to loosening of a screw, provided axial alignment was maintained. True implant failure was observed only in one case. An increase in alkaline phosphatase level was observed in all dogs during the immediate post operative day and remained so up to the 30th day. Plate osteosynthesis was found effective in providing pain free early ambulation. Craniomedial plate fixation was more advantageous in distal radius and ulna fractures. Reconstruction plates were found suitable for the fixation of fractures of long bones in animals with low body weight and in cases where contouring of DCP was found difficult due to complex bone contour.
Open Access
Radiographic evaluation of pyometra and its surgical management in dogs
(Department of veterinary surgery and radiology, College of veterinery and animal science, Mannuthy, 2007) John Martin, K D; KAU; Sarada Amma, T
Radiographic techniques for diagnosis and comparative efficacy of transcervical drainage with or without prostaglandin F2 therapy and ovariohysterectomy for the management of pyometra were studied in 18 dogs. All the dogs were subjected to detailed clinical, physiological, haematological, biochemical and hormonal and detailed radiographic evaluation before and after the treatment. The dogs were divided into three groups, viz., Group I, II and III, of six each and were subjected to different surgical management viz., transcervical drainage, transcervical drainage with PGF2 and ovariohysterectomy respectively. The dogs selected for the study belonged to various breeds with a high proportion of Spitz (37%) and German Shepherd Dog (19%). The age ranged from four to 15 years (9.7 ± 3.5 years) and body weight from six to 37 kg. Of these dogs, 62% were nulliparous and 38 % uniparous. Symptoms of pyometra were noticed on an average of 63.4 days after the onset of previous oestrus. Commonly observed symptoms were vomiting and polydipsia (56%), polydipsia alone (33%) and vomiting alone (11%) with purulent or sanguineopurulent discharge was present (83%). All the dogs had slight to severe abdominal distension and oedema of vulval lips, which reduced postoperatively in recovered cases. Vulval discharge reduced by 14th day, and absent by 28th day in Group I and II and by seventh day in Group III. In recovered dogs of Group I and II polydipsia and vomiting disappeared by 14th day and in Group III by seventh day. Physiological parameters like respiratory and pulse rate were normal throughout the period of observation. Rectal temperature had shown an initial elevation and returned to normal by seventh day postoperatively. Colour of mucous membrane, which was congested or pale in a few, resumed to pale roseate at the end of observation period in recovered dogs. Extreme leucocytosis and neutrophilia with shift to left, decreased haemoglobin concentration and volume of packed red cells, and severely elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate were noticed in all the dogs. These values had shown an earlier tendency to return to normal ranges in Group III than Group I and II. Extreme elevations of blood urea nitrogen and moderate elevation of creatinine and alanine aminotransferase were noticed preoperatively. These were reduced subsequent to the treatments in all the groups. In dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy an early recovery was noticed. Serum potassium levels remained within normal range throughout the observation period. Formol gel test that was positive 88.8% of the dogs initially became negative by14th postoperative day. Plasma oestradiol and progesterone concentrations had shown a vide variation between and within the groups, but shown a gradual decreasing tendency towards the end of observation in Group I and II. But the decrease was sharp following ovariohysterectomy in Group III. Survey radiography was found satisfactory in diagnosis of pyometra. For hysterography transcervical cannulation was attempted in all dogs before the treatment using techniques viz., I, II and III. Technique II using Scandinavian AI catheter was found feasible, despite the penetration at vaginal fornix in one case. Technique III employing an illuminated proctoscope as vaginal speculum was found more practicable than Technique I. In seven dogs out of 18, only in which hysterography was successful, uterine lumen could not be completely outlined. Transcervical drainage of uterus through the catheters was successful in two cases each from Group I and II. Concurrent administration of PGF2 did not produce any appreciable difference in uterine drainage, while the dogs received it had shown various degrees of side effects. All the dogs except one subjected to ovariohysterectomy recovered uneventfully. Three dogs died during the period of observation had exceptionally high haematological and biochemical values. One dog each among the recovered in Group I and II had shown oestrus symptoms subsequently and that belonged to Group I developed pyometra after eight months.
Open Access
Management of fracture of extremities of long bones in dogs
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Remya, V; KAU; Syam K, Venugopal
The feasibility of various management techniques for fracture of extremity of long bones was evaluated in fourteen clinical cases of dogs with fifteen fractures, presented to Surgery units of Veterinary Hospitals, Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Mannuthy during the period from January 2007 to April 2008. All the animals were subjected to detailed clinical, radiological, haematological and serum biochemical evaluation preoperatively and postoperatively at two weeks interval up to sixth week. The fractures included in study were capital physeal, basicapital, subtrochanteric, supracondylar and distal Salter Harris II fractures of femur; avulsion of tibial tuberosity with separation of epiphysis and proximal metaphyseal fracture of tibia ; supracondylar fracture of humerus and distal metaphyseal fractures of radius and ulna. Reduction was achieved by open and closed approach and fixation was done using intra medullary pins acting as intra medullary pins, cross pins or as transfixation pins of external fixator. Femoral head and neck fracture was fixed by K wire inserted normograde from fovea capitis or from subtrochanteric area. Subtrochanteric fracture of femur, distal femoral fractures and distal humeral fractures were repaired by intramedullary pinning done normograde or retrograde, either alone (in stable fractures) or with auxillary fixations like cross pins. Avulsion of tibial tuberosity was repaired by tension band wiring and proximal metaphyseal tibial fracture was repaired by a derotational K wire inserted in closed method. Distal metaphyseal fracture of radius and ulna was immobilized with type IA external fixator after closed reduction. Fracture reduction was satisfactory in 93 per cent of cases. All animals except two dogs with multiple fracture of femur, showed full weight bearing on the limb in two weeks. Long term functional outcome was excellent in 78 per cent dogs. Development of pseudoarthrosis was observed in three dogs with femoral head/neck fracture and resulted in change in gait in two cases. All fractures in young dogs healed in six weeks and among others, those without fixation failure showed appropriate progression towards healing. Avascular necrosis of femoral head with femoral head/ neck fracture and premature closure of physis were the biological complications noticed. Premature closure of physis caused deformity only in one case. An increase in level of alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in serum calcium level were observed in earlier phases of fracture healing. Intramedullary pin and cross pin in distal femoral and humeral fractures, tension band wiring in avulsion of tibial tuberosity, and type IA external fixator in distal radius and ulna fracture were found excellent. Success of using pins in proximal femoral fractures in large dogs need further study.
Open Access
Intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and lavage for the management of arthritis in claves
(Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2008) Ganesh, G; KAU; Rajankutty, K
The present study was carried out in twelve calves affected with arthritis under six months of age belonging to either sex, presented to the College Veterinary Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai. Based on the nature of synovia, whether it was non-purulent or purulent, the calves were divided into two groups viz. Group I and II, each consisting of six calves and were serially numbered from 1 to 6. Animals in Group I were treated by intra-articular antimicrobial therapy and in Group II by lavaging the affected joint with ten per cent DMSO using ‘through-and-through’ needle technique with supplementation of parentral antibiotic therapy to the animals of both the groups. Both male and female, Holstein-Friesian cross and Jersey cross bred calves with age group ranging from five days to two months were presented. In all the calves, the knee joint was affected, either unilaterally or bilaterally. Out of the 12 calves, four had the history of umbilical infection and in which the umbilical cords were torn naturally at the time of birth and the stumps were left untreated. The duration of illness ranged from two days to one week. The affected joints were swollen, warm to touch and evidenced pain on palpation with difficulty in flexing the joint. In a few calves purulent exudation was coming out. In Group I, all the calves recovered within five days of treatment except one which also got recovered, but only after two months. In Group II, promising recovery was observed in two calves within fifteen days of observation and in one recovery with persistent ankylosis, while two calves succumbed during the observation period. The mean rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin concentration and VPRC were found within normal range in both the groups, throughout the period of study. The mean total leukocyte count was higher before treatment in both the groups and it was within the normal range from the fifth and fifteenth day of observation in Group I and II respectively. The neutrophil count was higher and the lymphocyte count was lower before treatment and almost reached towards normal range by the fifteenth day of observation in both the groups. The serum glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels were within the normal range throughout the period of observation in both the groups. In Group I, the synovia was yellowish, odourless and with normal to fair mucin clot quality and prolonged clotting time. In Group II, it was turbid yellow with flocculent materials and pungent odour (in two cases) with fair to very poor mucin clot quality and quickened clotting time. The mean glucose levels were within the normal range in Group I and lower in Group II. But the mean alkaline phosphatase level was observed to be higher than the levels obtained in serum in both the groups. Escherichia coli was the major organism isolated from two samples of synovial fluid among the twelve samples collected and gentamicin was sensitive in one isolate, while Sulphadiazine in the other one. In Group I, the affected joints were without any characteristic radiographic abnormalities except for the increase in soft tissue density due to soft tissue swelling. Whereas in Group II lesions identified were widened joint space, intra-articular gas shadow, subchondral osteolysis and blurring of normal bone outline. There were not many variations in the fifteenth day post-treatment radiographs. Histopathology of affected joint was performed in two calves which succumbed during the observation period. Macroscopic examination revealed considerable swelling of joint with pus and degeneration of articular cartilage. Microscopic examination revealed thick hyalinised fibrocollagenous tissue, areas of haemorrhage with many congested blood vessels. Some areas appeared like abscess wall of which was formed by inflammatory granulation tissue. One section showed bony tissue with degenerating bony trabeculae. Periosteum and adjacent tissues showed extensive necrosis and abscess formation.

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